Types of Word Formation Processes
Compounding
Compounding forms a word out of two or more root morphemes. The words are called compounds or compound words.
In Linguistics, compounds can be either native or borrowed.
Native English roots are typically free morphemes, so that means native compounds are made out of independent words that can occur by themselves. Examples: mailman (composed of free root mail and free root man) mail carrier dog house fireplace fireplug (a regional word for 'fire hydrant') fire hydrant dry run pick-up truck talking-to
In Greek and Latin, in contrast to English, roots do not typically stand alone. So compounds are composed of bound roots. Compounds formed in English from borrowed Latin and Greek morphemes preserve this characteristic. Examples include photograph, iatrogenic, and many thousands of other classical words.
Note that compounds are written in various ways in English: with a space between the elements; with a hyphen between the elements; or simply with the two roots run together with no separation. The way the word is written does not affect its status as a compound. Over time, the convention for writing compounds can change, usually in the direction from separate words (e.g. clock work), to hyphenated words (clock-work), to one word with no break (clockwork). If you read older literature you might see some compound words that are now written as one word appearing with unfamiliar spaces or hyphens between the components
Another thing to note about compounds is that they can combine words of different parts of speech. The list above shows mostly noun-noun compounds, which is probably the most common part of speech combination, but there are others, such as adjective-noun (dry run, blackbird, hard drive), verb-noun (pick-pocket, cut-purse, lick-spittle) and even verb-particle (where 'particle' means a word basically designating spatial expression that functions to complete a literal or metaphorical path), as in run-through, hold-over. Sometimes these compounds are different in the part of speech of the whole compound vs. the part of speech of its components. Note that the last two are actually nouns, despite their components
Some compounds have more than two component words. These are formed by successively combining words into compounds, e.g. pick-up truck, formed from pick-up and truck, where the first component, pick-up is itself a compound formed from pick and up. Other examples are ice-cream cone, no-fault insurance and even more complex compounds like top-rack dishwasher safe.
There are a number of subtypes of compounds that do not have to do with part of speech, but rather the sound characteristics of the words. These subtypes are not mutually exclusive.
Rhyming compounds (subtype of compounds)
These words are compounded from two rhyming words. Examples: lovey-dovey chiller-killer
There are words that are formally very similar to rhyming compounds, but are not quite compounds in English because the second element is not really a word--it is just a nonsense item added to a root word to form a rhyme. Examples: higgledy-piggledy tootsie-wootsie
This formation process is associated in English with child talk (and talk addressed to children), technically called hypochoristic language. Examples: bunnie-wunnie Henny Penny snuggly-wuggly Georgie Porgie
Piggie-Wiggie
Another word type that looks a bit like rhyming compounds comprises words that are formed of two elements that almost match, but differ in their vowels. Again, the second element is typically a nonsense form: pitter-patter zigzag tick-tock riffraff flipflop Derivation Deriviation is the creation of words by modification of a root without the addition of other roots. Often the effect is a change in part of speech.
Affixation (Subtype of Derivation)
The most common type of derivation is the addition of one or more affixes to a root, as in the word derivation itself. This process is called affixation, a term which covers both prefixation and suffixation.
Blending
Blending is one of the most beloved of word formation processes in English. It is especially creative in that speakers take two words and merge them based not on morpheme structure but on sound structure. The resulting words are called blends.
Usually in word formation we combine roots or affixes along their edges: one morpheme comes to an end before the next one starts. For example, we form derivation out of the sequence of morphemes de+riv+at(e)+ion. One morpheme follows the next and each one has identifiable boundaries. The morphemes do not overlap.
But in blending, part of one word is stitched onto another word, without any regard for where one morpheme ends and another begins. For example, the word swooshtika 'Nike swoosh as a logo symbolizing corporate power and hegemony' was formed from swoosh and swastika. The swoosh part remains whole and recognizable in the blend, but the tika part is not a morpheme, either in the word swastika or in the blend. The blend is a perfect merger of form, and also of content. The meaning contains an implicit analogy between the swastika and the swoosh, and thus conceptually blends them into one new kind of thing having properties of both, but also combined properties of neither source. Other examples include glitterati (blending glitter and literati) 'Hollywood social set', mockumentary (mock and documentary) 'spoof documentary'.
The earliest blends in English only go back to the 19th century, with wordplay coinages by Lewis Carroll in Jabberwocky. For example, he introduced to the language slithy, formed from lithe and slimy) and galumph, (fromgallop and triumph Interestingly galumph has survived as a word in English, but it now seems to mean 'walk in a stomping, ungainly way'.
Some blends that have been around for quite a while include brunch (breakfast and lunch), motel (motor hotel),electrocute (electric and execute), smog (smoke and fog) and cheeseburger (cheese and hamburger). These go back to the first half of the twentieth century. Others, such as stagflation (stagnation and inflation), spork (spoon and fork), and carjacking (car and hijacking) arose since the 1970s.
Here are some more recent blends I have run across: mocktail (mock and cocktail) 'cocktail with no alcohol' splog (spam and blog) 'fake blog designed to attract hits and raise Google-ranking'
Britpoperati (Britpop and literati) 'those knowledgable about current British pop music'
Clipping
Clipping is a type of abbreviation of a word in which one part is 'clipped' off the rest, and the remaining word now means essentially the same thing as what the whole word means or meant. For example, the word rifle is a fairly modern clipping of an earlier compound rifle gun, meaning a gun with a rifled barrel. (Rifled means having a spiral groove causing the bullet to spin, and thus making it more accurate.) Another clipping is burger, formed by clipping off the beginning of the word hamburger. (This clipping could only come about once hamburg+er was reanalyzed asham+burger.)
Acronyms
Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of a phrase and making a word out of it. The classical acronym is also pronounced as a word. Scuba was formed from self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.
Occasionally, not just letters but a whole or part syllable can be used in the formation of an acronym. Examples: radar - RAdio Detection And Ranging gestapo - GEheime STAatsPOlizei, German for 'Secret National Police'.
These can be thought of as a special case of acronyms.
Another special case is one in which the initial letters form the acronym, but they are still pronounced as letters rather than according to the rules of English spelling. Many organization names of of this type. Examples:NAACP
UN
IMFMemos, email, and text messaging are modes of communication that give rise to both clippings and acronyms, since these word formation methods are designed to abbreviate. Some acronyms:
NB - Nota bene, literally 'note well'. Used by scholars making notes on texts. (A large number of other scholarly acronyms from Latin are used, probably most invented in the medieval period or Renaissance, not originally in Latin)
BRB - be right back (from 1980s, 90s)
FYI - for your information (from mid 20th century)
LOL - laughing out loud (early 21st century) - now pronounced either /lol/ or /el o el/; has spawned compounds likeLolcats).
ROFL - rolling on the floor laughing
ROFLMAO - rolling on the floor laughing my ass
Ang kontinente ay ang pinaka malaki at malawak na uri ng anyong lupa. Ito ay binubuo ng iba't ibang bansa na kadalasan ay naisusukat o naitatangi dahil sa kultura tradisyon nito.
Ang Pitong lupalop sa Mundo ay:
Asya- 44 362 815 kilometro kuwadrado
Africa- 24 250 170 kilometro kuwadrado
Hilagang Amerika- 24 250 kilometro kuwadrado
Timog Amerika- 17 806 250 kilometro kuwadrado
Antartica- 14 245 000 kilometro kuwadrado
Europa- 10 507 630 kilometro kuwadrado
Australia at Oceania- 7 682 300 kilometro kuwadrado
Ang pitong kontinente ng mundo ay ang Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, at South America.
Ang karagatan ay ang pangunahing bahagi ng anyong tubig, at prinsipal na bahagi ng kalawakan ng tubig o hidrospera. Tinatayang nasa 72% ng ibabaw ng Daigdig (isang lawak ng mga 361 kilometro kwadrado) ang natatakpan ng karagatan, isang patuloy na bahagi ng tubig na nakaugaliang hinahati sa ilang mga pangunahing mga karagatan at maliliit na mga dagat.

4 na malalaking karagatan na matatagpuan sa daigdig:

Karagatang Pasipiko (pinakamalaki)
Karagatang Indian
Karagatang Arctic
Karagatang Atlantic
Pangunahing Direksyon ~ Hilaga, Timog, Silangan, Kanluran
Sekondaryang Direksyon ~ Hilagang Kanluran, Hilagang Silangan, Timog Kanluran, Timog Silangan
-Dibisyon ng ekonomiks-
1 Produksyon- Produksyon ang tawag kapag ikaw ay natatae tuwing umaga.

2 Pagkonsumo- Ang tawag kapag wala kang nakupit sa mama mo na pang computer at ang mama mo ay nagtitipid
3 Distribusyon- pagbabahagi ng yaman o kita ng lipunan sa iba't-ibang salik ng produksyon tulad ng lupa,paggawa, kapital at entrepreneur.
4 Pagpapalitan- paglilipat ng pagmamay-ari ng mga bagay o kalakal at paglilingkod mula sa isang tao patungo sa ibang tao.
5 Pampublikong Pananalapi- tumutukoy sa mga nalikom na buwis at mga gugulin ng pamahalaan.

1. agham – isang pag-aaral gamit ang pamamaraang sistematiko upang subukin ang katotohanan sa likod ng mga haka-haka o katanungang kinakailangang tugunan
2. causation – isang pangyayari na siyang sanhi o dahilan ng isa pang pangyayari
3. controlled variable – alinmang tukoy na bagay na may iba’t ibang tiyak na halaga at nakokontrol; umaasa ito sa independent variable
4. correlation – pagkakaugnay ng mga pangyayaring hindi magkatulad
5. independent variable – alinmang tukoy na bagay na may halaga at malayang kumikilos
6. normatibong ekonomiks – pananaw na tumutugon sa tanong na “Ano ang dapat mangyari?”
7. pamamaraang siyentipiko – organisadong hakbang sa paglutas ng suliranin o pagtukoy sa katotohanan ng isang bagay, pangyayari, o penomena
8. positibong ekonomiks – pananaw na tumutugon sa tanong na “Ano ang nangyayari?”
9. teorya – isang palagay o sistema ng mga ideyang nagpapaliwanag sa ilang bagay, lalo na at nakabatay ito sa pangkalahatang prinsipyo at hindi nakasalig sa mga partikular na bagay
Kapag naririnig mo ang salitang “agham o siyensya,” ano kaagad ang pumapasok sa iyong isipan? Ang agham o siyensya ay isang pag-aaral gamit ang sistematikong pamamaraan upang subukin ang katotohanan sa likod ng mga haka-haka (hypothesis) o katanungang kinakailangang matugunan. May iba’t ibang uri ng agham na pinag-aaralan ang tao.
Ang ekonomiks ay nauugnay sa iba pang aghampanlipunan. Ilan sa mga ito ay ang kasaysayan, heograpiya, agham-pampulitika, sosyolohiya, at etika at pilosopiya.Bilang isang agham ng pag-aaral tungkol sa mga pangyayari sa nakalipas, nauugnay ang ekonomiks sa kasaysayan dahil pinag-aaralan din dito ang mga gawaing pangkabuhayan ng tao simula pa noong sinaunang panahon hanggang sa kasalukuyan. Sa heograpiya, pinag-aaralan ang kalagayan at estruktura ng ibabaw ng daigdig at ang epekto nito sa tao at kapaligiran. Sa ekonomiks, natatalakay ang ilang batayang konsepto ng heograpiya dahil binibigyang-pansin dito ang pinagmumulan ng mga likas na yaman
Ang Ekonomiyang Pampulitika Alam mo bang ang unang pag-aaral ng ekonomiks ay tinawag na ekonomiyang pampulitika? Noong 1615 sa France, unang ginamit ang terminolohiyang ekonomiyang pampulitika bilang isang pag-aaral ng ekonomiks sa aklat ni Antoine de Montchrétien na Traité de l’economie politique. Pormal naman na pinasimulan ang pag-aaral ng ekonomiyang pampulitika noong ika-18 siglo bilang isang pilosopiyang moral tungkol sa ekonomiya ng mga estadong bansa. Sa panahong iyon, nagpahayag ng mga kaisipang pangkabuhayan ang mga ekonomistang sina Francois Quesnay, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, at Karl Marx upang bigyang-linaw at ipaliwanag ang kalagayang pangkabuhayan ng mga estadong bansa.
1. alokasyon – ang paraan ng pangangasiwa at pamamahagi ng mga produkto at serbisyo upang makamit ang kasiyahan sa limitadong pinagkukunang-yaman
2. kagustuhan – ang kailangan ng tao na maituturing na luho at maaaring ipagpaliban
3. konsyumer – mamimili o kumukonsumo ng mga produkto at serbisyo
4. makroekonomiks – isang sangay ng ekonomiks na tumutukoy sa galaw ng kabuuang ekonomiya at mga kaugnay na pangkalahatang gawain, pag-uugaling pang-ekonomiko ng sambahayan, at pag-aaral ng panlipunang pagpapasya
5. maykroekonomiks – isang sangay ng ekonomiks na tumutukoy sa galaw ng maliliit na bahagi o yunit ng kabuhayan at may kaugnayan sa pag-aaral ng indibidwal na pagpili
6. pangangailangan – mga bagay o serbisyo na kailangan ng tao upang mabuhay
7. sistemang pangkabuhayan – pamamaraan ng pagtugon ng pamahalaan sa tatlong batayang produkto at serbisyo?
Ang Kakapusan at ang KakulanganNang dahil sa lumalaking bilang ng populasyon at tumataas na bilang ng demand sa mga pinagkukunang-yaman, nagkakaroon ng kakapusan sa mga yaman. Ang kakapusan ay 24 Ang Ekonomiks at ang Pamamaraan Nitoisang kalagayan at suliraning dulot ng walang hanggang pangangailangan at kagustuhan ng tao sa kabila ng limitadong p i n a g k u k u n a n g - y a m a n . Nagdudulot ang kakapusan ng kahirapan, lalo na ng kagutuman kung hindi matugunan