...VARIABLES Variables • anything that can take any value • conditions which you manipulate or vary Types of Variables A. Based on Cause and Effect 1. Independent/Manipulated • the “cause”; factor that is being tested or manipulated (can be controlled); the cause/condition that you provide for. 2. Dependent/Responding • the “effect” or “observed”; the response to the manipulated factor; factors that are there inherently and are not changed/manipulated. 3. Extraneous/Constant • all other variables other than the Independent Variable and the Dependent Variable that are kept constant in the experiment. example Problem: The Effect of Classical and Rock Music on the Growth of 45-Day Chicken IV: -Types of music, classical and rock music DV: -Growth in terms of mass of chicken EV: -age and mass of chicken at the start of the experiment -number of chicken per cage/treatment -environmental conditions -amount of feeds given -frequency of feeding -amount of water given, etc. B. Based on the value taken by the variable 1. Continuous Variable - with fractional values (as in ratio and interval); has values in between whole numbers - examples: mass of chicken, age of chickens, temperatures, pH, etc. 2. Discrete/Discontinuous Variable - assume exact values; fixed (as in nominal and ordinal) - examples: number of chickens, number of types of feeds used, number of cages, number...
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...correlation between two variables. The following paper will go in to more depth on what was discussed and what we learned as a team as well as individuals. The team also was able to go over the Mystat lab that we were assigned in the individual assignment. In step one a team would state a null hypothesis as well as an alternate hypothesis. The null hypothesis is used only for testing. We either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. The alternate hypothesis is accepted if sample data provide enough evidence that the null hypothesis is false. No matter what the problem looks like the null hypothesis will always contain the equal sign. This is true because since the null hypothesis is being tested there is a need for a specific value to be seen in the calculations. When comparing the means of two or more groups the team must state the null hypothesis. Random samples of each population must be chosen to show the formula in a working status. To get a more accurate sample a higher number of the populations should be used. An independent sample T-test is used to compare the means of two or more groups. Pooled variance can be used if the variances of the two populations being tested are constant. The correlation between two variables describes the likelihood that a change in one variable will cause a proportional change in the other variable. A high correlation between two variables suggests they share a common cause or a change in one of the variables is directly responsible...
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...Variables in Research In research, variables are any factors in the experiment at hand, whether they are the factors being measured, the factors being changed by the researcher, or the factors which are kept constant in order to ensure consistency in at least one area of the study, which leads to increased reliability of the study (Shermerhorn 2014). These variables which are kept constant throughout the experiment are arguably the most important, but how can something which is never changed make such an impact to the results of any research. The importance of these unchanged factors, or constant variables, stems from their ability to isolate the independent variable, or the variable which is intentionally changed by the researcher. An example of this would be in the very simple experiment of measuring the bounce of a ball when dropped from different heights. The measured variable in this experiment is the height of the bounce of the ball, the experimenter is interested to see the effect on the rebound height, due to changing the drop height. In this example, the must obvious factor in the experiment which needs to be maintained is the type of ball, if this variable were to be changed, all previous data gathered will become irrelevant, as the results would all be in reference to a different ball, whose rebound heights have no connection to that of the new ball. Therefore, it is plain to see how useful control variables can be when used properly to isolate the variable which...
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...costs incurred (separable costs). The calculation happens at the end of all production. Contrast that with sales value at splitoff. The difference is a matter of timing. From what I am understanding variable and absorption are two different costing methods. Practically all successful companies in the world use both the methods. Variable costing and absorption costing cannot be substituted for one another because both the systems have their own benefits and limitations. These costing approaches are known by various names. For example, variable costing is also known as direct costing or marginal costing and absorption costing is also known as full costing or traditional costing (2015). From my understanding the variable costing method is mostly used by internal management for decision making purposes. Absorption costing provides information that is used by internal management as well as by external parties like creditors, government agencies and auditors etc. (2015). When making strategic managerial decisions I would chose to use variable costing. One reason is because, variable costing does not take into account fixed or absorption costs; therefore profits are likely to increase by the amount earned through the sale of the additional item. Variable costing is referred to as direct costing, whereas absorption costing is known as full costing and allocates all manufacturing costs to...
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...Variable Independiente Una variable independiente es la variable de la que podemos tener el control, podemos escoger manipularla, y usualmente es lo que uno piensa que puede afectar a la variable dependiente, en algunos casos, no es posible para la persona manipularla, Puede que sea algo que ya esté completamente “arreglado”, algo que se puede evaluar acerca de cómo afecta a otras cosas como la variable dependiente ya sea por ejemplo color, tipo y tiempo. Etc. Ejemplo: Una persona está interesada en como el estrés afecta el corazón y sus latido en los humanos. La variable independiente sería el estrés, y la variable dependiente sería los latidos del corazón, se puede deducir directamente los niveles de estrés en los humanos y el efecto de los niveles de estrés en el cambio de la calidad del corazón. En la verificación experimental, el investigador intenta reproducir artificialmente los fenómenos que se dan de forma espontánea en la realidad y que desea comprender; cuando dispone de una hipótesis que establece un supuesto vínculo causal entre un objeto, proceso o característica (supuesta causa) y el objeto proceso o característica que exige una explicación (el efecto), manipula experimentalmente la primera para ver si se produce el efecto que la hipótesis describía. La variable que manipula el experimentador recibe el nombre de variable independiente. El objeto, proceso o característica a estudiar y que modifica su estado con la modificación de la variable independiente (es...
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...Global Variables Global variables are used in applications in programming. There are advantages and disadvantages to using these variables. Using global variables has its advantages in some forms of applications, while using them in others would make using them more difficult. Global variables are useful when you need to share a function with all functions in an application. Global variables can be easier to identify in an application by giving them a unique name, so that other programmers can see they are working with a global variable when maintaining your application. On small programs such as widgets or gadgets it may be easier to use global rather than passing around local variables. Using a global variable means that other functions cannot update it. Another advantage to global is that they can be accessed from anywhere in the program. Some are also disadvantages to using global variables. Global variables can create mutual dependencies, with an increase in dependencies the complexity of the code increases. Any function can access a global variable in the program so a change in the program at one point can change values everywhere. Global variable also slow down performance speed a little. Using global variables makes reusing parts of the script impossible. Global variables also make tracking a bug much harder. When declaring a global variable in a flowchart, you would but the variable in the main part of the program, hence the box the other functions branch off of...
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...Chapter 12 Variable Costing (Direct Costing) is a method of recording and reporting costs which regards only the variable manufacturing costs as product costs. Fixed manufacturing costs are written off as period costs. It includes only variable production costs in product costs. DM, DL and VMO costs would ordinarily be included in product costs under variable costing. FMO is not treated as a product cost under this method. Underlying Concept: * Proponents of this product costing method maintain that the fixed part of factory overhead is more closely related to the capacity to produce than to the production of the specific units and therefore should be charged off as expense in the period incurred. * Variable Costing is for Managerial decision making purposes. * Not acceptable for financial reporting or tax purposes. * Absorption Costing is for external reporting purposes. * Not intended to discourage to the use of Variable Costing for internal management purposes. Advantages of Using Variable Costing It meets the THREE OBJECTIVES of management control system; * By showing separately those costs that can be traced to; * Controlled by each strategic business unit (SBU); * Net income using variable costing is not affected by changes in inventory levels because all fixed costs are deducted from income in the period which they occur. Disadvantages of Using Variable Costing 1) Variable costing may encourage a shortsighted approach...
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...Topic # 3: Random Variables & Processes & Noise T1. B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 1998: OR 4th Edition 2010 Chapter 8, 9 & 12 T2. Simon Haykin & Michael Moher: Communication Systems; John Wiely, 4th Edition OR 5th Edition, 2010, 5/e. : Chapter 5 R1.DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS Fundamentals and Applications: ERNARD SKLAR and Pabitra Kumar Ray; Pearson Education 2009, 2/e. : ( Section 5.5) August 11- 18, 2014 1 What is Noise ? Desired Signal : The one that is needed. Effect of Noise : Since the noise adds to the signal, it lives with it. Neither amplification nor the filtering can alleviate the effect of noise on the desired signal. Undesired Signal : The one that gets added to the desired signal when the desired signal is passing through the medium, amplifiers, mixers, filters and other parts of the communication channel between the source and the destination. Noise : The undesired signal that adds to the desired signal and reaches the destination. The only way to keep away from the effects of noise is to see that less amount of noise, relative to the desired signal, is present at the destination Interference: Intentional or unintentional un desired signals that interfere with communication process. 2 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION Noise Sources Externally Generated Internally Generated Thermal noise : Random Motion of electrons due to temperature in...
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...cost business, as it requires considerable expenditures for facilities, labor, and equipment, no matter how many families are served. Assume the annual fixed cost of operations is $800,000. Further assume that the only significant variable cost relates to the module homes, themselves. An average module home costs $12,000. Greg's banker has asked a variety of questions in contemplation of providing a loan for this business: (a) If the average family is charged $18,000 for installation of a module home, how many families must be served to clear the break-even point? The annual fixed cost is $800,000 along with $12,000 per module home. $18,000 minus $12,000 is $6,000. As every home is purchased, it will take care of the $12,000 variable cost. The remaining revenue of $6,000 on every home will have to cover the $800,000. This will be done by dividing $800,000 by $6,000 and getting 133.33 houses. So, at least 134 families will have to be served to reach and clear break-even point. (b) If the banker believes Greg will only serve 100 families during the first year in business, how much will the business lose during its first year of operation? If Greg serves 100 families that means 100 x $18,000 - 100 x $12,000 will be the profit only looking at variable costs which is $600,000. This amount needs to be subtracted from the annual fixed cost of $800,000 which gives us $200,000 which will be the business loss. (c) If Greg believes his profits will be at least $100,000 during the...
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...whose action is specified on variables. Take x and y to be two variables. A function f may map x to some expression in x. Assigning gives a relation between y and x. If there is some relation specifying y in terms of x, then y is known as a dependent variable (and x is an independent variable). Statistics In a statistics experiment, the dependent variable is the event studied and expected to change whenever the independent variable is altered.[1] Modelling In mathematical modelling, the dependent variable is studied to see if and how much it varies as the independent variables vary. In the simple stochastic linear model the term is the i th value of the dependent variable and is i th value of the independent variable. The term is known as the "error" and contains the variability of the dependent variable not explained by the independent variable. With multiple independent variables, the expression is: , where n is the number of independent variables. Simulation In simulation, the dependent variable is changed in response to changes in the independent variables. Statistics Synonyms Independent variable An independent variable is also known as a "predictor variable", "regressor", "controlled variable", "manipulated variable", "explanatory variable", "exposure variable" (see reliability theory), "risk factor" (see medical statistics), "feature" (in machine learning and pattern recognition) or an "input variable."[2][3] "Explanatory variable" is preferred by some authors...
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...Explain the difference between fixed costs, semi-fixed costs, and variable cost Anyone who runs a business knows that some cost must be paid no matter how many products are offered for sale. For example, if I own a Jeans Pants store, I must pay my property taxes whether I sell 20 or 200 pairs of pants each day. Mortgage payments must be made to the bank no matter what my activity is. These and other payments must be made regardless of sales. Expanses that must be paid no matter how many goods or services are offered for sale are called fixed costs. Other types of costs change with the number of products offered for sale. These are called variable costs. Variable costs include the wages of employees, raw materials, electric power, and the cost of maintaining inventory. Entrepreneurs need to understand the important differences between fixed and variable costs and how these differences affect a firm’s success. Fixed costs must be paid because they are beyond the control of the entrepreneurs. The only costs an entrepreneurs has immediate control over are variable costs. Semi-fixed costs are costs which only change when there is a large change in output. For example, costs associated with buying a new machine to cope with increase production. A semi-fixed cost moves upwards in a “step” fashion, staying at a certain level over a small range and then moving to the next level quickly. Total costs are made of what components? Total cost is...
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...Group Case Project: Absorption Costing vs. Variable Costing Javkhlantugs Altansukh Ana Barrios Cameron R. Bates Kyle Brown Absorption Costing Absorption costing is a costing system in which the direct labor, direct materials, and fixed and variable manufacturing overhead costs are traced to every finished product. Thus, in the absorption costing system, all costs are product costs regardless of their classification of variable or fixed. Because of its characteristic of no cost discrimination, absorption costing is also known as full costing or as full absorption method (¨Absorption¨ 1). The absorption costing is the only method approved by the generally accepted accounting matching principle (GAAP). Thus, it is required by law to use this system for external financial statements (Lohrey 1). The absorption costing also provides accuracy of the calculation in taxes reporting (1). Experts say that the absorption costing method provides a complete picture of cost calculation and it is helpful to accurately track profit during an accounting period (Cunagin 1). In fact, this method is in compliance with the GAA matching principle which states that all expenses and revenues must be reported in the same period (Lohrey 1). Production Process A simplified production process starts with the purchase of direct materials and ends with the sale of the finished goods. To account this process the following steps should be made. When the direct materials are purchased, they...
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...Comparison of Variable and Absorption Costing OMGT422 – Managerial Accounting August 7, 2015 P S Summary There are two types of costing methods and they are absorption and variable costing methods and they refer to the way in which product costs are determined. Absorption costing is a method that aims to include all expenses including overheads in the calculation of the cost of producing goods or services and variable costing treats fixed factory overhead as a period expense. These variable costs consist of direct materials, direct labor, and variable factory overhead. Most companies use absorption and variable costing together, both of the systems have their own benefits and limitations. Absorption Costing * According to Mowen & Heitger chapter 8, “absorption costing uses fixed factory overhead as a product cost. Unit product cost consists of direct materials, direct labor, variable factory overhead, and fixed factory overhead.” Companies may use absorption costing if they want to gain a full understanding of the extent to which costs are covered by sales income. An absorption cost is required for external reporting and is a general accepted accounting principle that the Internal Revenue Service will accept. * Variable Costing * Variable costing treats fixed factory overhead as a period expense. Unit product cost consists of direct materials, direct...
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...Investigating my First Variable Variance Report: Beginning the Road to Precision in Variable Planning Oh, bemusing variance report! However will I explain to Bob Schuler, Hahnemann Hospitals’ vice president, the ineffectiveness of my plan, how my supplies came in under budget and salaries were overextended during my first thirty days in the department?! I had hoped the variance percentages would be consistent with the unexpected revenue created by the increased patient volumes we experienced last month - but that could only explain the salary end of things because supplies and procedures didn’t increase. Furthermore, since patient volumes increased, it would make sense that more supplies would be used and more staff would be on-site, prepared for higher volumes - just as the busy times of the hospital were predicted in prior flexible budgets and analyses. (But supplies were reported as lower than expected which doesn’t match up) If I know Mr. Schuler, he is going to be very angry about quality control if I cannot figure out why my supplies were less than estimated and even more livid if we were detrimentally overstaffed; my job may even be in jeopardy! Calm down! Breathe. As I type, I am beginning to believe these variances are not my fault at all. But, I had never imagined switching from the fixed to variable expense department would include such a string of headaches. I must rise to this challenge and pull out every stop in my detection-correction plan while investigating...
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...Fixed Variable and Break Even points David Anderson HSM/260 July 14, 2013 Melvin Green Fixed Variable and Break Even points Fixed Costs, Variable Costs, and Break-Even Point Part 1 During the sixth month of the fiscal year, the program director of the Westchester Home-Delivered Meals program decides to again recalculate fixed costs, variable costs, and the Break-Even Point using the high to low method. Included here are the number of meals served and the total costs of the program for each of the first six months: Month Meals Served Total Costs July (3,500) $20,500 August (4,000) $22,600 September (4,200) $23,350 October (4,600) $24,500 November (4,700) $25,000 December (4,900) $26,000 Recalculate fixed costs, variable costs, and the BEP. What are the variable costs? What are the fixed costs? How many meals will the WHDM program need to provide during the fiscal year to reach the BEP? How much profit will the program earn if it completes its 45,000-meal contract with the City of Westchester? Meals: High-Low= Cost: High-Low= The variable cost per meal: The variable cost for the low month: Fixed cost: (Monthly BEP) (Fiscal-year BEP) WHDM program profit analysis = meal contract Break Even Point (BEP) = 1,008 Revenue 1,008 Meals at Total Cost Per meal Total Profit = Exercise 10.2 It has been two years since the New River Community Council (NRCC) started its newsletter dealing with state and community...
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