...Two Profound Philosophies W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington, two significant and important black political leaders, each of them introduced a profound philosophy for black education. They against each other on strategies for black economic and social advancement. Their opposing ideas or arguments can be analyzed in discussions over the ways to end class and racial injustice and the roles of black leadership. Nevertheless, whose philosophy is more convincing? Both W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington are significant and inspirational African American leaders on the matter of education for black people in the history. Their two African American leadership tactics for racial equality were divided into economic strategy and political strategy near the turn of the century. The most intense controversy in African American leadership at that time erupted between two remarkable black leaders: W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington. Du Bois was the major spokesman for gradualist political strategy. On the other side, Washington was the dominant advocate of the gradualist economic strategy. In the speech, The Talented Tenth, the author, W. E. B. Du Bois, argued for the higher education of black people. The term, The Talented Tenth, was created by Du Bois to depict the likeliness of one out ten African Americans turning into leaders of their race worldwide, through writing and publishing books, carrying on their academic trainings, or involving in social changes...
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...Ruston Christian Professor Smith English 2020 25 November 2014 Du Bois’ and Washington: The Rivalry Both W.E.B Dubois and Booker T. Washington were great African American leaders and writers during the beginning of the 20th century. Booker T. Washington’s “Up from Slavery” provides a great depiction of his experience with slavery and he also expresses his views on education and ways to enhance the citizenship of blacks in society. W.E.B Dubois’ Souls of Black Folk exemplifies the contradictions of the South during that time and he also criticizes Booker T. Washington’s views on racial uplifting and education concept. Now the question stands as follows: Was W.E.B Dubois’ criticism towards Washington unfair or accurate? Well, Dubois’ criticisms towards Washington was both accurate and unfair, but mostly accurate. Up From Slavery depicts Booker T. Washington as both an accommodationist and a realist whom tries to strategize ways for blacks to make it out the struggle even though race relations were at its lowest point at the time. The autobiography also describes in detail his gradual and steady rise from a slave child during the Civil War, to the trials and tribulations he had to conquer to attain an education at the new Hampton University, to his work establishing vocational schools such as the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, and to helping black people and other disadvantaged minorities learn useful, marketable skills and work to pull themselves, as a race, up out of the...
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...African Diaspora II W. E. B. Du Bois was born February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He attended Integrated Public School. While in high school DuBois showed a keen concern for the development of his race. At age fifteen he became the local correspondent for the New York Globe. And in this position he conceived it his duty to push his race forward by lectures and editorials reflecting upon the need of Black people to politicized themselves, he graduated from Fisk University, a black institution at Nashville, Tennessee, in 1888. He received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1895. His doctoral dissertation, The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United States of America, 1638–1870, was published in 1896. Although Du Bois took an advanced degree in history, he was broadly trained in the social sciences; and, at a time when sociologists were theorizing about race relations, he was conducting empirical inquiries into the condition of blacks. He was a liberal arts educator and belief in direct action protest for black equality. For more than a decade he devoted himself to sociological investigations of blacks in America, producing 16 research monographs published 1897-1914. He was indicted in 1951 as an unregistered agent for a foreign power but was acquitted and moved to Ghana where he remained until his death on the eve of the March on Washington in August 27, 1963, Accra, Ghana). American sociologist, the most important black protest leader in...
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...history is poor, black, and is an American. According to McCray (1994), “The repository for the culture of any people is the family, and in the African-American family resiliency, adaptability, and sheer strength are primarily responsible for this group's survival in an alien and hostile environment. The strength of African-American people is found within. Within the family, within its segregated communities and churches, and within the individual.” (pp. 1-3). McCray (1994), from a social development perspective, it is a must to nurture new relationships of power, dignity, and opportunity for all. However, as people we must all look at ourselves and seek to understand our personal motivations, expectations and responses. According to DuBois (1969), "The most difficult stage in the struggle for justice in America will be reached when it is clear that...
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...Privilege is the Greatest Enemy of Equality Educators most often consider multicultural education as teaching their pupils about Blacks, Latinos, Asians, Native Americans, and other descendants of color. However, multicultural education is not complete if it doesn’t challenge the root of structural racism and racial oppression: the matter of white privilege. It’s vital to understand white privilege and the role it plays in affecting society. In essence, white privilege is an unwilling and non-owned racism that has been ingrained into our mindset throughout history, and it affects how we interact with each other and how those who don’t share such advantages are affected. It’s a permeating factor responsible for many inequalities faced among races, widening the social gap between white and nonwhite Americans. Accessibility to education, jobs, and housing are all directly affected by societal inconsistencies of privilege and power. Ultimately, racism isn’t caused by white privilege; white privilege is caused by racism. Yet racism isn't a problem that resides in the minds of individuals; it lies rooted deep in our social institutions. It is necessary we reconstruct the societal ideologies of race and class to expel this self-perpetuating cycle. In this essay I will address these racial struggles for power and privilege, the role it plays in education, and my personal experience towards racism and how it has affected me as a person. Privilege, as defined by Websters Dictionary...
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...How have African-Americans worked to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation to attain equality and civil rights? For centuries, African Americans have played and continue to play a significant role in American history. While today, African American no longer face the laws of segregation and discrimination, they continue to fight for equality and civil rights. This continued fight is one of a long past with several triumphs and tragedies all which are an integral part of history. This essay will discuss how African Americans worked to end slavery, segregation, discrimination, freedom, and isolation. It will also discuss what led to the civil right implementation and how it was executed. Equal rights for African Americans have been contentious, and fought for decades. They have fought to impede ethic discrimination, gain equal opportunity and their civil rights since slavery in the 1600s. When slavery started in 1620s, African Americans only made up about 3 to 4 percent of the population in America. Although the number grew slowly at first, by the end of the 17th century, the population of African American slave grew to well over 650,000. (Becker, 2000) In America, slave labor became the key component in agriculture and booming capitalist economy of the 17th & 18th centuries. (County, 1999) In the beginning, Africans were exchanged for food and place as “indentured servants” by the Dutch. This practice was also true for many poor Englishmen who were...
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...At the start of the 20th century, America entered the Progressive Era, after a period known as the Gilded Age, where the wealth distribution in the United States became drastically uneven, with the rise of trusts and corporations. The unfortunate result of this process was extremely poor living conditions for a large proportion of the nation’s population (Doc B). The progressives recognised these horrendous conditions and set out to make reforms across a wide variety of areas. These reforms were successful economically, politically, and socially, except in regard to the black population. A major area of improvement to the nation was through societal changes, which included women’s and children’s rights, as well as better regulation in the food industry. Prior to the reforms of the era, women were forced to work long hours within the poor conditions of factories. These were protested by progressives, culminating...
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...theme in the curricula of educational institutions and in the headlines of current events. Historically, Africans were first brought into the Jamestown colony in 1619 for the purpose of harvesting tobacco (Slavery in America, 2012). Their arrival had a huge influence on the course of American history, so much so that it is no exaggeration to say that, without the presence of the African American people, our country would not be what it is today. Unfortunately theirs is a tale of enslavement and mistreatment, and with current-day discrimination still posing a threat to this particular race, it is impossible to deny that African Americans have weathered some of the most horrifying struggles possible. In many ways, the battle for freedom and equality is still very much alive, and, as a historian, I simply cannot ignore my duty to share the story of one of the most resilient races our country as ever known. Let us begin with some historical references on the matter of the African American community's experience in the United States. In terms of politicAfrican Americans were enlisted and were forced to join the Army when Civil War came but refused to because of a law that was being upheld to keep them from enlisting. This was changed when President Lincoln submitted the Final Proclamation. There were still discrimination and segregation even though African Americans were already allowed to enlist in the army (The Civil War and Emancipation, 2012)....
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...1. Why did the native white population in the large Northern cities see immigrants and blacks as such threats during the twenties? (Prologue) Many immigrants were refugees from foreign countries who were working people in the U.S.. Native whites treated them as wretched refuse of Europe’s teeming shores. Whites thought blacks were breed apart, they were frightened in blacks’ volatility, carnality, and their utter incapacity to learn the lessons of civilized society. In the past, only a few blacks lived in cities, but now they were everywhere alongside decent white people. 2. What led to the emergence of racialized ghettos in large Northern cities? Urban whites carved a color line through the city. White shopkeepers prevent blacks from their stores and restaurants. White landlords wouldn’t show blacks the apartments outside the ghetto. White real estate agents wouldn’t show the houses in white neighborhoods. Banks wouldn’t offer them mortgages. Insurance agents wouldn’t provide them with coverage. Blacks had to be hidden away in handful neighborhoods, and walled into ghetto. 3. How would you describe the white people who lived on Garland Avenue?(1) Most of them were natives, and they didn’t have the education. However, they had skills to find solid jobs. Most of men were working class, women were housewives. Although families along Garland Ave had many advantages, the stress from mortgages, unexpected assault on income, and sudden recession made they...
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...Bibliographic Essay on African American History Introduction In the essay “On the Evolution of Scholarship in Afro- American History” the eminent historian John Hope Franklin declared “Every generation has the opportunity to write its own history, and indeed it is obliged to do so.”1 The social and political revolutions of 1960s have made fulfilling such a responsibility less daunting than ever. Invaluable references, including Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Evelyn Brooks Higgingbotham, ed., Harvard Guide to African American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E. Weems, Jr., eds., The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001); and Randall M. Miller and John David Smith, eds., Dictionary of Afro- American Slavery (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1988), provide informative narratives along with expansive bibliographies. General texts covering major historical events with attention to chronology include John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2000), considered a classic; along with Joe William Trotter, Jr., The African American 1  Experience (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001); and, Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold, The...
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...BUSI 600 - Literature Review Tony Hinds Liberty University Dr. Janet Jones October 11, 2013 Abstract The purpose of this literature review is to identify, discuss, and address gender discrimination in the workplace. Due to the broad spectrum of research regarding gender discrimination, this paper will primarily focus on women and pregnancy discrimination. This paper will attempt to uncover the obstacles and challenges experienced by women as they are subjected to the employment process and, if accepted for employment, what could await them within their workplace once they begin working. The statistical data collected and compiled within this literature review will attempt to support and prove that discrimination still exists today. The laws and regulations enacted within the United States to protect employees from the discriminatory practices of employers and whether they are adequately enforced will be discussed at length. Introduction There are thousands of discriminatory cases each year brought against corporations and employers by their employees and/or formal employees. The discrimination against individuals on the basis of gender is most prominent within the employment process, but also exists in the workplace after the acceptance of employment. Gender has been the subject of workplace discrimination and litigation for many years and recent data indicates that this trend is continuing. These types of discrimination are spread widely to include the assignment...
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...Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the business case for ethnic diversity in the British National Health Service (NHS). It seeks to contextualise issues around diversity within the current political environment, and identify the barriers to diversity in the NHS. The business case has been very strongly argued as justification for introducing both managing diversity and equal opportunity initiatives - here the paper examines the inconsistencies of using that argument, and maintains that the only justification worth presenting is that based on (deontological) moral arguments. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is conceptual in nature exploring the respective cases for diversity using a broad range of the available literature brought together as part of a rapid evidence assessment. It does so in order to make some far-reaching claims about the future justifications for active diversification of senior management in key public sector institutions. Findings - The distinctions between the business and moral cases are false, in that both have ethical reference points. However, the business case is not only difficult to translate to public sector institutions; there are also evidential problems with its adoption. In light of this the conclusion here is that the moral (deontological) case is the only one that has any long term value for proponents of diversity. Originality/value - The value of this paper is that it examines the confusion that surrounds different cases...
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...acknowledge that few women remained in manufacturing jobs once men returned from the war. But in agriculture, unlike other industries where women were viewed as temporary workers, women’s employment did not end with the war. Instead, the expansion of agriculture and a steady decrease in the number of male farmworkers combined to cause the industry to hire more women in the postwar years. Consequently, the 1950s saw a growing number of women engaged in farm labor, even though rhetoric in the popular media called for the return of women to domestic life. 1. It can be inferred from the passage that the manufacturing and agricultural sectors in the United States following the Second World War differed in which of the following respects? B A. The rate of expansion in...
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...provisioning and survival” (Acker 2006: 442). “Gender, refers to the socially constructed differences between male and female and the beliefs and identities that support difference and inequality, is also present in all organizations” (Acker 2006:444). “Race, refers to socially defined differences based on physical characteristics, culture, and historical domination and oppression, justified by entrenched beliefs” (Weber 2001 :10).This paper will analyze and discuss the issue of oppressions in relation to class, gender, and race using W.E.B. Du Bois’ thoughts on race, gender, and class. Also, the intersectional theory according to Patricia Hill Collins will be used for analyzing and discussion in regards race, gender and class. The work of W. E. B. Du Bois (1868-1963) has recently become recognized for its significant contributions to sociological theory (Zuckerman 2004:3). Although Du Bois himself was overwhelmingly concerned with the scientific perspective of "value free" sociological research, later social theorists have found his views on race to offer one of...
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...Facebook and Follow us on Twitter! F I F T H E D I T I O N An Introduction to Multicultural Education James A. Banks University of Washington, Seattle Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo ISBN 1-269-53060-7 An Introduction to Multicultural Education, Fifth Edition, by James A. Banks. Published by Pearson. Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. Vice President/Editorial Director: Jeffery Johnston Executive Editor: Linda Bishop Editorial Assistant: Laura Marenghi Senior Marketing Manager: Darcy Betts Production Editor: Karen Mason Production Project Manager: Elizabeth Gale Napolitano Manager, Central Design: Jayne Conte Cover Designer: Laura Gardner Cover Art: “Sea and Sky” (013) 2003 © Marvin Oliver Artist Full Service Project Manager: Niraj Bhatt, Aptara® , Inc. Composition: Aptara® , Inc. Printer/Binder/Cover Printer: Courier Westford Text Font: ITC Stone Serif Std 10/12 Text Credits: Page 11, Stiglitz excerpt: From Stiglitz, J.E. (2012). The price of inequality: How today’s divided society endangers our future. New York, NY: Norton; page 18, Morrison excerpt: Morrison, T. (2012). Home: A novel. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf; page 26, Goncalves e Sliva excerpt: Gonçalves e Sliva, P. B. (2004). Citizenship and education in Brazil: The contribution...
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