...Victimization Amira Shade Professor Robert Roth CRJ 105 Crime and Criminal Behavior November 1 , 2014 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss when a criminal attacks a victim whether it may be physical or not it can cause harm to the victim in different ways. Many situations can lead to a person becoming a victim of a crime and this paper will discuss some theories of victimization. Also, there researched can be used to obtain data on crimes that were not reported to law enforcement from victims. 1. Introduction Over the past several decades the tendency was to blame the victim when it came to the psychology and the dynamics of victimhood. Although, in past years blaming the victim was common, more recently this has changed. It is politically incorrect to exploit the role of victims in instances of crime cases. No matter what the circumstances or the case the victim does not deserve to be blamed for their own victimization. Many may feel that due to their particular lifestyle or where the victim may live precipitates causes for someone to become victimized. In many instances it has been thought that the victim’s behavior precipitates why they may be victimized. They are said to put these criminal acts in motion by exhibiting provocative or risky behavior. This may include picking arguments or even possibly using other gestures. (Miethe, 1993) Even though victims should not be blames for their own victimization, criminologist...
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...victimization may include the stealing of vehicle or vehicle's various parts or damages carried out on that particular aspect, vandalism, pick-pocketing whereas violent victimization may include beating, attempted injury by weapon (e.g. knife) or objects (e.g. chair) being raped or sexually or physically assaulted. Prevalence and frequency are one of the essential ingredients for analysing the documents retrieved from the survey. Prevalence implies whether the individual has been victimized by a crime during a given measurement period, whereas, frequency implies the number of the occurrence of the victimization during that particular time frame. The analysis of the survey may encapsulate several different areas of measure of problem outcomes including non-domestic violent offending (felony assault), serious and severe property offending (felony theft), serious domestic violence offending, serious domestic violence victimization, marijuana use, poly-drug abuse, problem drug use, mental health problems. The analysis also considers the effects related to age cohort, gender, race/ethnicity, majority/minority and socioeconomic background of parents. The analysis is restricted to the three youngest NYS age cohorts. The sample of the respondents primarily satisfy the requirement of participants who are young enough not being experienced in certain problems especially being unexposed to the use of illicit drugs, whereas, on the other hand, the samples must encompass the requirement...
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...Criminal Victimization Robin Lanman Criminal Justice Professor Smith 11/02/2014 “This Article sets forth the concept of “victimization”—the idea that the moral status of a wrongful act turns in part on the degree to which the wrong’s victim is vulnerable or innocent and the wrongdoer preys upon that vulnerability or innocence. It shows the concept to be implicit in both the doctrine and practice of criminal law. And it argues normatively that victimization is at the same time essential to criminal justice and peculiarly prone to illiberal distortions, and should therefore be at once preserved and constrained. A concluding section reflects methodologically on this Article’s approach to moral philosophy in law—an approach in which the law is not just a tool with which to implement the conclusions of an extralegal philosophical inquiry but an object of study with a certain immanent moral content already in place, which philosophy can help bring to light and expose to question.”(Kleinfeld, 2013) Lifestyle Exposure Theory of Victimization and Conflict, Critical, Feminist, Theory What is Lifestyle Exposure Theory? Lifestyle Exposure Theory explains that not everyone has the same life style. Those that lead a low risk life, tend to be at low risk for criminal activity. Those that frequent bars or bad areas of town living with higher risks of exposure to crime, have a higher exposure risk to being involved in criminal activity. “Whether (Robinson)an active lifestyle leads to...
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...Double victimization can happen in any case of abuse, whether it be sexual abuse, physical abuse, verbal abuse, or any other kind of maltreatment. This is when people who have been abused are made victims again, either in the court system or when they come into adulthood and are searching for jobs. It allows people like me, victims, to endure more pain than necessary (Seattle Times Editorial Board). After going through treatment sessions paid for through Medicare or Medicaid, children like me are labelled with PTSD, or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, for the rest of our lives because these are federal health insurance programs (Lincoln County CAC). This label causes us to have a harder time finding jobs in general, but could also keep us from finding success or even getting into the job field of our dreams. PTSD is the most commonly diagnosed disorder of children who suffered from childhood sexual abuse because of the possible outcomes of substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and anger...
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...Victimization Theory | Summarize the theory of victimization, describing its meaning and core concepts as it relates to the nature of crime. | Identify subcategories of the theory and describe each. | Apply the theory to one (1) real life example or scenario. Briefly explain why the theory applies to the example you identified. | Social Structure Theory | According to this theory, a persons position in the social structure controls his or her behavior. Those in the lowest socioeconomic tier are more likely to succumb to crime promoting elements in their environment, whereas those in the higher tier enjoy social and economic advantages that insulate them from crime producing forces. The view is that about 40 million Americans live below the poverty line, and because of their financial position most living in poverty face obstacles such as inadequate health care, substandard housing, unemployment , and poor educational opportunities which are all factors of despair and these indicators of neighborhood disorder are highly predictive of crime rates.(Siegel & Worrall, 2013, p.48} | One sub category is the “ Cultural Deviance Theory”, because of strain and social isolation a unique lower class has developed in disorganized poverty ridden neighborhoods. These subcultures maintain a unique set of values that are in conflict...
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...Assignment 1: Crime and Victimization Devin Moore Strayer University- Criminal Justice 100 Professor Richard Zappile January 27, 2015 Dr. Carla O’Donnell discussed the psychodynamic theory of crime in this scenario. This theory means that criminals are driven by unconscious thought patterns, developed in early childhood that controls behavior over the life course. These offenders may have also been bulled or abused as children who may have led to their insecurity. An example of psychodynamic theory is the case of 20 year old Adam Lanza with the Sandy Hooke shooting. On December 14, 2012, Lanza entered Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, CT and opened fire on the school. The gunman Adam Lanza had three guns, including a .223-caliber rifle. He shot and killed 20 children and 6 adults before turning the gun on himself. Also the shooter's mother was found dead at another location. According to reports, Lanza was shy as a young pre-teen and then developed into a mentally unstable adult who was a virtual outsider and had an obsession with mass murder and war. Although, Lanza was taken out of public school at 16 and homeschooled by his mother, there was nothing to suspect he would later commit such a crazy and horrifying act. There was no indication of a motive because Adam Lanza took his own life we will never know why. There are some indications he had an obsession with mass murder and collected numerous paper clippings and stories of these...
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...Criminal Justice YourFirstName YourLastName University title Social Structure Theory An alternate perspective is that the premise of crime can be found in the relationship an individual needs to social structures and foundations. As indicated by social structure theory, the United States is a stratified society, where there are a couple of thousand "super rich" making more than $5 million every year, and 40 million Americans who live underneath the neediness line, ascertained at about $22,000 every year for a group of four. Those living in neediness confront deadlock employments, unemployment, and social disappointment. On account of their small monetary assets, lower-class nationals are regularly compelled to live in poor zones checked by substandard lodging, deficient health awareness, and tenants as opposed to property holders, poor instructive open doors, underemployment, and sadness (Crothers, 2013). These markers of neighborhood disorder are exceedingly prescient of crime rates. The issues of lower-class society are especially intense for racial and ethnic minorities, who have a salary level altogether underneath that of whites and an unemployment rate just about twice as high. In the inward urban communities, more than a large portion of all dark men don't complete secondary school. Also, they confront the load of bigotry and racial stereotyping. Examination demonstrates that whites are unwilling to living in or going by dark neighborhoods...
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...Youth Victimization Shannon Graham Grantham University Abstract This paper will cover juvenile victimization. It will discuss the “Youth Victimization: Prevalence and Implications” report and include its strengths and weaknesses. Information is derived from the Youth Victimization study, which was published in April 2003 as well as other sources. After reading this paper, the reader should have an understanding of correlations between youth victimization and mental health problems and delinquent behavior. Youth Victimization The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) produced a report on juvenile victimization and its correlation to youth mental health and juvenile delinquency. The report reflects the findings and conclusions of the authors, Dean Kilpatrick, Benjamin Saunders, and Daniel Smith (Kilpatrick, et al., 2003). The report...
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...offenders are more than twice as likely to be incarcerated than non-Aboriginal offenders. This research will focus on victimization rates for various incidents among Aboriginal women compare to non-Aboriginal women. This research will look into differentiating between...
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...Victimization (or victimization) is the process of being victimized or becoming a victim. She encountered sexual, emotional, and verbal abuse from the time she was 14 years old. My first initial thought after watching The Color Purple was that the book itself, an award-winning novel. The movie is about a African American woman by known as Celie, who is trying to survive and discover herself in her reality. There is no one that helps her, no one to talk to her, and no one to educate her on life. From beginning to end you can see Celie’s role as a wife and mother change from dependent and weak to independent and strong. It is even sadder when Celie’s husband, Albert, treats her like dog scrap. Albert is displayed as an abusive partner who repeatedly beats and rapes her until his satisfaction. The whole novel is centered around a woman’s life and how she survived life in the early 1900’s. A lot of Domestic Violence occurred when women would be “out of line” in the household. The man had full rights in the past to physically “punish” their wives. Men would exploit the fact they made money and use it against women. Women were also just given into marriage to different social classes. Usually the richer could choose whoever they wanted as their wife or slave. Married life was painful for Celie. She had to raise Albert’s children, take full control of any house chores, endure unenjoyably intimate nights with her husband, and take unnecessary beatings from him. Women would...
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...Victimization in the Criminal Justice System Ian Gallagher CJA/534 May 18, 2015 Lora Terrill Victimization in the Criminal Justice System In ancient times, victims of crimes, and their kin, were responsible for the sentencing and implementation of the offender. This trend did not reappear, in a more lawful form, in modern criminal justice systems until the 1970’s. Recent years have seen growth and attention in victim’s rights and advocacy, but many claim the system is still flawed (Schmalleger & Hall, 2010). This paper will examine how victimization affects each party: the prosecution, the defense , the offender, and the victim in the final stages of sentencing and imposing of sanctions. It will also discuss the sentencing and sanction goals from each perspective. Finally, this student’s victim’s rights ideas will be offered. Prosecution The prosecution has the difficult task of finding the truth even when it is messy and unpleasant. Once a conviction occurs, it then has the burden of seeking sentencing justice, following sentencing guidelines, considering alternative sanctions, and taking the victim’s wishes into consideration. Taking care to note all of these factors, prosecutors must look at the five common goals of a sentence: retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, restoration, and incapacitation (Schmalleger & Hall, 2014). Under current guidelines, prosecutors have tremendous power in setting the tone for sentencing and can easily increase and decrease the sentences...
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...A Research Report On Political Victimization of Dhaka University Hall Students A Research Report On Political Victimization of Dhaka University Hall Students Course: Business Research Course no: MGT-407 Submitted to: Dr.Mohammad Shariat Ullah Assistant Professor Department of Management University of Dhaka Submitted by: Md. Nur Alom siddique Roll: 18165 18th Batch Department of Management University of Dhaka. Date of submission: Letter of Transmittal October 30, 2014 Dr. Muhammad Shariat Ullah Assistant Professor Department of Management University of Dhaka. Subject: Submission of research report on political Victimization of Dhaka University Hall Students. Dear Sir, Here is the research report on “Political Victimization of Dhaka University hall Students”. The report is prepared on the primary and secondary data from different sources. Recommendations are only subjective judgment of mine. I would like to thank you for giving me the opportunity to know elaborately about preparing research report. I sincerely prepared this research report. I truly appreciated this assignment and I enjoyed it very much. Yours Sincerely Md. Nur Alom Siddique Serial No: 18165 Section: B Session: 2011-12 Batch: 18th Department Of Management University Of Dhaka ...
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...At this time, the Brownwood Police Department does not utilize victimization data in any meaningful way. As law enforcement we must strive to gain understanding and the misunderstandings on the underlying causes of crime and the effects that these crimes have on victims. There have been several nongovernmental studies that have provided additional information in reference to rapes. Victimization surveys are one of the best tools to date in gathering data in reference to sexual assaults. These methodical techniques combined with sample size and enhanced detail collections are reasons that the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is the “most comprehensive and systematic survey of victims in the United States”. While considering utilizing victimization data we must be mindful that there are misunderstandings that can occur when utilizing crime stats and how to overcome these challenges. There are common misunderstandings concerning crime statistics that can impede our ability to view the NCVS and other victimizations surveys. One misunderstanding includes that researchers can assume there is an objective definition of the crime of sexual assault and that statistics can assess this problem with distorting the issue. The nature of the crime can be defined in numerous ways without an accepted, objective, definition. The survey design can in itself alter and...
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...Roles of the Courtroom Professionals and Victimization Every day a choreographed dance plays out in the courtrooms across the United States. The dancers consist of trained professionals dedicated to the criminal justice system. Each person has a unique responsibility in regards to the role they play in how cases are processed through the court system. The roles are divided into categories of professionals and non–professionals. The judge, prosecuting attorney, defense attorney, bailiff, court reporter, and court administrator are among the professionals. Non-professional participants are those who attend court proceedings and may include the defendant, victims, witnesses, jurors, spectators and media personnel. There are specific guidelines the individual participants must follow for communicating and processing cases through the court system regardless if the case originates in criminal or civil court. The professional members in the courtroom are responsible for moving cases through the courts and ensuring all Constitutional Rights are protected in the best interest of society. Public outcry and advocacy have led to the emergence of victims’ rights in recent decades. Prosecuting Attorney The prosecuting attorney’s role is to present evidence against the defendant on behalf of society. When a case is presented to them, they must review the evidence and the charges against an individual to warrant moving forward with the case. The prosecutor attends every court proceeding...
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...This paper addresses the gender gap disparity between levels of fear of crime. Researcher Diedrik Cops, introduces the “fear of crime paradox,” in which those groups that reported the highest levels of fear (women and elderly), in reality have a lower risk of actually being victimized (Cops, 2010). Research taken from National Victimization Surveys (NCVS) indicated in Crime and Criminals, explains that crimes typically occur intraracially, meaning between races and the characteristics of victims tend to male; young (between the ages of twelve and twenty-four); and more likely to be African American than white; more likely to be Hispanic than non-Hispanic (Crime and Criminals, 44). Researchers Kathleen Fox, Mat Nobles, and Alex Piquero, use...
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