...means of preserving and saving the environment, internalizing costs, and conserving resources. Many argue that free markets can be more successful than government and this has been proven to be true throughout history. Although free market environmentalism can work, this point of view is kind of sketch because many of the environmental problems stem from market failure. In the traditional view, many environmental problems are caused by decision makers who reduce costs by polluting on those who are downwind. Other environmental problems come from private decision makers failing to produce public goods, such as preserving a national park(Stroup, Richard: Free-Market Environmentalism). For markets to work in the environmental field, rights to each important resource must be clearly defined, easily defended against invasion, and transferable by owners on terms of buyer and seller(Stroup, Richard: Free-Market Environmentalism). Many well-functioning markets require property rights. This allows people to defend themselves against pollution and a standard is set by the community on how much is acceptable. In local communities these standards are often different because many of the people with similar views cluster together. There are not only standards set for air pollution but in some states and local communities people set standards to fight “noise pollution” as well. It is safe to say that most environmental problems result from a disturbance in or lack of property rights. When...
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...regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism. Almost ten years ago Dennis Prager launched Prager University widely known as PragerU. Despite it’s audacious name, PragerU is not a university. Rather, it is a YouTube channel that uses five-minute videos to defend and promote conservative views. Recently this non-university teamed up with the well-known political commentator and ex-convict Dinesh D’Souza in a attempt to educate their viewers concerning the roots of fascism. In his video “Is Fascism Right or Left” Dinesh begins by stating that the accusation “He’s a Fascist” has long been “a favorite smear of the left aimed at those on the right” and that these smears are based on the faulty assumption that Fascism falls on the political Right. Dinesh goes on to claim that contrary to the contemporary view of scholars from actual universities, that fascism “bears a deep kinship to the ideology of today’s Left.” Dinesh D’Souza’s argument can be easily summed up as follows; Fascism comes from the Italian philosopher Giovanni Gentile. Gentile was a man of the political Left and a committed socialist who viewed Karl Marx as a mentor. If the above is true, then according to Dinesh fascism is an ideology of the political left. Did Dinesh get his facts right? Let’s take a closer look. Giovanni Gentile author of “The Doctrine of Fascism." Giovanni Gentile was an Italian intellectual who rose to prominence in the early 1900’s. He is widely...
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...Theories of radical nationalism and socialism became popular in the 19th century, when the Industrial Revolution had first started to really change things in Europe and in other Western countries. The quick changes in society during the 19th century created enormous social tensions and dissatisfaction among many. Workers, realizing that the wealthy had the most to gain from free market capitalism, turned to other ways of modernization including communism and socialism. Those who believed that they could achieve what they wanted by gradual reform of the existing political structure were socialists while those who believed that the old order needed to be completely replaced by force were communists. Others rejected the socialist emphasis on international class politics and proposed nationalism as another alternative to individualistic capitalism. Unlike socialists or communists, nationalists believed that there was nothing inherently wrong with capitalism. They just thought it should be regulated and made to benefit the nation as a whole in addition to the few individuals who owned the means of production. In either case, political philosophies that emphasized nation and class were responses to a changing world that had uprooted old social beliefs. Communism, which is also described as "Revolutionary Proletarian Socialism" or "Marxism," is both a political and economic philosophy. The Communist Manifesto is widely regarded as the founding documents of modern communism...
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...Robust Political Economy The nirvana fallacy is the informal fallacy of comparing actual things with unrealistic, idealized alternatives. We are always going to come up short when we compare to expectations of the ‘perfect world.’ Economist Harold Demstez, creator of the idea of the nirvana fallacy, states, “The view that now pervades much public policy economics implicitly presents the relevant choice as between an ideal norm and an existing 'imperfect' institutional arrangement.” This nirvana approach differs considerably from a comparative institution approach in which the relevant choice is between alternative real institutional arrangements. Comparative institutional analysis focuses on the rules people operate by and is defined as the assessment of feasible organizational or policy alternatives. Comparative institutional analysis goes conjointly with robustness, which is the normal standard we apply. Robustness asks questions such as, ‘what set of rules produces better outcomes in bad circumstances?’ and ‘how well does it keep the really bad things from happening?’ Mark Pennington on Robust Political Economy, draws on two problems: the knowledge problem and the incentive problem. This goes hand in hand with the economic calculation problem proposed by Ludwig von Mises and later expanded by Friedrich Hayek as well as the comparison between private versus public property in economics. All economic and political systems must challenge both knowledge problems and incentive...
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...moral cruelty. Yet the idea and the ideal of socialism remain as a solution today. 2. History Socialism aims at a social system based on public ownership of the means of production (Von Mises, 1969). Arising in the late Eighteenth and early Nineteenth Century, socialism developed as a reaction to the hardships caused by capitalism and industrial revolution. The premise of socialism is that the government owns and operates all material resources in a social system. Socialism first originated in France and England at about the same time, but as it grew socialism took individual paths throughout each country (Wells, 1912). Karl Marx, who wrote The Communist Manifesto, was considered the creator of socialism and one of the most popular socialists. It is often thought that the idea of socialism derives from the work of Karl Marx. In fact, Marx wrote only a few pages about socialism, as either a moral or a reasonable blueprint for society. However, after Karl Marx socialism was either defined...
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...February 27, 2012 SOC 200 Karl Marx Growing up in communist Romania in the 70’s and 80’s, deprived of the most basic liberties, as young children we were indoctrinated with communist ideas and schools were used merely as platforms in which curriculum strictly controlled with the purpose of instilling in youth communist principles. Karl Marx’s portrait would hang in every classroom above the old blackboard and his theories were studied and celebrated in every history book, literature book, economics, or any book for that matter. Sociology and Psychology were considered pseudo-sciences under the communist reign and therefore forbidden in schools. As Romanian history books were altered from the truth, describing only his greatest achievements and never the flaws, for the purpose of this project I was rather intrigued to research Karl Marx – I hated him for so many years - and take a really close look at who he actually was, and how he impacted the study of Sociology. I knew that he established the basis of communist ideology, and I have lived for twenty years through the atrocities committed by his followers, but I never really had the interest ( until now) to understand what influenced and drove him into envisioning and writing his proposals for change. Karl Marx was born in 1818 in the German Rhineland (Prussia). He was a philosopher, journalist and economist and even though he produced little that earned him money or recognition during...
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...How and why have feminists been critical of the ‘public/private’ divide? The public/private divide is a particular concern for feminists. The public/private divide is a divide between the public sphere of work and politics usually dominated by men, and the private area of home and family in which typical gender roles are applied. This divide can be said to create the problem of gender inequality, as women are often pushed into being a housewife due to the societal norms; they are heavily discouraged from breaking out into the public sphere and beginning an alternative career. In this way, patriarchy has been created – whilst the women traditionally stay at home, the men are therefore the ones who are earning money and occupying important positions within society. Feminists believe that this gender inequality should be overthrown, although different types of feminists have different views on the subject. Liberal feminists wish to keep the public and private spheres separate. They do not want to completely remove the divide between the two, because they believe in maintaining a woman's personal freedom of choice between a domestic or public role. Moreover, they believe that men and women do have different natures – women have a natural leaning towards the domestic life and motherhood, rather than the more traditionally male public career. However, liberal feminists do believe that there is a need for reforms in the public sphere, for example equal pay is one of their concerns...
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...that’s all there is to economics. The rest is nonsense.” “Economics is about what everyone knows in a language that nobody understands.” “Economics explains the price of everything and the value of nothing.” “Economists are quite unique in their failure to solve a single one of the problems of their profession.” John Papworth Economist– the one profession where you can gain great eminence without ever being right.” George Meany While these views / opinions of economics / economists contain some element of truth, they hardly give a meaningful insight into the nature of the subject and the work of economists. What is Economics? Many definitions have been offered for Economics. Mostly, they focus on two inter-related approaches to the above question: 1. 2 the problems that Economics deals with; and the methods that economists use in dealing with these problems. An example of the ‘problem’ type of definition is given below: “Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.” Lord Robbins 1929 Simply put, Economics can be defined as the social science which studies how human beings use what is available to get what is wanted. An example of the ‘methods’ type of definition comes from a famous economist: MDIS 1–1 Introduction to Economics BASIC ECONOMIC CONCEPTS “It (Economics) is a method rather than a doctrine, an apparatus of the mind. A technique of thinking which helps its possessor to draw correct...
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...teaching, Jaggar joined many research and academic appointments. Since 2007, she’s been research coordinator at Centre for the Study of Mind in Nature, University of Oslo, Norway. Jaggar has around ten books published; most of them discuss the topic about feminism and social, moral and political philosophy. Besides, her teaching accomplishment and her research got her 16 awards during the past three decades. Unlike the long history of other schools of philosophy, the history of feminist philosophy is relatively short. The first emerge of feminism dates back to 18th century. However, the first boost of feminism started in the 20th century, along with political movements and black and postcolonial ideologies. Different from traditional views of epistemology, Jaggar pointed out that emotion is an important part of gaining and processing knowledge. According to Freud’s psychosexual development, gender identity is formed related to the social environment. Females are usually emotional and independent to relationships while males are rational and dependent. Two schools are formed about the topic of epistemology: rationalism and empiricism. Even though the two of the schools use different approaches to examine knowledge, they emphasize the importance of ration and logic. Plato’s theory of soul and body also states that rational part keeps harmony of a body before a...
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...constant debate in our society and there are many arguments for and against pornography it has been extensively debated whether pornographic material should be legally protected or banned. Those who believe pornography must be protected argue that the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom of expression, including sexual expression. A strong defender to this view is McElroy, who reflects this in her writing of “XXX: A Woman’s Right to Pornography”. Opponents of McElroy’s view raise moral concerns, arguing that the First Amendment does not protect expression that corrupts people's behaviour, therefore defending the suppression of pornography because it perpetuates gender stereotypes, as women are reduced to nothing more than sex objects which promotes violence against women and that men are viewed as “naturally” oppressive and violent and they are ruled by their sexual natures. Opponents also believe that even if pornography is viewed as speech it should be treated as a low value form of speech that is not entitled to First Amendment protection. According to the Radical feminist view, men are socialized to have sexual desires and to feel entitled to have those desires met, whereas women are socialized to meet those desires and to internalize accepted definitions of femininity and sexual objectification. As men cling to the masculine idea that their sexuality is an absolute expression of their need and dominance, they prevent women from effecting new attitudes...
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...Democratic Republic existed as an independent socialist state behind the Iron Curtain. Defining itself in its constitution as “a socialist state of farmers and workers”, it aimed to become a “socialist utopia”, without class boundaries or social restrictions. However, the controversial means of controlling the population employed by the government and the dominance of the Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED) in East German Politics has led many scholars and experts to claim that the GDR was a “Second German Dictatorship”. Fulbrook (2009: 159) says “A combination of methods was employed to ensure the compliance of the East German populace, including terror as well as attempted ideological indoctrination, as the SED sought both to control the state means of administration, policing and justice, and to exert its influence in education, the media and all avenues of opinion formation.” Characteristics of the GDR resemble those of a twentieth century dictatorship, where oppression and fear were parts of daily life. This essay will examine the GDR, determining ultimately whether it was, as its government suggested, a “workers and farmers state” or, as suggested by many theorists, a “second German dictatorship.” Jarausch (1999: 341) says that the SED “glorified the GDR as an egalitarian and open society on the path towards a communist utopia.” The SED used various techniques to mould the GDR into a functioning socialist state, where everyone had equal opportunities...
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...The Basis Of Feminist Criminology Feminist criminology was created out of the realization that criminology from its beginnings focused on the male criminal and the unlawful acts they committed. When in the fact it could be argued female crime was studied as far back as 1800's, female criminal activity, its causes and the effects in which it placed on public opinion were often disregarded. Over the past 20 years, there has been a significantly different approach in how females are being dealt with inside the criminal justice system. This has been the result of a more broadening law enforcement effort, stringent medication sentencing laws, and post-conviction limits to reentry that would greatly influence females. While there seems to be numerous hypotheses on feminist criminology, liberal, radical, Marxist, and communist theories seem to be most often understood. Woman’s activist criminology attempts to redefine the thought process of criminologists to include more of a sexual orientation and to remedy the issues of why women are more unlikely than men to commit a criminal offense, and whether or not standard male speculation could be altered to elucidate female responsibility. Liberal feminist criminology emerged in the 1960’s to bring attention to discrimination against women. Currently it thrives to address women’s issues, lobby for women’s rights, create opportunities, and change a woman’s role in the public sector. Radical feminism seems to conflict and differ with...
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...Feminist Movement Firstly, we would like to talk about the causes and the beginning of feminist movement. the About two centuries ago, human society has many changes and movements; the occurrence of human right and its acceptability, the attention of the importance of democracy, the change of production to industry, instead of agriculture, and the advance of technology. These changes and movements cause some women getting the chance of education as same as almost men, and make women working outdoor instead of doing household work. These phenomena cause people questioning about the original belief that proposes women are inferior to men, and the difference between men and women is natural matter which is unchangeable. People tried to find the reason why this belief occurred and has still endured for a long time. In addition, there is a social movement which tried to change this belief, including the condition of the inequality between men and women. This social movement is called feminism. This social phenomenon began, in 19th century, in the western side of the world, because women didn’t accept the original culture, their role in society, the inequality of gender, and the oppression of men. However, this contradiction in terms of gender has been argued up to the beginning of 20th century. Feminism has rapidly grown since the last forty years of 20th century. People become awakened to study about women in several measurements, especially in the study of the relationship...
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...Mark Scheme (Results) Summer 2010 GCE GCE Government & Politics (6GP03) Paper 3B Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH Edexcel is one of the leading examining and awarding bodies in the UK and throughout the world. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific programmes for employers. Through a network of UK and overseas offices, Edexcel’s centres receive the support they need to help them deliver their education and training programmes to learners. For further information, please call our GCE line on 0844 576 0025, our GCSE team on 0844 576 0027, or visit our website at www.edexcel.com. If you have any subject specific questions about the content of this Mark Scheme that require the help of a subject specialist, you may find our Ask The Expert email service helpful. Ask The Expert can be accessed online at the following link: http://www.edexcel.com/Aboutus/contact-us/ Summer 2010 Publications Code UA024034 All the material in this publication is copyright © Edexcel Ltd 2010 2 6GP03_3B 1006 General Marking Guidance • All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last. Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions. Examiners should mark according...
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...Did the United States win the Cold War? The forty-five years from the dropping of the atom bombs to the end of the Soviet Union, can be seen as the era of the new conflict between two major states: United States of America (USA) and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). According to Hobsbawm, ‘cold war’ was the constant confrontation of the two super powers which emerged from the Second World War. At that time the entire generation was under constant fear of global nuclear battles. It was widely believed that it could break out at any moment. (Hobsbawm, 1994) The consequences of the ‘power vacuum’ in central Europe, created by the defeat of Germany, gave rise to these two super powers (Dunbabin, 1994). The world was divided into two parts. The USSR controlled the zone occupied by her Red Army or other communist armed forces. On the other hand, USA exercised control and dominance over the rest of the capitalist world as well as the western hemisphere and the oceans. (Hobsbawm, 1994) It is rather very difficult to argue that a particular country like the USA has won the cold war completely. Cold war gave birth to lots of problems in the world. During the cold war period, various events occurred subsequently. So the whole period was a combination of different issues and various factors related to it. Yet, evaluating the climax and the aftermath situation of the cold war, it can be argued that USA and its allies have succeeded to a great extent. On the other hand, as a consequence...
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