...Vitamin C Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Humans, unlike most animals, are unable to synthesize vitamin C, so it is an essential dietary component. In some settings, vitamin C serves as a cofactor helping a specific enzyme perform its job, but in others, it acts as an antioxidant participating in more general ways. Vitamin C loses electrons easily, a characteristic that allows it to perform as an antioxidant. Vitamin C is like a bodyguard for water-soluble substances. In the cells and body fluids, Vitamin C protects tissues from the oxidative stress of free radicals thus may play an important role in preventing diseases. Food sources for Vitamin C come from fruits and vegetables mainly. Broccoli, carrots, potato, tomato juice, banana, orange, strawberries, watermelon, cheese, citrus fruits, cabbage-type vegetables, dark green vegetables, cantaloupe, lettuce, tomatoes, papayas and mangos are all significant sources of Vitamin C. Functions of Vitamin C in the body include collagen synthesis, which strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth. More functions include antioxidants, thyroxin synthesis, amino acid metabolism, strengthens resistance to infection, helps in absorption of iron. Ascorbic acid is absorbed in the body by both active transport and simple diffusion. With regular intake the absorption rate varies...
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...Testing the percentage of Vitamin C in different fruit juices * Data collection Raw data: The Amount of Iodine used by Vitamin C in 10.0ml fruit solutions (ml) ± 0.01ml | Solution Group | Apple | Orange | Pitaya | Tomato | Pear | 0.05%Vitamin C solution | 0.1% Vitamin C solution | Group A | 0.25 | 2.66 | 0.42 | 0.82 | 0.36 | 3.16 | 6.13 | Group B | 1.34 | 2.96 | 0.41 | 1.02 | 0.27 | 3.01 | 6.24 | Table 1 Processed data: The average content of 0.05%vitamin C solution in both group A and B is: μ=3.16+3.012=3.085 ml The average content of 0.10%vitamin C solution in both group A and B is: μ=6.13+6.242=6.185 ml the average Iodine used in 0.01% vitamin C solution in both group A and B is: μ=3.0855+6.185102=0.618 ml Therefore, next we have to calculate the average amount of Iodine used and the percentages of vitamin C in different fruit juice solutions by using the raw data and processed data above. 1. Apple juice solution: The average amount of Iodine solution used is: μ=0.25+0.342=0.295 ml The content of Vitamin C in apple juice solution is: 0.250.618+0.340.6182×0.01%=0.00477% 2. Orange juice solution: The average amount of Iodine solution used is: μ=2.66+2.962=2.810 ml The content of Vitamin C in orange juice solution is: 2.660.618+2.960.6182×0.01%=0.04547% 3. Pitaya juice solution: The average amount of Iodine solution used is: μ=0.42+0.412=0.415 ml The content of Vitamin C in pitaya juice solution...
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...Vitamin C Background Information Vitamins play an essential role in animal metabolic processes. They are groups of complex organic compounds that do not provide energy. However, without vitamins, animals may develop deficiency diseases or other abnormal conditions. Although most animals cannot synthesise vitamins, certain animals can. Apart from vitamin D, the human body cannot make its own vitamins. As humans, we must obtain the vitamins we require through the food that we consume. 2D Structure of Vitamin C 2D Structure of Vitamin C 3D Structure of Vitamin C 3D Structure of Vitamin C Vitamin C also known as L-Ascorbic acid is one of the most important nutrients and is essential for human beings. Vitamin C’s IUPAC name is 2-oxo-L-theo-hexono-1,4-lactone-2,3-enediol. We need a constant supply of vitamin C in our diet as the human body cannot store vitamin C because it is not a fat-soluble vitamin and where there is excess vitamin C, it is removed from the body through the urine. As well as this, vitamin C is very important in the growth and repair of tissues. It plays a crucial role in the healing of wounds and the repair and maintenance of teeth, cartilage and bones. Ascorbic acid is a “vitamer” of vitamin C that has antioxidant properties and is soluble in water to create a slightly acidic solution. A vitamer is “One of two or more related chemical substances that fulfill the same specific vitamin function”. Antioxidants block some of the damage caused by free...
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...is the reason why there are over 20 million visits to the doctor and is the most common illness reported. (Braun et al., 2000). Vitamin C was introduced in the 1930’s In relation to treating respiratory infections. Once isolated It became world wide treatment when Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling explained from his placebo-controlled trials that Vitamin C would prevent and cure the common cold in the 1970’s (Carr AB, 2010) Since then Vitamin C has been widely used as a therapeutic and preventative agent to combat the common cold. Over the past few decades’ studies have shown that when taken daily it may assist in reducing the symptoms, duration and severity of the common cold. (Gwaltney, 2002) This review will give insight into the truth of Vitamin C and the common cold outlining the validity and truth behind the treatment with investigations of over 20 studies examined. The common cold Viruses are the main cause for Nasopharyngitis, commonly known as the common cold or Upper respiratory infection. Treatment usually is in the form of antibiotics or cough and cold medications over the counter. Other medications usually used are inhaled corticosteroids, Echinacea and oral prednisolone. (Audera C, 2009) Vitamin C Vitamin C also known as L-ascorbic acid or ascorbate is a water soluble vitamin. Unlike other animals humans can’t produce Vitamin C naturally hence need to obtain it through their diet. The recommended daily amount is 75-90mg/day as per Australian national health...
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...behavioral changes such as smoking cessation and avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, eating healthy, exercising regularly and reducing stress 1. Consequently, an individual can reduce their risk of heart disease by understanding the risk factors that cause it, and making changes to their lifestyle. The Dietary Guidelines for Canadians (Eating Healthy with Canada’s Food Guide) describes a healthful diet as one that emphasizes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products 2. Fruits and some vegetables are excellent sources of vitamin C, which is a water soluble vitamin. Fruits with the highest sources of vitamin C include cantaloupe, citrus fruits and juices, such as orange and grapefruit kiwi fruit mango and papaya among others, whereas vegetables that have vitamin C comprise broccoli, cauliflower, green and red bell peppers, and brussels sprout 2. Vitamin C – as an antioxidant – functions by helping to neutralize the action of free radicals, which are substances that damage DNA and cells or tissue 5. With time, the build up of free radicals is known to accelerate the aging process as...
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...Assessment: Comparing Vitamin C of an Apple versus an Orange Cazmir Leenheer Biology 09-08-’11 Research Question: Is freshly squeezed apple (Malus domestica) juice or orange (Citrus sinensis) juice a richer and therefore healthier source of vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)? Aim: To measure the vitamin C content of 20 apples and 20 oranges and subsequently using a statistical Mann-Witney U test accordingly, concluding which fruit contains a richer source of vitamin C. Background Information: As the aim of this lab experiment is to establish whether raw apple juice is richer in vitamin C compared to raw orange juice and vice versa, the collected results will suggest which intake is the healthier option and how much of it you will need to sustain your optimal Vitamin C levels. Vitamin C is a essential nutrient needed for the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of your body. Vitamin C is also one of the key antioxidants, which are nutrients that block part of the damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are made when your body breaks down food or when a person is exposed to factors such as tobacco, smoke and radiation. Furthermore, a sufficient vitamin C level within the body can prevent the development of health conditions such as cancer, heart diseases, strokes and high blood pressure (Henrik, 2008). Raw citrus fruits are best known to be good sources of vitamin C, however others also include broccoli, guava, papaya and red/green chili peppers. Vitamin C is sensitive to...
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...Marsland Press Journal of American Science 2009:5(3) 31-40 Evaluations of the Effects of Different Dietary Vitamin C levels on the Body Composition, Growth Performance and Feed Utilization Efficiencies in Stinging Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1792) Md. Jobaer Alam 1, Md. Ghulam Mustafa 1, Md. Abdul Khaleque 2. 1 2 Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Institute of Food Science and Technology, BCSIR, Dr. Kudrat-E-Khuda road, Dhaka-1205 Abstract: To evaluate the effects of Vitamin C of formulated feed on growth performance, feed utilization efficiency and body composition of shing fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1792) an experiment was conducted for sixty days in nine plastic tanks. During the rearing and feeding trial in the laboratory condition, the change in growth and feed utilization by the shing fish fed on three different Vitamin C level have been assessed by the determination of condition factor (K), survival rate (SR), specific growth rate (SGR%), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency and average daily gain (ADG) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). All the water quality parameters specifically- Temperature (0C), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and pH in the plastic tanks were highly monitored and maintained. The highest FCR was found in the control while the lowest was measured in treatment 2. The values of PER for treatment 2 was higher than control and treatment 1. The condition factor was...
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...Ascorbinsyre indhold i C-vitamintabletter Formål Forsøgets formål er at bestemme ascorbinsyreindholdet i C-vitamintabletter ved en potentiometrisk syre-base titrering. Teori: I dette forsøg titreres en svagsyre med en stærk base. Ascorbinsyren er en organisk syre som sammen med sin korresponderende base (acorbation) har den c-vitamineffekt som et livsnødvendigt vitamin for mennesket. Uden c-vitamin ville vi få skørbug og andre sygdomme. Når man titrere er man interesseret i en helt nøjagtigt bestemmelse af den volumen af tilsat NaOH ved ækvivalenspunktet. Ækvivalenspunktet er det punkt hvor syremolekylernene har afgivet hydronerne og hvor syren og basen har opnået samme molforhold, dette vil skabe en neutral blanding. Reaktions skemaet ved denne titrering ser sådan ud: [pic] Ved at lave et skema hvor tilsatte antal ml NaOH og pH-værdierne kan man lave en graf der viser ækvivalenspunktet. ækvivalenspunktet ligger det sted på grafen hvor hældningskoefficienten er størst. Ved hjælp af mængdeberegning er det muligt at beregne antal mol af ascorbinsyre hvorfra vi kan beregne hvor mange mg acrobinsyre der er i hver vitaminpille. Apparatur: • pH-meter med elektrode og holder • 100 mL bægerglas • magnetomrører og magnet • burette med stativ og klemme. Kemikalier: • C-vitamintabletter, • ca. 0,1 M NaOH-opløsning • Puffer-opløsning. Fremgangsmåde: 1. Først skal pH-metret kalibreres korrekt. Dette gøres ved at nedsænke elektroden...
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...Intravenous vitamin C administration reduces fatigue in office workers: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. The occurrence of fatigue in an adult is about 27% and one third of that try to find medical treatment. Research is showing that oral administration of vitamin C is less effective because of low bioavailability of vitamin C in plasma. The lack of randomized controlled experiments to evaluate the usefulness of intravenous vitamin C to reduce fatigue influenced investigators to conduct this experiment. The purpose of the study was to determine the efficacy of an intravenous dose of vitamin C on fatigue in healthy office workers. The independent variable was a high dose of vitamin C (10g) injection, and the dependent variable was fatigue in healthy workers. Researchers...
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...type of fruit juice contains most Vitamin C and therefore contains the most antioxidants. Equipment: • Range of fruit juices • Standard 1% vitamin C solution • Pipette and burette to measure volumes • Standard laboratory glassware and apparatus • DCPIP 0.1% Variables: • Dependent: Volume of vitamin C in fruit juice • Independent: The type of fruit juice • Control: Volume of DCPIP, test tube size and pipette. Method: 1. Firstly, syringe 1cm3 of DCPIP solution into a test tube 2. Then using a pipette or a burette add the vitamin C solution drop by drop to the DCPIP. Gently give the test tube a shake after each drop. Continue to add drops until the solution in the test tube has turned from blue to colourless. 3. Repeat this procedure with the other fruit juices provided. Results table: Juice tested Volume of juice required to decolourise 1cm3 of 0.15 % DCPIP solution Average volume of juice required (cm3) 1 2 3 Control 2.00 2.60 2.20 2.30 Orange 2.00 2.25 2.10 2.12 Grapefruit 1.50 1.70 1.65 1.61 Lemon 1.90 1.70 1.60 1.73 Pineapple 0.25 0.04 0.15 0.15 Graph: Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be seen that the largest volume of fruit juice required to decolourise the DCPIP solution was the orange juice suggesting that it contained a smaller amount of vitamin C in comparison to the Pineapple juice which decolourised the DCPIP with only an average of 0.15cm3. Vitamin C is an example of an antioxidant which...
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...The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/1356-3289.htm CCIJ 13,4 When an icon stumbles: the Ribena issue mismanaged Tony Jaques RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia Abstract Purpose – When two 14-year-old New Zealand schoolgirls challenged the advertising claims of Ribena blackcurrant drink – owned by global giant GlaxoSmithKline – they triggered a sequence of events which led to prosecution, public opprobrium and international damage to an iconic brand. The purpose of this paper is to explore the case and identify lessons for future management practice. Design/methodology/approach – Some of the fundamental principles of issue management, post-crisis discourse and corporate apologia are to recognize the problem early, to promptly institute a strategic response plan and corrective action and, if necessary, to apologise genuinely and without delay. The paper assesses the case against the theoretical basis of each of these principles and comparable cases. A senior executive of the company concerned was interviewed about some management aspects. Findings – Despite early indications of a problem which had potential impact around the world, a major global corporation responded inadequately to a local situation and, as a result, suffered prolonged embarrassment at the hands of two teenagers and unnecessarily severe damage to its brand and international reputation. Originality/value – By in-depth analysis of a recent case...
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...replace it with a warm water lemon drink? Below are the good factors to consider. 1. Boosts your immune system: Lemons are high in vitamin C, which is great for fighting colds. They’re high in potassium, which stimulates brain and nerve function. Potassium also helps control blood pressure. * 2. Balances pH: Drink lemon water everyday and you’ll reduce your body’s overall acidity. Lemon is one of the most alkaline foods around. Yes, lemon has citric acid but it does not create acidity in the body once metabolized.2. Balances pH: Drink lemon water everyday and you’ll reduce your body’s overall acidity. Lemon is one of the most alkaline foods around. Yes, lemon has citric acid but it does not create acidity in the body once metabolized. 3. Helps with weight loss: Lemons are high in pectin fiber, which helps fight hunger cravings. It also has been shown that people who maintain a more alkaline diet lose weight faster. 4. Aids digestion: Lemon juice helps flush out unwanted materials. It encourages the liver to produce bile which is an acid that required for digestion. Efficient digestion reduces heartburn and constipation. 5. Is a diuretic: Lemons increase the rate of urination in the body, which helps purify it. Toxins are, therefore, released at a faster rate which helps keep your urinary tract healthy. 6. Clears skin: The vitamin C component helps decrease wrinkles and blemishes. Lemon water purges toxins from the blood which helps keep skin clear as well. It...
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...Smoothie Recipes for Weight Loss - 30 Delicious Detox, Cleanse and Green Smoothie Diet Book Troy Adashun Copyright © 2013 Troy Adashun 2 Wait! Before you continue… are you on a diet or want to lose a few pounds? If your answered YES you are not alone. Almost everyone wants to lose 10, 20 or 50 pounds. Unfortunately most of us have no idea how to do it. Yes dieting can work, but starving yourself just leads to frustration and failure. If you've been searching for weight loss tips that really work - you've found the right place. Right now you can get full FREE access to 5 WEIGHT LOSS REPORTS packed full of weight loss secrets, myths and hacks so you can easily and quickly create the body of your dreams. Click here for instant access. www.FormulatedFitness.com Download 5 of the Best Weight Loss Reports to Help You Burn Fat and Get in Shape Fast 100% FREE 13 weight loss myths that will blow your mind. 45 smart, super-effective ways to burn of calories. How to lose 14 pounds in 14 days and keep it off for good! 13 secrets, tricks and cheats that trigger fast fat loss almost instantly. The ultimate guide to losing fat fast without losing your mind. Click Here for Instant Access 3 Disclaimer/Legal Notices All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording...
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...When the body turns food into energy one of the inevitable by products are free radicals, which are capable of damaging genetic material and cells. Free radicals can alter a substances structure and function by stealing electrons if available. The body has natural defenses against these free radicals which are called antioxidants; they work by giving electrons to the free radicals without then having the antioxidants search for electrons. There are many different antioxidants some of the more common ones include beta carotene, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E. There are many claims out there that taking antioxidant supplements or increasing our intake of foods containing antioxidants will prevent heart disease, cancer, and other conditions. In Vitamin E trials done on people who had been diagnosed with coronary disease showed no benefit. One study showed that people who take antioxidant supplements have an increased risk of death and not opposite which has been the idea behind antioxidants for many years. Take into consideration that these studies were short in duration and many of the test subjects already had an existing disease. While we may not know much about antioxidants and whether or not they are beneficial or harmful towards a person’s overall health, it is important to keep in mind that living a healthy lifestyle and eating healthy whole fruits, vegetables, and grains can help prevent many diseases. http://www.webmd.com/news/20070227/antioxidant-supplements-up-death-risk ...
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...Core Practical: The vitamin C content of fruit juice Firstly, the role of vitamin C in the body is an important one. It is needed for multiple functions such the formation of collagen for healthy gums, teeth, blood vessels and plays a strong role in fighting infections. The recommended amount of vitamin C is 60 to 90 milligrams per day, and of the citrus produced in the U.S harvest, about 90 percent was processed into juice. Thus, it suggests that orange juice is popular and a readily available source of vitamin C, so it must be important for people to know just how much vitamin C their orange juice is providing them. Aim: to investigate the vitamin C content of orange juice, find out how much vitamin C it takes to decolourise DCPIP solution and the effects of titrating orange juice. Independent variable: vitamin C solution/orange juice. Dependent variable: volume of vitamin C solution/orange juice required to decolourise 1cm of DCPIP solution. Equipment: * 1% DCPIP solution * 1% vitamin C solution * Orange juice * Test tubes * 5ml Syringe * Volumetric pipette/burette (1cm ) * Pipette filler * Eye protection Method: vitamin C solution DCPIP solution * Using the syringe, place 1cm of blue DCPIP solution into a test tube before making sure there is no air bubble present in the syringe. * Place the burette into the 1% vitamin C solution and use the pipette filler to help draw up and secure the solution...
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