...Verbal Learning Psych 550 February 3, 2014 Dr. Greggor Yahr Verbal Learning Language has always fascinated people as in terms of the different dialect, accents, and cultures. Language has different learning styles and verbal learning techniques can be visual as well as spoken and understood. Verbal learning as stated by Gagne, 1977, is like skill learning in that it involves a chain of at least two links. “The first link is the presentation of the object (stimulus) and the observing of the object (the response) and the second link, the observing response results in certain internal stimuli which gives rise to the verbal response” (Gagne, 1977). The concepts of verbal learning have many stages and developments as not everyone learns in the same manner. The different concepts of verbal learning will be outlined throughout this paper in serial learning, paired associate learning, and free recall; as well as the concept of mnemonics and verbal stimuli. Verbal Learning Verbal learning concerns itself with acquisition and retention of lists and words that have been “memorized” in order to explain the basic laws of how learning takes place (Terry, 2009). A German psychologist named Herman Ebbinghaus was the first to introduce the methods associated with verbal learning in the 1880s (Terry, 2009). This early research looked at many of the variables that effect verbal learning such as being able to transfer from one list to another, the time between repetitions, and how many...
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...Verbal Learning Verbal Learning Verbal learning regard a series of processes that support learning thorough memorization. The construct of verbal learning involves learning and memory of data through repetition that is recalled in the forthcoming. Through the process of repetition one can learn serial, paired-associate, or free recall learning. Each process assists to reproduce data either freely learned or learned through arrangement of methods like Mnemonics. These processes valuable in aiding verbal learning and exampling verbal learning. Concepts of Verbal Learning Herman Ebbinghaus introduced the verbal learning as a cognitive learning approach. According to Terry (2009) verbal learning happens through the memorization of short syllables word list. Mostly, the words were not full words; instead a vowel and two consonants. Ebbinghaus study centered on serial learning, “or memorizing lists in sequence until they could be recalled perfectly” (Terry, 2009, p. 158). Transferal learning in which one transfers a list of words is to another list, the amount of time between, and the number of repetitions between words are components that affect verbal learning. For illustration, Zimprich and Rast (2009) conducted a study whereas subjects were given a 27 two or three syllables word list. Every word on the list were shown on a computer monitor for about two seconds with subjects reading all words aloud and later asked to recall the words; however not in a particular...
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...me to not react to answering the phone and almost ignore the sound of a ringing phone. Even when I was not at work, I would hardly realize that my own phone was ringing. Perceptual learning occurs when a person is repeatedly exposed to specific stimuli; in this case, it would be information (The Institute of Perceptual Learning, 2013). It involved changes to perception that can improve one’s ability to respond to the environment. Perceptual learning involves long lasting and amazing changes to the human perceptual system that incredibly improve one’s ability to respond to the environment (The Institute of Perceptual Learning, 2013). The factors that affect perceptual learning are presenting contrasting stimuli, transfer from easy to difficult stimuli, and attention and feedback. Presenting contrasting stimuli deals with presenting both positive and negative instances. The transfer from easy to difficult stimuli talks about the experiences with an easy discrimination that can promote learning of more difficult discrimination (Terry, Chapter 2, 2009). Finally, attention and feedback contribute to the factors of perceptual learning. Attention to was it the same or different and then the feedback on if it was correct or not. “Simple exposure to a stimulus produces learning that can be revealed by a variety of other behavioral...
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...Verbal Learning Paper Types of learning abound. As a result, people apply different kinds of methods that are appropriate for them during learning process. Various learning approaches showcase how a learner commences the efforts of gripping, processing, focusing on, and sustaining current and challenging information (Bjork, McDaniel, Pashler, and Rohrer, 2008). The study of memory and learning is synonymous with Ebbinghaus, Herman. The earliest scientific approach to the study of memory in 1885 by Herman Ebbinghaus gave impetus to some techniques used by psychologists to assess learning methods. This paper shall examine the concept of verbal learning. Compares and contrasts serial learning, paired associate learning, and free recall. It will also explore the concept of mnemonics in the recall of verbal stimuli. The Concept of Verbal Learning The concept of verbal learning is associated with Herman Ebbibghaus’ (1885) scientific research on memory. This scientific exploration and breakthrough illuminates the impact of explicit independent features on learning first the verbal learning items or objects. The concept of verbal learning relates to some learning techniques propounded by Ebbinghaus. The techniques include serial learning, (e.g., the list of words), and nonsense syllables ( consant-vowel-consant, e.g., LoJ, TAQ). These techniques also gave hunch to many experimental events and controls for meaning. This verbal learning tends to reflect. Verbal learning simply depicts...
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...Verbal Learning Amber Dauen PSYCH/550 October 27, 2014 Professor Weisz Verbal Learning Paper Every person has his or her own learning preference. There are many different learning styles to choose from. Learning style is the way in which each learner begins to concentrate on, process, absorb, and retain new and difficult information (Bjork, McDaniel, Pashler, & Rohrer, 2008). Research in verbal learning follows the work of Herman Ebbinghaus who identified verbal learning methods that are still used today. In this paper, the concept of verbal learning will be described. The similarities and differences of serial learning, paired associated learning, and free call will be discussed. Finally, the concept of mnemonics in the recall...
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...of Horizontal Violence In nursing, there is a growing concern called, horizontal violence. Horizontal violence is an act of aggression from one nurse to the other. Horizontal violence impedes teamwork, hinders patient care and causes a negative work environment (Becher & visovsky, 2012). Even though workplace politics exists in every profession, the effects of horizontal violence, or bullying, in nursing is a costly behavior. Nurses feel devalued in the workplace and experience psychological effects. Patients are likely to experience less favorable outcomes, and retention is difficult costing facilities large amounts of money to recruit and hire replacements. Types of violence Horizontal violence is physical and or verbal behavior that is believed by the recipient, to be degrading, threatening and considered inappropriate (Bartholomew, 2014). According to Doyle (2001), there are several ways to undermine one's dignity in the workplace. This list includes: humiliating and intimidating the victim, verbally assaulting, and implying threats. Intruding on co-workers, and stalking the targeted person, is another form of horizontal violence. Moreover, repeatedly imposing deadlines and tasks that are unfavorable or impossible is also considered as a form of workplace bullying. Dellasega (2009), states that the participants, willing or not, of horizontal violence, are divided into three roles. The first role is the perpetrator, the nurse or nurses responsible...
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...form of verbal, emotional, and physical bullying on an inpatient behavioral health unit, and its psychological effects. Over the span of 3 weeks I observed the interactions between children on a psychiatric unit where I work. Each week I spent one shift making observations. I do not typically work the children's unit, but I was able to float to this unit and make observations during the time where the kids were in the day area interacting. The type of bullying I saw the most was in the form of verbal. Verbal bullying happened 100 percent of the time I was on the unit. It involved children of all ages, race, and gender. The verbal aggression was consistently focused on intellect, appearance, skin color, lifestyle choices, and ethnicity. The most common form of verbal aggression was directed at appearance and intellect. This was very interesting to me because our patients have general learning disabilities. I also saw emotional bullying. This type of bullying included the spread of rumors, excluding others from activities, and refusal of talking to other patients. The last type of bullying I observed was physical bullying. This type of bullying was less likely to happen on our unit. I felt that the presence of staff and security discouraged this type of bullying. However, it did happen once while I was working. It involved one patient shoving another patient. My first week observations consisted of a group of 12 male patients. In this first week I only witnessed verbal bullying...
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...Kaplan University Writing Center Writing an Informative Essay Did you ever pick up a magazine or newspaper and after reading the article say, “Hmm! I didn’t know that!” That article is an informative essay. Informative essays, also called expository essays, seek to inform or educate the audience on a given topic. The goal is not to persuade the reader but to give the reader more information, to provide the reader with insight, and to support the writer’s interpretations with factual information. The essay should make the reader say “Aha! I didn’t know that.” Informative essays do not express the writer’s opinion. Views, pro and con, can be included but they must be presented in an unbiased fashion, pointing out comparisons and contrasts of viewpoints. One way to do this is to imagine that the audience holds a common view of the topic; the writer’s purpose is to give the audience a surprising new view based on research. To do this you can: • • • • Enlighten your audience with new facts and/or statistics. Give them usable material that they can apply. Present sufficient information to explain the new findings about the topic. Make clear from the beginning of your paper its purpose. Here is an example of an informative essay topic: a student wrote about technology invading churches in the form of ATM machines. He called it “Technology goes to Church.” His purpose was to inform readers that because of the decrease in weekly donations some churches are now installing ATM machines...
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...Have you ever bullied or been bullied? If you have bullied or been bullied then you should know how bullying feels like. Bullying is very negative and creates major problems for our society. Nothing good comes out of bullying. It could very well change or ruin a person’s life. In fact, it does ruin many people’s lives. Kids can be mentally scarred if they are teased often. Even worse, they could be killed or fatally injured if the bullying gets extreme. There are many causes for bullying which must be taken care of before bullying can be stopped. T.V. violence, families in poverty, and mis-teachings are just several of the many serious causes for bullying. Bullying must be stopped or prevented no matter how long it will take, it is a deeply concerning matter. Bullying does not always have to be childish play, it can be extremely violent. People may be bruised, injured, or even killed. Kids under bad influence may turn very violent. Parents, relatives, friends, T.V., music and pictures may all influence people, especially when they are depressed or are in a lowered state of mind. Violence on T.V. is a very big influence, particularly the wrestling and fighting shows. Also, T.V. shows are quite readily available for anyone to watch. Kids may try “moves” on people at school because they believe it’s cool. As well, cooperation from childrens’ parents is important, some parents actually encourage their children to fight to look cool or don’t teach them properly. Kids must take their...
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...correct technological learning tools, and managing the amount of time spent in front of video games. Although video games offer a broad array of opportunities for teaching and learning, there are equally as many games focused on violence and inappropriate behaviors. Children are easily influenced in today's society through what they see and hear, making video games a prime resource for how they are influenced. VIOLENCE Many of today's video games, especially suitable for young boys, focus their attention on violent acts, and whether it be through weapons, verbal abuse, or fighting. Young minds are easily molded through the violence in these games, leading them to believe that weapons and fighting are standard in today's society. In order to instill the most positive values in these young boys, parental guidance is necessary in controlling the video games to which children are exposed. Helping them to distinguish between reality and video games is a key responsibility of parents and guardians. INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR Most often going hand in hand with violent acts, today's video games are also infested with many forms of inappropriate behavior. It is not uncommon for young boys to observe scantily clad women representing many of today's celebrities . Often times with this sort of behavior in video games, many young boys may learn that disrespect towards women is accepted in today's society. WASTED TIME Although many of today's video games are vital learning tools, there are also...
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...students and their once in a lifetime social and school experiences. It can degenerate a child’s performance, self-esteem, and future efforts. The day we treat all bullying the same, is the day when school settings will become safer. Speech and language therapists manage people who have disorders with speech, language, communication, and also swallowing in adults and children. Speech and language therapists (SLTs) are relative health professionals who work with parents, teachers, nurses, and many more. They work in certain areas such as hospital wards, clients ‘homes, prisons, and the list goes on. SLT’s also work closely with babies who have difficulty swallowing and feeding. SLTs also work with children who have mild, moderate or severe learning difficulties and voice disorders such as Down syndrome. They also work with adults who have communication or eating and swallowing problems following neurological impairments and degenerative conditions, including stroke, head injury, Parkinson's disease and dementia. “Speech therapists hourly median salary is $32.85 per hour. The lowest 10% earn $20.34 per hour and those in the upper 10% earn more than $48.95 per hour”. (Speech Therapist Salary). “Yearly, Speech Therapist salaries are $68,350. The lowest of 10% earn less than $42,310 per year while the upper 10% earn more than $101,820 per year. These salaries are calculated...
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...Violence on the Sidelines in Youth Sports Violence on the Sidelines in Youth Sports Everyone agrees that parent involvement is a good thing. But when the parent behaves inappropriately it creates a poor environment for the children to learn and enjoy themselves. "Sideline rage" with parents behaving badly at youth sports events is such an epidemic, that 76% of respondents from 60 high school athletic associations said increased spectator interference is causing many officials to quit (Associated Press, 6/3/01). Parents are supposed to be role models, and the lessons they teach will determine their values and actions in the future. These days violence in children's sports is not limited to the playing field; overbearing parents are creating dangerous situations on the field. Involving your child in sports is important part of growing up. There are several benefits to children playing sports. The child will learn how to make friends outside of school, church, and family. It will help develop self-esteem and physical skills. They discover what it means to be a member of a team and how to win and lose with self-respect. Children also need to be active every day; exercise promotes growth and improves physical and emotional health. The Office of the Surgeon General states that active children are at less risk to high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease as well as many cancers (Office of the Surgeon General, January 11, 2007). Growing up, my brothers participated...
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...Topic of bullying related to students in secondary school (11-16 year olds) Verbal Bullying - Oral intimidation of appearance or ability. Talking about someone or putting down what they have done. Making their achievements seem like nothing important. How does that have an effect on the person being bullied? Physical Bullying. Fighting. Pushing. Shoving etc. Leaving physical marks on the person being bullied. Making them feel inadequate or not strong enough to defend themselves. Having the feeling of being overpowered and wanting to hide. Online Bullying. The possibility of not being aware that the bullying has even started. Hurtful comments on Facebook (or other form of media) that are initially taken as a joke but has now gone too far. The...
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...La comunicación en las organizaciones Katherine Gamboa Yáñez Muchas veces se asume que la comunicación dentro de las organizaciones sólo es responsabilidad del área de recursos humanos, jefaturas o marketing interno, sin embargo si se quiere tener un equipo realmente comprometido y alineado para cumplir con las metas organizacionales, mantener una buena comunicación debe ser tarea de todos. Si algún trabajador siente que no se le está informando, tomando en cuenta o comunicando alguna información relevante éste debe ser el primero en hablar y hacer entender su sentir; para ello además existen niveles de jerarquía (algunos más verticales, otros más horizontales) que permiten mapear claramente los canales adecuados que se deben utilizar. Antes que nada, vale la pena resaltar la importancia que tienen sobre la comunicación áreas formales como recursos humanos y marketing interno, ya que cada acción de estas áreas puede ayudar u obstaculizar la percepción que los empleados tengan sobre el manejo de la empresa. Esto, ya que los empleados suelen tomarlas como las áreas de ejemplo a seguir, y su comportamiento puede verse influenciado a ser más abierto y comunicativo o a sentirse más seguro en el silencio tanto con dichas áreas como con sus jefes directos. Por ello, desde el reclutamiento y selección hasta las evaluaciones de desempeño y cualquier actividad que se realice con mira de general un buen ambiente dentro de la organización debe acentuar que se espera una comunicación...
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...Today in our society it seems as though abuse has become something that everyone knows goes on behind closed doors, yet no one does anything to keep it from happening. As citizens in this society, as we witnesses these crimes, it is our duty to put an end to it. And also to help protect the children in our society that are incapable of protecting themselves. Statistics done by the Children’s Bureau show that 9.3% of children that are recorded as abused are children with disabilities. These children that are unable to defend themselves are the ones that are being abused. The disabilities that these victims suffer from are behavioral, emotional, learning, intellectual, physical, visual, and hearing. Can you imagine being verbally or emotionally abused with out being able to see who is doing that to you. Or being physically disabled and being physically abused without being able to run away from it. During one of the survey’s done by the Bureau, it showed that 41 out 50 states having reported that most of their children that were abused, were disabled. But what can we do to change this. There are many options as to help prevent this from occurring in the lives of children today and in the future. One of those options is to start a parenting class for parents that give birth to a child with a disability. Help educate them on the disability and the risks of abuse. The Oregon Alliance for Kids With Special Needs (OAKS) had developed a program to protect children with disabilities...
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