...The divergence-based centroid neural network is employed in the grouping process. Prior to the grouping process, 3D line segments are extracted with the aid of the elevation information obtained by using area-based stereo matching of satellite image data. High-resolution IKONOS stereo images are utilized for the experiments. The experimental result proved the applicability and efficiency of the approach in dealing with 3D building modeling from high-resolution satellite imagery. Index Terms—building model, satellite image, 3D modeling, line segment, stereo I. I NTRODUCTION Extraction of 3D building model is one of the important problems in the generation of an urban model. The process aims to detect and describe the 3D rooftop model from complex scene of satellite imagery. The automated extraction of the 3D rooftop model can be considered as an essential process in dealing with 3D modeling in the urban area. There has been a significant body of research in 3D reconstruction from high-resolution satellite imagery. Even though a natural terrain can be successfully reconstructed in a precise manner by using correlation-based stereoscopic processing of satellite images [1], 3D building reconstruction remains to a difficult process, due to the discontinuity of elevation in manmade objects. In this context, most studies rely on 3D feature analysis. Perceptual grouping technique [2] has been broadly used for detecting and describing buildings in aerial or satellite image. This traditional...
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...I. Current Situation: A. Current Performance: International Satellite Images (ISI) had been building a satellite to image the world at a resolution of one meter. At the resolution, a trained photo interpreter could identify virtually any military and civilian vehicle as well as numerous other military and non-military objects. The ISI team had been preparing a proposal for a Japanese government contractor. The contract called for a commitment of a minimum imagery purchase of $10 million per year for five years. In a recent executive staff meeting it became clear that the ISI satellite camera subcontractor was having trouble with the development of a thermal stabilizer for the instrument. It appeared that the development delay would be at least one year and possibly 18 months. When Jim approached Fred Ballard, the President of ISI, for advice on what launch date to put into the proposal, Fred told Jim to use the published date since that was still the official launch date. II. External Environment: A. General Environment: For the problem ofISI satellite camera subcontractor it appeared development delay would be at least one year and possibly 18 months. For that reasonthe level of trust between the parties was very low since the Japanese insisted upon completion guarantees. External forces include: Industry practice is to publicize optimistic completion dates that are rarely met. The financial industry that has profitability expectations which may be impossible...
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...The Impact of Evolving Technologies Computer generated imagery has spanned the verge of acceptability. “CGI frequently plays an essential role in the creation of the believable alternate reality necessary for the enjoyment of a film” (Goodyer, 2012). The animation cartoon looks is replaced with subtle distinction of movement and expression. “Motion capture represents a wholly new form of filmmaking, one that cannot and should not be limited by our previously held definitions of synthetic versus recorded cinema” (Freedman, 2012). The once was a drawing, that was made into several to produce a cartoon seen in films, times have changed with technology, now it is becoming more realistic and believable to audiences. “But no matter how impressive the trappings used to surround the audience–all the tricks of lighting and make–up and acting and computer–generated imagery–the root of all movies is the story, and without it, nothing else matters. If a story works, if it engages the audiences for two hours, then there is no wrong way to tell it. If the story doesn’t work, then the opposite is true” (Goodykoontz & Jacobs, 2011). Avatar (2009), was an American Science Fiction film set in the 22-century. “Avatar cost somewhere between $250 million and $500 million to make, yet weeks after its release, it had already grossed more than $1 billion worldwide for the Twentieth Century–Fox Film Corporation” (Gray, 2010). While to create such a costly movies was a big risk for...
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...The Modern Film A majority of current movies on the market today most likely have one thing in common, Computer Generated Imagery, or CGI. Imagine how crude a movie would be without the use of computers and the quality they would posses if these technologies didn’t exist. From Star Wars to The Matrix and even a vast majority of all the more recent animated films such as Toy Story or Monster’s Inc have all used computers to enhance the experience of the movie. Movie goers have been enjoying the quality that these technologies have been adding to movies for years, maybe even longer than some might know of. It’s said that John Whitney, Sr. was the first to bring computer graphics to the film industry with his slit-scan technology creating the visually powerful “into the monolith” imagery of 2001: A Space Odyssey. Over the years computers would keep proving there worth in movies such as Tron, the film many people associate with the birth of Hollywood computer graphics. In 1985 Pixar produced what is said to be the first CGI character animation in film with the stained glass window come to life effect in the Young Sherlock Holmes. Disney, the maker of popular children’s movies of all kinds would later acquire Pixar and take animated movies from the classic sketched scenes of Cinderella and Bambi to the first full length CGI movie, Toy Story. Toy Story changed the way of viewing for animated movies making the characters seem more realistic and giving more detail to the worlds...
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...Make-up and other effects have turned into a vital piece of motion pictures. Sure, even movies that appear to have no effects for the on-screen characters will utilize computerized touching-up and hours of applying make-up to the performers to make them look the part they are playing. Regardless of what some people may say, conventional prosthetic make-up is still used very often in the entertainment industry. It is the most practical approach to include blood, scars, or essentially change the surface of the skin since it is a physical, impermanent modification to an actor. It is additionally still used to make huge or abnormal highlights that still leave the greater part of the face human unrecognizable, for example, Hellboy or Captain America's...
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...When TRON was released in July of 1982 it was considered groundbreaking in its use of computer generated imagery (CGI). In his original review of TRON in the Chicago Sun-Times Roger Ebert (1982) called it “…a dazzling movie from Walt Disney in which computers have been used to make themselves romantic and glamorous.” He also added that, “In an age of amazing special effects, TRON is a state-of-the-art movie.” By comparing the way that CGI is used in a movie to its rank based on total gross sales it will show that CGI movies have steadily become more popular and dominate in gross sales since TRON was released. TRON was created by Steven Lisberger in 1976 when he came up with the idea for what he called a neon warrior at his own design studio in California. He also took inspiration from the original game of Pong. In an interview almost two decades later Lisberger said, “And what happened was, I saw Pong, and I said, well, that's the arena for him.” (Lisberger, 2010). This statement was in reference to what would become the arena duel where discs of light are hurled at their opponent. Along with creating TRON he wrote the script and directed the movie. Lisberger was also the producer of TRON: Legacy which was released in December of 2010. The movie centers around Kevin Flynn who finds himself transported inside of a circuit board to the world within. In this computer world when programs are no longer needed they are forced to fight other obsolete programs in arena battles...
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...Kenneth Stokes Writing and Rhetoric 1 April 14th, 2013 CGI and Practical Effects in Film It’s hard to believe that the first real use of what we know as computer-generated imagery (CGI) took place in a feature film, Westworld, which was in 1973. But it would be another 20 years before Hollywood experienced a real revolution in special effects, when photorealistic dinosaurs rampaged though Jurassic Park, a Michael Crichton-inspired theme-park-gone-wrong movie. The concept of today’s level of 3D CGI animation is an evolution from basic cartoon animation into a simulated world that seeks to represent realism as accurately as possible. It does this by slicing up the world into the smallest segments possible, and then controlling how those tiny parts of the real world objects move, react and change based on the other objects and conditions within that 3D world (See fig. 1). The history of computer-generated imagery goes hand in hand with the history of the computer, as the computer evolved CGI effects got possible. For the origins of computer-generated imagery we need to go back to the year 1968. In this year a group of Russian mathematicians and physicists headed by N.Konstantinov created a mathematic model of a moving cat across a screen. A program was made for a specialized computer called BESM-4. The computer printed hundreds of frames to be later converted into usable film material. In the 1970′s CGI really got a hold in the designing community. With many people experimenting...
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