...m1 Basic pharmacokinetics Soraya Dhillon and Kiren Gill Aims and learning outcomes Pharmacokinetics is a fundamental scientific discipline that underpins applied therapeutics. Patients need to be prescribed appropriate medicines for a clinical condition. The medicine is chosen on the basis of an evidencebased approach to clinical practice and assured to be compatible with any other medicines or alternative therapies the patient may be taking. The design of a dosage regimen is dependent on a basic understanding of the drug use process (DUP). When faced with a patient who shows specific clinical signs and symptoms, pharmacists must always ask a fundamental question: ‘Is this patient suffering from a drug-related problem?’ Once this issue is evaluated and a clinical diagnosis is available, the pharmacist can apply the DUP to ensure that the patient is prescribed an appropriate medication regimen, that the patient understands the therapy prescribed, and that an agreed concordance plan is achieved. Pharmacists using the DUP consider: ● ● ● ● ● ● Need for a drug Choice of a drug Goals of therapy Design of regimen – Route – Dose and frequency – Duration Monitoring and review Counselling Once a particular medicine is chosen, the principles of clinical pharmacokinetics are required to ensure the appropriate formulation of drug is chosen for an appropriate route of administration. On the basis of the patient’s drug handling parameters, which require...
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...Analog Electronics with LabVIEW® By Kenneth L. Ashley ............................................... Publisher: Prentice Hall Pub Date: October 04, 2002 Print ISBN-10: 0-13-047065-1 Print ISBN-13: 978-0-13-047065-2 Pages: 432 Table of Contents | Examples Copyright National Improvements | Virtual Instrumentation Series Preface References Hardware and Software Requirements LabVIEW VI Libraries and Project and Problem Folders and Files Unit 1. Elementary Circuit Analysis for Analog Electronics Section 1.1. Resistor Voltage Divider and MOSFET DC Gate Voltage Section 1.2. Output Circuit and DC Drain Voltage Section 1.3. Frequency Response of the Amplifier Stage Section 1.4. Summary of Equations Section 1.5. Exercises and Projects Unit 2. Transistors and Voltage Amplification Section 2.1. BJT and MOSFET Schematic Symbols, Terminal Voltages, and Branch Currents Section 2.2. Fundamentals of Signal Amplification: The Linear Circuit Section 2.3. Basic NMOS Common-Source Amplifier Section 2.4. Transistor Output Resistance and Limiting Gain Section 2.5. Summary of Equations Section 2.6. Exercises and Projects Section 2.7. References to the Electronics Book Sequence Unit 3. Characterization of MOS Transistors for Circuit Simulation Section 3.1. Physical Description of the MOSFET Section 3.2. Output and Transfer Characteristics of the MOSFET Section 3.3. Body Effect and Threshold Voltage Section 3.4. Derivation of the Linear-Region Current – Voltage Relation ...
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...Who should practice price discrimination in an asymmetric duopoly? Kutsal Dogan Ernan Haruvy University of Texas at Dallas June 2008 Ram C. Rao Abstract Price discrimination is generally thought to improve firm profits by allowing firms to extract more consumer surplus. In competition, however, price discrimination may also be costly to the firm because restrictive incentive compatibility conditions may allow the competing firm to gain market share at the discriminating firm’s expense. Therefore, with asymmetric competition, it may be the case that one firm would let the other firm assume the burden of price discrimination. We investigate optimal segmentation in a market with two asymmetric firms and two heterogeneous consumer segments that differ in the importance of price and product attributes. In particular, we investigate second-degree price discrimination under competition with explicit incentive compatibility constraints thus extending prior work in marketing and economics. Focusing on the managerial implications, we explore whether it would be profitable for either or both firms to pursue a segmentation strategy using rebates as a mechanism. We identify conditions under which one or both firms would want to pursue such segmentation. We find that segmentation lessens competition for the less price-sensitive consumer segment and that this results in higher profits to both firms. A key to understanding this result is the customer remixing that segmentation leads to. We...
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...Purchasing power parity dates back several centuries but was actually introduced after World War 1. Before the war, gold standards were used but after the war it was difficult to continue this way because speculators were afraid countries would ask for high revenues after devaluing their currencies. Therefore, Cassel developed Purchasing Power Parity during the international policy debate when they were discussing about the nominal exchange rates and what the appropriate level would be. Gustav Cassel has created the modern definition of purchasing power parity; ‘When measured in the same unit, the monies of different countries should have the same purchasing power and command the same basket of goods.’ In simpler terms it means, that in its absolute version, when expressed in a common currency the price levels should be equal worldwide. The theory is developed from the law of one price. The law of one price is the main building block of purchasing power parity. ‘The law states that once converted to a common currency, the same good should sell for the same price in different countries’ (Mkenda 2001 pg 6). That is for any good: P* = SP** Where; P* is the domestic price of the good P** is the foreign price for the good S is the domestic nominal exchange rate. (Mkenda 2001 pg 6-7). Under the law of one price it assumes that the there is perfect competition, hence no transportation costs, trade barriers or tariffs. Purely free trade, which makes the price of goods in...
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...Direct Marketing, Indirect Profits: A Strategic Analysis of Dual-Channel Supply-Chain Design Wei-yu Kevin Chiang • Dilip Chhajed • James D. Hess Department of Information Systems, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 Department of Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820 Department of Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820 kevin@wchiang.net • chhajed@uiuc.edu • jhess@uiuc.edu T he advent of e-commerce has prompted many manufacturers to redesign their traditional channel structures by engaging in direct sales. The model conceptualizes the impact of customer acceptance of a direct channel, the degree to which customers accept a direct channel as a substitute for shopping at a traditional store, on supply-chain design. The customer acceptance of a direct channel can be strong enough that an independent manufacturer would open a direct channel to compete with its own retailers. Here, direct marketing is used for strategic channel control purposes even though it is inefficient on its own and, surprisingly, it can profit the manufacturer even when no direct sales occur. Specifically, we construct a pricesetting game between a manufacturer and its independent retailer. Direct marketing, which indirectly increases the flow of profits through the retail channel, helps the manufacturer improve overall profitability by reducing the...
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...shareholders and other stakeholders of the company. Obviously all the input numbers should be considered on basis of their reasonableness and accuracy. Hence the positions of the interested parties will be considered on this basis. 1. Cease Trading and Liquidate the Company This is probably not in the best interest of any party. Debt holders only receive 55·7c for every $1 invested and the shareholders receive nothing (see appendix, proposal 1). Furthermore, the parts division is continuing to make a profit and should possibly continue. The Board may want to consider closing just the fridge division, and focusing on the parts manufacturing division, with the possibility of pursuing the option of the mobile refrigeration business. However, in this case, the problem of the lack of funding might continue. 2. Corporate Restructuring and Management Buy-Out Shareholders The shareholders would benefit from either proposal two or three, as opposed to the first proposal, as they stand to gain some funds. The restructuring proposal requires them to pay $40m cash for new shares but lose their control of the company (the shareholding falls to just under 13%). On the other hand the statement of financial position looks robust with a $20m cash float and bank overdraft facilities probably available at previous levels (see appendix, proposal 2). This may make the company more successful in the future, as directors are less restricted by covenants. The value at $256·3m currently only gives existing shareholders...
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...step in educational delivery systems. These systems are being promoted as the educational pedagogy of the future. Some experts have gone as far as to predict that the "residential based model," that is, students attending classes at prearranged times and locations will disappear in the near future (Blustain, Goldstein, & Lozier 1999; Drucker 1997). However, one overriding question that must be addressed is how will these new educational delivery approaches that move away from the basic face to face relationship between a professor and students impact student learning and student perceptions of learning. Online learning can be defined as an approach that utilizes Internet technologies to communicate and collaborate in an educational context. This includes technology that supplements traditional classroom training with web-based components and learning environments where the educational process is experienced online. OL is a form of education that is conducted through indirect student teacher interaction and independent study via a variety of media. OL course can be carried out by mail, radio, television and –increasingly nowadays – by way of online learning over the internet. OL is becoming more common with...
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...Antonie van Leeuwenhoek81: 537–547, 2002. © 2002Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 537 Antibiotic production by bacterial biocontrol agents Jos M. Raaijmakers ∗ , Maria Vlami & Jorge T. de Souza Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands (∗ Author for correspondence) Abstract Interest in biological control of plant pathogens has been stimulated in recent years by trends in agriculture to-wards greater sustainability and public concern about the use of hazardous pesticides. There is now unequivocal evidence that antibiotics play a key role in the suppression of various soilborne plant pathogens by antagonistic microorganisms. The significance of antibiotics in biocontrol, and more generally in microbial interactions, often has been questioned because of the indirect nature of the supporting evidence and the perceived constraints to an-tibiotic production in rhizosphere environments. Reporter gene systems and bio-analytical techniques have clearly demonstrated that antibiotics are produced in the spermosphere and rhizosphere of a variety of host plants. Several abiotic factors such as oxygen, temperature, specific carbon and nitrogen sources, and microelements have been identified to influence antibiotic production by bacteria biocontrol agents. Among the biotic factors that may play a determinative role in antibiotic production are the plant host, the...
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...KWAME UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (KNUST) SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY (NHIA) COST CONTAINMENT MEASURES ON THE QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE DELIVERY: A CASE STUDY OF ATWIMA NWABIAGYA DISTRICT MUTUAL HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME By RUFAI ADJEI July, 2013 KWAME UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (KNUST) SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY (NHIA) COST CONTAINMENT MEASURES ON THE QUALITY OF HEALTHCARE DELIVERY: A CASE STUDY OF ATWIMA NWABIAGYA DISTRICT MUTUAL HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME A Dissertation Presented to the School of Business, Department of ………….in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the MBA Degree in ………………… By RUFAI ADJEI July 2013 DECLARATION a) “I declare that I have wholly undertaken the study reported herein under supervision”. …………...................................................... RUFAI ADJEI (STUDENT) b) “I declare that I have supervised the student in undertaking the study reported herein and I confirm that the student has my permission to present it for assessment”. ……………............................................ MR. MUNTAKA ………………………. (SUPERVISOR)...
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...Abstract Developing countries can generate effective solutions for today’s global health challenges. This paper reviews relevant literature to construct the case for international cooperation, and in particular, developed-developing country partnerships. Standard database and web-based searches were conducted for publications in English between 1990 and 2010. Studies containing full or partial data relating to international cooperation between developed and developing countries were retained for further analysis. Of 227 articles retained through initial screening, 65 were included in the final analysis. The results were two-fold: some articles pointed to intangible benefits accrued by developed country partners, but the majority of information pointed to developing country innovations that can potentially inform health systems in developed countries. This information spanned all six WHO health system components. Ten key health areas where developed countries have the most to learn from the developing world were identified and include, rural health service delivery; skills substitution; decentralisation of management; creative problem-solving; education in communicable disease control; innovation in mobile phone use; low technology simulation training; local product manufacture; health financing; and social entrepreneurship. While there are no guarantees that innovations from developing country experiences can effectively transfer to developed countries, combined developed-developing...
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...Fuzzy Control Kevin M. Passino Department of Electrical Engineering The Ohio State University Stephen Yurkovich Department of Electrical Engineering The Ohio State University An Imprint of Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc. Menlo Park, California • Reading, Massachusetts Don Mills, Ontaria • Sydney • Bonn • Harlow, England • Berkeley, California • Amsterdam • Mexico City ii Assistant Editor: Laura Cheu Editorial Assistant: Royden Tonomura Senior Production Editor: Teri Hyde Marketing Manager: Rob Merino Manufacturing Supervisor: Janet Weaver Art and Design Manager: Kevin Berry Cover Design: Yvo Riezebos (technical drawing by K. Passino) Text Design: Peter Vacek Design Macro Writer: William Erik Baxter Copyeditor: Brian Jones Proofreader: Holly McLean-Aldis Copyright c 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or stored in a database or retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Printed simultaneously in Canada. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and AddisonWesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or in all caps. MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks...
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...Chapter I The Problem and Its Background Introduction: A true education must be a powerful force to bring about desired change. It is education and education alone that can bring about changes in knowledge, skills, attitude, appreciation and understanding things around us. That is why it is very saddening that since 1991 it has been stated that the quality of education is deteriorating and continuously lowering down as time passes by. What is even more saddening is that all the pointing fingers are towards our educators. Since the keystone in the educational edifice is doubtless the teachers. On him depends much more than any other, the progress and prosperity of children. Nobody can effectively take his place or influence children in the manners or degree; it is possible, for him alone to do. It is strongly believed that be a teacher is to be a member of holy order. That is why instead of putting all the blame to them why not try to investigate and find ways on how to help them achieve the kind of lifestyle they deserve. Why not try to know the things that my satisfied them with their noble job Since according to Rao, R. B. 1989, the quality on effectiveness of teachers is considered to be associated with his satisfaction towards his profession. Job satisfaction represents the considerations of person’s attitude towards or about the job. In general, job satisfaction is the attitude towards the job as a whole. Job satisfaction is a function of satisfaction with different...
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...http://is.lse.ac.uk/ © the author 2006 The Feeny-Willcocks Governance Framework Revisited: Implementing Core IS Capabilities Leslie Willcocks London School of Economics Willcockslp@aol.com David Feeny Templeton College, Oxford David.Feeny@templeton.ox.ac.uk Nancy Olson Warwick University Nancyox20@aol.com and Abstract In 1998, Feeny and Willcocks published a core IS capabilities framework suggesting four tasks and nine capabilities for any future IT function. This paper revisits the framework, examining the challenges and learning points from its implementation in two organizations from 1997 to 2005. The contrasting cases, studied longitudinally, involved a medium size organization beginning to outsource, and a global manufacturing company that had 10-year $US 4 billion outsourcing arrangements with two suppliers. Longitudinal case research revealed a range of omissions and resulting problems and underlined the importance of: retaining enough architecture planning and technical doing capability; ensuring future, business–oriented leadership tasks are fully resourced together with succession planning for these; ensuring informed buying and other capabilities to manage external supply and leverage business value from supplier performance are built; and ensuring that operational lynch-pin tasks such as relationship building (to business units) and contract...
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...tly A sk ed Fr equen in s Question orporate C FinanCe io, a llocch ur izio D uiry, M a lv i Pa sc a l Q tonio Sa Le Fur , A n Ya nn From the team behind Pierre Vernimmen’s % = Corporate FinanCe + 3 Frequently Asked Questions in Corporate Finance Frequently Asked Questions in Corporate Finance Pierre Vernimmen, Pascal Quiry, Antonio Salvi, Maurizio Dallocchio and Yann LeFur A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published in 2011 Copyright 2011 Pierre Vernimmen Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com The rights of Pierre Vernimmen, Pascal Quiry, Antonio Salvi, Maurizio Dallocchio and Yann LeFur to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with...
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...Lecture Notes in Finance 1 (MiQE/F, MSc course at UNISG) Paul Söderlind1 14 December 2011 1 University of St. Gallen. Address: s/bf-HSG, Rosenbergstrasse 52, CH-9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland. E-mail: Paul.Soderlind@unisg.ch. Document name: Fin1MiQEFAll.TeX Contents 1 Mean-Variance Frontier 1.1 Portfolio Return: Mean, Variance, and the Effect of Diversification 1.2 Mean-Variance Frontier of Risky Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Mean-Variance Frontier of Riskfree and Risky Assets . . . . . . . 1.4 Examples of Portfolio Weights from MV Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 9 19 22 A A Primer in Matrix Algebra 24 B A Primer in Optimization 27 2 . . . . . . . . 31 31 32 37 39 42 45 46 47 3 Risk Measures 3.1 Symmetric Dispersion Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Downside Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Empirical Return Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 54 56 67 4 CAPM 4.1 Portfolio Choice with Mean-Variance Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 70 Index Models 2.1 The Inputs to a MV Analysis . 2.2 Single-Index Models . . . . . 2.3 Estimating Beta . . . . . . . . 2.4 Multi-Index Models . . . . . . 2.5 Principal Component Analysis 2.6 Estimating Expected Returns . 2.7 Estimation on Subsamples . . 2.8 Robust Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . ...
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