...Hate crimes are devastating to communities that are on the receiving end of the hate (Gerstenfeld, 2013). Victims for hate crime include the African American, Muslims, gay individuals and Hispanic people among others (Muhammad, 2010). These individuals face major challenges as they live with people who express hate towards them in form of oppression and violent acts against them. An example is of an incident that led to the death of an African American individual attacked by white teenagers. The African American by the name James Craig Anderson was attacked in one early morning in June 2011 in the area of Jackson Mississippi. Jackson faced a severe beating after which he was run over by a car owned by the same teenagers responsible for beating...
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...Joseph Ileto… He was the victim of a hate crime, and I would like to talk about him today. He did nothing wrong yet he was killed. This was a tragic event and we need to learn from it. We need to bring hate crimes to the front of our minds and talk about what's happening in our school and in the world. In addition to hate crimes I’m going to talk about microaggressions, which is the bigger concern in relation to this school. A hate crime is a crime committed because of race, background, national origin, religious belief, sex, age, disability, or sexual orientation. It can include harassment, violence, or threats, towards a person, family or their property. Joseph Ileto is an Asian-American who was murdered based solely on the fact that...
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...DB Unit 4 - Victims of Terrorism, Hate Crimes & Racial Profiling November 27, 2012 Every year, many people around the world suffer disasters; whether they are natural for example hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, earthquakes and extreme heat, as caused by man, for example terrorist attacks. Although it is not possible to predict when and where these destructive forces will occur, yes it might learn from each disaster and take certain measures to safeguard our physical and emotional well-being. According with International Terrorism and Security Research (n.d.), terrorism is a set of acts of violence used to generate terror in people of a particular country. The aim of the terrorists is to achieve political goals using force rather than reason; reprehensible acts that often cause damage to large numbers of innocent people. When a terrorist attack happens people experience damage psychological as well as the physical consequences of the same. Over the years has not been too into account this psychological damage, which however is of great relevance; Although increasingly more considered these emerging psychological repercussions, it gives the feeling that there is still long way to go in this regard. Residents of Shady Oaks, a community that has a high number of elderly and disabled people, need a program to instruct them on how to prepare for a terrorist attack or catastrophe. These elderly live quiet and safe in your community since they think that a terrorist act ever happened...
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...you believe that the establishment of terrorism as a crime that can be committed domestically has changed policing? How? Why? Provide examples. Yes, I believe so. How- by the passing of patriotic act by the congress Why in order to respond to terrorist attacks the act allowed federal officials to trace and intercept communication that might be useful in prevention of terrorist attack. In addition, the powers to reorganization of counter terrorism policing and increase of police powers. Another reason as to why it has brought change is by bringing about the restructuring of local police and the federal state agencies, and new refocusing of resources (Riley & Hoffman, 1995). Moreover, by the standardization of methods of enacting new laws and use of electronic gadget to trace terrorism activities, the reason being to respond to domestic terrorism. Lastly is by creation of the homeland security by the United State congress. Why or the reason for the creation of this department is to integrate all existing agencies, and ensure the United State nation security (online Source:http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/) Example more focus has been concentrated on domestic terrorism, the FBI for example, assigned out of its 27000 agents, 4000 agents to counter terrorism activities. Another example is the Naturalization service and immigration, which reorganizes in order to expand enforcement duties. Have the number of victims of racial profiling increased over the last decade? The...
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...Hate Crimes: Criminal Profile, Causes, Victims, and Minimization Abstract Discrimination and hate crimes are nothing new. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 enacted the Federally Protected Activities Law in 1969, allowing the federal prosecution of any person or persons, who because another's race, color, religion or national origin, while participating in a federally protected activity, such as voting or going to school, willfully injures or attempts to injure, intimidates or attempts to intimidate or interfere with them(18 USC § 245, n.d.). In 1994 the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act was passed where in Section 280003(a) a hate crime is defined where a person intentionally selects a victim, or a property crime, to commit a crime because of race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, disability, sexual orientation, or homeless status of the victim (28 USC § 994, 1994). The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, was signed by President Obama on October 28, 2009 as a rider to the National Defense Authorization Act for 2010 (H.R. 2647) as a result to the murders of Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr., expanding the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's race, sexual orientation, gender identity, actual or perceived gender, or disability (Weiner, 2010). As we can see, hate crimes are felonies but they are still committed every day, and sociologists continue to study what drives...
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...April 19, 2013 Abstract This paper will talk about the profile of a typical individual that creates hate crimes. It will also give some targets and victims of these hate crimes. It will talk about causes and effects of these hate crimes, and the actions that can be taken to minimize the occurrence of hate crimes. Usually hate crimes are committed by young juvenile men between the ages of 16-25. Most hate crimes are committed by organized groups, but some are committed by individuals (articlesfactory.com/articles/writing/hate-crimes-are-a-tragic-part-of-american-history.html). Hate crime perpetrators are usually prejudiced when it comes to someone’s race, sexual orientation, religion preference, etc... When I think of people that commit hate crimes I think of someone that narrow-minded or full of hatred. There are usually two main types of perpetrators. The first one is people that are under the influence of alcohol, drugs that like to do things for the thrill of it. People that hatred and anger built up things of this nature can manifest and strike up it can lead to a hate crime. The second type is people who are mission motivated ones that are on a mission to rid the world of minorities. These people are also ones that take special instructions and are committed to well thought out organized hate crimes. In both of these situations or in any hate crime the perpetrators usually lack any kind of empathy or respect for others. Generally in their minds they feel...
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...2008). Hate Crimes Jack Levin and Jack McDevitt Northeastern University I. Legal Distinctions II. Hate Crimes and Prejudice III. Why Treat Hate Crimes Differently? IV. Problems in Collecting Hate Crime Data V. Types of Hate Crimes VI. Organized Hate Groups VII. VIII. Are Hate Crimes on the Rise? Responses to Hate crimes IX. Conclusion GLOSSARY Defensive Hate Crimes Hate offenses aimed against particular “outsiders” who are regarded as posing a challenge to a perpetrator’s neighborhood, workplace, school, or physical wellbeing. Ethno-violence Acts of hate that do not necessarily rise to the legal standard of a crime, but contain an element of prejudice. Hate Crimes (also known as Bias Crimes) Criminal offenses motivated either entirely or in part by the fact or perception that a victim is different from the perpetrator. Mission Hate Crimes Hate offenses committed as an act of “war” against any and all members of a particular group of people. Modern Racism victim. Prejudice A negative attitude toward individuals based on their perceived group Subtle and institutionalized forms of bigotry based on the race of the membership. Retaliatory Hate Crimes terrorism. Thrill Hate Crimes Hate offenses typically committed by youngsters who are motivated by Hate offenses designed to get even for hate crimes or acts of the desire for excitement. HATE CRIMES are criminal offenses motivated either entirely or in part by the fact or perception that a victim is different...
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...Hate Crimes in America May 18, 2014 COM/156 Instructor Kristin Bradley Hate Crimes in America Knowing how the criminal justice system deals with hate crimes can be determine if the history of these crimes is explained and we learn who are now targeted by these crimes. Hate crimes has been a part of the American culture for decades. Hatred and prejudice crimes including lynching, burning crosses, synagogues vandalism, killing, and other crimes committing against a group of people because of their race, religion, handicap, sexual preference, or beliefs are consider hate crimes. This paper will explain to readers the background history of these types of crimes, different types of hate crimes committed in America, targeted victims, and provide hate crime statistics. It will also explain the affects of hate crimes and the laws designed to protect citizens from these harsh crimes. History of Hate Crimes Hate crimes can be defined as any type of wrong doing towards a certain group of people based on ethnics, age, sexual preference, gender, and religious belief (Shively, 2005). Hate crimes are dated back to ancient civilizations when the religious groups Christians were persecuted by the Roman Emperor in 64 AD (The Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.). Other hate crimes in the past that affected the entire world were that of the Nazi persecuting the Jews by the order of Adolf Hilter. There are several cases of hate crimes included in the history of the United States...
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...typical individual who commits hate crimes are white male from the age 16-25, 80 percent of the reported hate crime offenders also committed previous crimes against people, the most frequent crime is intimidation. Basically majority of hate crimes are committed by young people who contain some form of disdain or even hatred for someone of a particular group. Who commits hate crimes (2003) Hispanics, gay men, Jews and blacks were the most often targets of hate crimes in the year of 2012. In total there were 7,164 people who were victims of hate crimes which is a decreasing number compared to the results in the prior year. Based upon the report approximately half of all the reported hate crimes were racially motivated, with 22 percent anti-white and 66 percent deemed anti-black; which is also a decreased from the prior year. Nineteen percent of the reported hate crimes were motivated base upon a bias against sexual orientation, 28 percent as anti-homosexual, 12 percent as anti-female homosexual, 53 percent were anti-male homosexual. Dahl, Julia (2013) Hate crimes delivers much of a broader impact within the community because the crime is motivated by bias, the point of hate crimes is to send a message of violent intolerance towards someone of a particular group. Victims of the crime are based upon the characteristics such as their religion or race can cause those in the community who have the same characteristics to share feelings of being the victim and vulnerable. The violent...
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...Hate Crimes in American Society in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries Sample Student Research Paper Project of Sociology Table of Contents I. Thesis Statement…………………………………………….………….....Page 4 II. Introduction and Summary………………………………….………….....Page 4 III. Literature Review………………………………………………………....Page 6 IV. Methods………………………………………………………….......….. Page 16 V. Socio-Historical Analysis………………………………………………. .Page 18 A. 20th Century 1. Lynching 2. Ku Klux Klan 3. Rodney King and the Los Angeles Riots 4. Matthew Shepard B. 21st Century 1. Post 9/11 2. Jena Six VI. Cause and Effect Analysis…………………………………………… ....Page 24 A. Causes 1. Prejudice a. Stereotypes b. Scapegoats c. Presence of Hate in American Culture d. Need for Status and Power 2. Reasons for Crime a. Sending a Message b. Thrill Seeking c. Defensive B. Effects 1. Psychological Trauma 2. Undo Social Progress 3. Community Unrest 4. Threat of Retaliation VII. Descriptive Analysis……………………………………………….........Page 30 A. Description of Victims 1. Bias against a Particular Race 2. Bias against a Particular Religion 3. Bias against a Particular Sexual Orientation 4. Bias against a Particular Ethnicity/National Origin 5. Bias against a Disability B. Description of Offenses and Offenders This must be your new section? VIII. Comparative Analysis…………………………………………………. Page 36 A. United States Justice Department Definition of Hate Crime B. International Justice...
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...October 23, 2011 Inside Look at Hate Crimes Abstract Hate crimes are many different criminal acts such as vandalism, arson, assault and even murder. Many hate crimes are based on an individual’s race, gender, religion, age, sexual orientation, ethnicity and disabilities. Everyone can be potential victims of hate crimes. Anyone from any social class can be considered targets for hate crimes. If you or a groups believes in a different religion or speak a different language and the offenders does not approve than they will target you. No one can be really safe and overcome if they are being targeted. It’s a cruel and depressing world. With help we as a community can stop hate crimes. Inside Look at Hate Crimes Hate crimes are many different criminal acts such as vandalism, arson, assault and even murder. Many hate crimes are based on an individual’s race, gender, religion, age, sexual orientation, ethnicity and disabilities (SikhNet, n.d). When people commit hate crimes they generally chose someone that cannot change a characteristic that they do not like. Hate crimes has been a devastating part of criminology in the United States. A criminologist is one that studies crime and criminal acts. They analyze criminal behavior patterns and criminal law, and gives theoretical explanations for criminal and delinquent behaviors (Criminal Justice, 2011). Criminologist have been working hard to characterize the people who are capable of committing crimes that are based only on the characteristics...
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...A World of Hate Ever wonder what influences a hate crime? Crimes committed through acts of violence because of differences sometimes result in fatalities. It is because of one’s belief, morals, feelings and teachings that influence hate toward others. Populations such as race, sexuality and religion are targeted by hate crimes because of bias, discrimination and prejudice which encourage hate. According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, hate crime is defined as any of various crimes (as assault or defacement of property) when motivated by hostility to the victim as a member of a group (as one based on color, creed, gender or sexual orientation). Diversity plays a major role when it comes to hate. Differences among each classified group (named above) are reasons why prejudice, discrimination and stereotypes take place causing ill feelings toward these groups. A person’s prejudice may lead to an act of aggression, but hate crimes are mainly caused by a feeling of being threatened by the combination of a certain group of people which the perpetrator is already prejudiced against. Bias-motivated crimes are designed to intimidate the victim and members of the victim’s community in which it leaves them feeling isolated, vulnerable, and unprotected by the law. Hate groups take advantage of economic pain and conspiracy theories. Many of those involved with these hate groups are living in neighborhoods that are decreasing economically and at the same time, demographics rapidly...
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...Hate Crime Analysis Terryann Lemonius AJS/542 January 21st 2013 Professor Yehuda Packer When thinking about hate crime the first thing that would come to mind is crimes against an individual based on the color of their skin. Most often this will be between Blacks and Whites. However there are many other factors that can subject to being a victim of hate crime. This essay will aim to highlight some of these for a specific group citing specific examples of a hate crime, restorative justice models that can be applied to the group. It will also further go on to explain the benefits and challenges with the use of that particular restorative model, along with a contemporary research method that could be used to measure the victimization of this particular group. Finally an attempt will be made to link the victimization of this group with the criminological theories currently being studied. A group of people who often face hate crimes are Muslims. Although not as popular as some other forms of hate crime that frequent newspapers or news stations. It is also one that in some ways has become a taboo subject when it is brought up around some politicians, community leaders, and private citizens. One of the main factors that have put the Muslim community in the firing line for hate crime is the events of September 11 2001. The leaders and perpetrators behind the attacks were Muslims and as such the religion has taken a brunt of the fallout for the attacks. Statistic by the FBI in...
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...Research Study #1: Victim experiences in hate crimes based on sexual orientation By: Herek, Gregory M., Cogan, Jeanine C., Gillis, J. Roy2 Universities Affiliated: University of California, Davis., University of Toronto Abstract: Using interview data from a convenience sample of 450 lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults, the varieties of victim experiences in hate crimes based on sexual orientation are described. Most crimes were perpetrated in public settings by one or more strangers, but victimization also occurred in other locales, and perpetrators included neighbors, coworkers, and relatives. In deciding whether a crime was based on their sexual orientation, victims tended to rely primarily on contextual cues and perpetrators’ explicit statements. Victims’ concerns about police bias and public disclosure of their sexual orientation were important factors in deciding whether to report antigay crimes, as were beliefs about the crime’s severity and the likelihood that perpetrators would be punished. Reflection: The method used in this research study is the interview method. They collected a sample size of 450 willing volunteers (224 men: 204 gay, 20 bisexual and 226 women: 202 lesbian, 24 bisexual). They all were asked to describe their experiences with hate crimes and there was a split between people who knew for sure they were attacked by biased views and those who knew their attacker did not have any biased views against them. Many volunteers felt they were most likely...
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...Declaration of Independence states that “all men are created equal.” The term “Hate Crime” defined by Public Law #103-322A, a 1994 federal law, defines a hate crime as: “a crime in which the defendant intentionally selects a victim, or in the case of a property crime, the property that is the object of the crime, because of actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, disability, or sexual orientation of any person.” Although this is the federal definition, each state has their own legal hate crime statues, which states what constitutes and is punishable as a hate crime in that state. Some states do not recognize hate crimes at all, yet, as it clearly states in the countries founding documents the people of this country are “one nation” and “all men are created equal.” The number of hate crimes being committed is growing in numbers. What is considered a “hate crime” today is no longer restricted to the issue of black and white, but the national standard for these crimes remains unclear. Some individuals feel that hate crime legislation or Hate Crime Laws are not only unconstitutional, but redundant and unnecessary. The writer of “Hate Crime Laws Are Unnecessary” argues that “hate crime laws, whether at the state or federal level, are not necessary” ("Hate Crime Laws Are Unnecessary"). The writer further argues that passing such laws will not prevent crimes motivated by...
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