...INTISARI Limbah adalah bahan sisa dari suatu aktivitas atau proses yang sudah tidak memiliki nilai ekonomi lagi (tidak dibutuhkan atau tidak dapat digunakan lagi). Limbah dapat berasal dari aktivitas biologi makhluk hidup, industri perakitan, industri pengolahan suatu bahan, sisa-sisa penggunaan suatu barang, dan lain-lain. Limbah yang dihasilkan dari industri kimia biasanya mengandung senyawa-senyawa berbahaya yang dapat merusak keseimbangan ekosistem perairan. Hal tersebut dikarenakan bahan baku maupun sisa-sisa hasil produksi pada industri kimia tidak dapat diuraikan oleh mikrobiologi dan cenderung bersifat beracun, sehingga diperlukan penanganan khusus untuk bahan-bahan tertentu. Penanganan tersebut dapat berupa pengolahan primer, sekunder maupun tersier. Dalam penelitian ini yang dikaji adalah limbah pewarna tekstil, dimana penanganannya memerlukan pengolahan secara tersier, dengan menggunakan metode Advanced Oxidation Process dengan UV/H2O2. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji kemungkinan pengolahan limbah pewarna tekstil non-biodegradable dengan proses H2O2/UV di dalam bubble column photoreactor, mencari pengaruh kondisi operasi seperti konsentrasi H2O2 dan pH serta waktu tinggal limbah dalam reaktor) terhadap warna, pH, dan BOD/COD dari limbah hasil pengolahan. Manfaat penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan kualitas air buangan dari limbah industri tekstil, memberikan tambahan pengetahuan tentang pengolahan limbah tekstil, memberikan alternatif baru dari...
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...Wastewater Use in Agriculture: its Impacts and Methodological Issues in Valuing Impacts Introduction With increasing global population, the gap between the supply and demand for water is widening and is reaching such alarming levels that in some parts of the world it is posing a threat to human existence. Scientists around the globe are working on new ways of conserving water. It is an opportune time, to refocus on one of the ways to recycle water—through the reuse of urban wastewater, for irrigation and other purposes. This could release clean water for use in other sectors that need fresh water and provide water to sectors that can utilize wastewater e.g., for irrigation and other ecosystem services. In general, wastewater comprises liquid wastes generated by households, industry, commercial sources, as a result of daily usage, production, and consumption activities. Municipal treatment facilities are designed to treat raw wastewater to produce a liquid effluent of suitable quality that can be disposed to the natural surface waters with minimum impact on human health or the environment. The disposal of wastewater is a major problem faced by municipalities, particularly in the case of large metropolitan areas, with limited space for land-based treatment and disposal. On the other hand, wastewater is also a resource that can be applied for productive uses since wastewater contains nutrients that have the potential for use in agriculture, aquaculture and other activities...
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...Estimating, Tendering and Measurement Practicum Group Assignment | | |Substructure: | | | | | |Formwork for slab: | | | | | |Width = 3048 |m3 |Calculation of overall dimensions to | | | |203.2 101.6 x 2 | |outer edge of concrete slab. | | | |3251.2 | | | | | |Breadth =4572 | |101.6mm thk. Slab is reinforced with 2| | | |203.2 101.6 x 2 | |Layers of #65 Brc. On a C6 x 10.5 | | | |4775.2 | |Channel. | | | |Reinforced Concrete Slab – | |E10.5.1.1 | | | |150mm thk. ...
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...quantity and quality, caused by continuous population growth, industrialization, food production practices, increased living standards and poor water use strategies. Wastewater management or the lack of, has a direct impact on the biological diversity of aquatic ecosystems, disrupting the fundamental integrity of our life support systems, on which a wide range of sectors from urban development to food production and industry depend. It is essential that wastewater management is considered as part of integrated, ecosystem-based management that operates across sectors and borders, freshwater and marine. What is Waste water: Wastewater, also written as waste water, is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. It comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry, and/or agriculture and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations. In the most common usage, it refers to the municipal wastewater that contains a broad spectrum of contaminants resulting from the mixing of wastewater from homes, businesses, industrial areas and often storm drains, especially in older sewer systems. Municipal wastewater is usually treated in a combined sewer, sanitary sewer, effluent sewer or septic tank. Sewage is the subset of wastewater that...
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...Recycled or reclaimed water refers to the former sewage or wastewater that has undergone biological treatment to remove impurities or solids (Hurlimann 83). Essentially, people and industries can re-use recycled water to satisfy domestic, industrial, agricultural, and commercial needs. The primary purpose of recycling wastewater is to conserve water, as opposed to discharging the treated water into rivers, oceans, and other surface waters. In effect, recycling water enhances environmental sustainability since the society reduces its demand for water by reusing the water at its disposal. However, many people often cringe at the thought of using or consuming recycled water owing to concerns about its safety. Indeed, concerns over the safety of the recyclable water have led to controversy over its usage across the globe. As a result, sections of the society oppose the use of reclaimed water for both domestic and industrial use. Nonetheless, people have been using recyclable water in the last few years, as water supply becomes increasingly scarce amid a rising demand for the invaluable commodity (Seah 12). Certainly, people should consume and use recycled water since it is safe owing to the high standards of treatment and purification of the wastewater during the recycling process. Firstly, the reclaimed water undergoes high levels of treatment, which ensures that the recycled water is fit for the intended home or industrial use. Indeed, the relevant water regulatory authorities and...
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...Significance of report findings on Utility of the Future The model for the utility of the future (UOTF) is emerging in new directions to convert valuable water, energy and commodities from wastewater while utilizing the utilities assets in innovative ways to reduce costs, increase revenue and strengthen local economy.[1] UOTF seeks to engage others who share water resources through watershed approaches, innovative partnerships and adaptive management techniques to ensure that actions are to the full benefit of environment. The UOTF will be more circular, distributed and more automated[2]. This will make it more greener as a result of energy efficient and cost effective generation process making it a vision of the future given that UOTF transformations are worldwide[3]. UOTF will address the current utilities’ problems that include project financing, regulatory concerns and technological risks by simply creating an environment of innovation that will see the vision of UOTF come true. The UOTF proposes changes in several areas that include legislation and regulation practices, institutional and programmatic practices, financial and risk management convections and utility leadership and internal management approaches. This will enable creation of innovative environment that will mitigate risks, strengthen project feasibility and stimulate technology advancement with minimal resource commitment that generates high rates of economic, environmental and social returns...
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...Innovations Report, Nadukuppam Panchayat, Vilupuram District, Tamil Nadu, Pitchandikulam Bio Resource Centre, Tamil Nadu In Partnership for Development with AusAID and Quaker Service Australia Extract from Chapter 2: WATER INNOVATIONS WATER SUPPLY ANALYSIS COMMUNITY FEEDBACK ON WATER WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY REVIEW RECOMMENDATIONS FURTHER WORKS ADDITIONAL INNOVATIVE OPTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION WASTE WATER TREATMENT ANALYSIS EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS TECHNOLOGY REVIEW RECOMMENDATIONS All households in Devikulam use water from the village tank for drinking and cooking. Households in the village have their own taps linked to the village supply, however households in the colony are not directly linked to the village supply, they use a common tap to attain suitable drinking water. Access to the village tap for drinking water is only available for one hour in the morning and one hour in the evening, thus water is collected in large vessels for daily use. Households in the colony also have common taps, linked to the water tank in the colony, however due to the quality of this water it is not suitable for drinking and is used only for washing and cleaning. Water Supply Analysis The development of a safe and reliable water supply system has vast economic, social and environmental benefits to the Devikulum community. Currently, the community water is supplied from three different bores, one of which has been identified...
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...the water treatments and how would the predicted value of the Stanley Park Project enhance the treatment. With the positive and accurate information within the notices and memos tremendously appropriate in calculating the value of the Stanley Park Project. As part of the preconstruction planning, the City call for a need of examination of the water and air use for the proposed park that includes; Full amount of needs for athletic fields, pool and water play area, community center, water fountains, restroom facilities, dog park, and general park landscaping Comparison of quality parameters for water purification and wastewater treatment Description of common technology used for primary, secondary, and tertiary wastewater treatment Description and evaluation of common treatment system technology used in drinking water and wastewater treatment systems Review and evaluation of common storm water volume and controls Recommendations for changes or upgrades to such systems to accommodate the park Identification of air pollutants and their sources, including greenhouse gases and associated control technologies Description of the operation and application of...
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...Environmental Sustainability in Wastewater Treatment by Phytoremediation with Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) Tolu Olufunmilayo Ajayi1 & Atoke Olaide Ogunbayo1 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria Correspondence: Tolu Olufunmilayo Ajayi, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria. E-mail: tajayi@unilag.edu.ng Received: May 22, 2012 Accepted: June 16, 2012 Online Published: June 25, 2012 doi:10.5539/jsd.v5n7p80 Abstract Small and medium scale industries in Nigeria play a major role in polluting water bodies, and key among these pollutants are suspended solids, biological oxygen demand and heavy metals contamination. Conventional methods of treatment, such as chemical precipitation, do not provide sustainable solutions as the pollutants are merely transferred from the waste water to a sludge residue which is disposed of by land-filling. The pollutants eventually find their way to freshwater supplies thereby contaminating it. Water hyacinth is a noxious weed that has a rapid growth rate and easily congests the water ways in Lagos, a coastal city in Nigeria, thereby creating serious problems in navigation, and irrigation. This can be harvested, and in line with the golden rules of sustainable development, used for the sustainable treatment of some industrial wastewaters. This work investigates the effectiveness of water hyacinth in wastewater treatment. After a 5-week simple...
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...quantity and quality, caused by continuous population growth, industrialization, food production practices, increased living standards and poor water use strategies. Wastewater management or the lack of, has a direct impact on the biological diversity of aquatic ecosystems, disrupting the fundamental integrity of our life support systems, on which a wide range of sectors from urban development to food production and industry depend. It is essential that wastewater management is considered as part of integrated, ecosystem-based management that operates across sectors and borders, freshwater and marine. What is Waste water: Wastewater, also written as waste water, is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. It comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry, and/or agriculture and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations. In the most common usage, it refers to the municipal wastewater that contains a broad spectrum of contaminants resulting from the mixing of wastewater from homes, businesses, industrial areas and often storm drains, especially in older sewer systems. Municipal wastewater is usually treated in a combined sewer, sanitary sewer, effluent sewer or septic tank. Sewage is the subset of wastewater that is contaminated with feces or...
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...activities negatively affects both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Point sources - distinct locations that pump waste into a waterway (wastewater discharge via pipes, smokestacks) Non-point sources - diffuse areas such as an entire farming region that pollutes a waterway (runoff from golf courses, parking lots, etc.) Human and animal waste; organic compounds; inorganic substances; synthetic organic compounds; non-chemical pollutants Qs: What’s the Source? Negative effects on humans and environment? Solutions? Point vs. Non-point sources of pollution Human Wastewater Water produced by human activities such as human sewage from toilets and gray water from bathing and washing clothes or dishes. Three concerns about human wastewater: Bacterial decomp of waste creates high demand for oxygen in the water (BOD - biological O2 demand) Low BOD means less wastewater pollution High BOD means more wastewater pollution Eutrophication due to nutrients (N, P) released from wastewater decomposition (cultural eutrophication) Algae blooms → algae death/decomp → hypoxia → dead zones Wastewater can carry a variety of disease-causing organisms (pathogens: viruses, bacteria, parasites) Cholera, typhoid fever, diarrheal diseases, hepatitis, etc. Indicator test: Fecal coliform bacteria (E. coli) Septic Systems Large container that receives wastewater from house; rural Scum, septage, sludge layers Bacterial decomp of waste into CO2 and inorganic nutrients Leach field absorbs septage;...
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...Water Quality; Wastewater Management Water Treatment Charles E. Best, Jr TUI University BHE 314 / Module 3 Case December 22, 2010 Professor Dr. Nathaniel Ofoe With the United States growing and cities becoming larger and larger day by day, communities have been battling water shortages all throughout the country. For the past fifty or so years reclaimed water has been used all over the world. Within the course of this case paper I will attempt to compare and contrast the secondary water treatment methods to that of the tertiary water treatment methods. Wastewater treatment is classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment; this is the process of how wastewater actually becomes recycled water. The primary treatment process is the initial stage or in other words the beginning of how organic and inorganic solids are removed via sedimentation and flotation. During this initial stage approximately 40-60% of suspended solids and raw sewage are collected in sedimentation tanks and 25-35% of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is removed from the waste stream. During the secondary treatment the out flowing from the primary treatment process contains residual organic and inorganic material. Secondary treatment systems will remove between 80-95% of suspended solids and (BOD) through two methods known as attached growth and suspended growth. Finally we are at the tertiary treatment process also known as the polishing process where treated...
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...system in rural neighborhoods where the system gets rid of solid waste. Septic systems are used because a public sewage management system is not available or present in these areas. A contemporary septic system contains a cemented tank that can hold approximately 1500-gallon solid waste resulting from residential plumbing drains, can endure many years of operation and is odorless. The septic system dispenses the wastewater into the ground soil where wishful thinking comes into play: the wastewater vaporizing. When wastewater deposited from a septic system is not evaporated within a timely manner or if the deposited wastewater is abnormally larger in volume, the chances of an earth flow is possible to occur. An earth flow is considered the most common form of down slope soil movement in many rural areas. An earth flow is defined as an eroded landmass consisting of sediments and rocks that streams down hill. The speed of an earth flow is very slow and causes trees to grow diagonally slanted, and land ridges and swales form. In addition to a septic system wastewater being a contributing factor in earth flows, lawn over-watering enhances the possibility of fertilizer and pesticide overflows and also contributes to earth flows, which harmfully effects local water worth. Frequently, excessive blade developments, an increase in grass manicuring, and summer fungal diseases are indications that over-watering the lawn is the source. Extreme lawn watering foolishly misuses one...
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...Development Authority (LLDA) and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to determine waste water effluent quality. Other parameters used are suspended solids, acidity or alkalinity and the apparent presence of oil and grease. Lason Award recipients exceeded the legal and tolerable limits set by LLDA and DENR. The objective is to initiate change through public disclosure. The award gives recognition to the companies or organizations and establishments that contribute to pollution or destruction of the Pasig River. The Lason Award is a mock award given every April 22 (International Earth Day) to the top ten industries found to be polluting the river. Since 1995, majority of Lason Awardees have installed wastewater treatment facilities because of the pressure created by the exposé. Some of these industries have been active in their own environmental programs and/or have partnered with SPM and government agencies in various river rehabilitation projects. Among the recipients of this award was Goldilocks Bakeshop. One of their plants in Sta.Mesa has discharged significant amounts of waste materials in the river due to the unfinished water waste treatment facility. “Being identified as a...
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... This treatment plant is designed to remove potentially harmful substances from waste water. It also includes safe effluent discharge and production of agro-ash. This is the process diagram of the treatment plant: [pic] Process flow - step 1 Preliminary treatment bar screen Removal of large objects As wastewater enters LMWQCC, it is screened through bar screens for the removal of objects that could damage or interfere with the process and equipment. Chemical addition Ferrous chloride (FeCl2, an industrial by-product), and lime are added to the sewage before it enters the grit tanks, to improve the subsequent chemical treatment process. Grit removal The effectiveness of the chemicals added in the pre-treatment stage is improved by extra mixing in the grit tanks, and by introducing compressed air into the tanks (aeration). The grit (approx 1.5 tonnes/day) is then pumped to a grit classifier where the wastewater is separated, then further treated. Process flow - step 2 Primary treatment The next stage of treatment takes place in the primary sedimentation tanks. The chemical treatment precipitates phosphates, organics and heavy metals dissolved in the sewage. It is at this stage of the process that polymer is added to cause flocculation (or binding together) of precipitated particles...
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