...ORGAN FOR SALT AND WATER BALANCE AND EXCRETION SALT AND WATER BALANCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT OSMOCONFORMERS – Animals that match their body osmolarity to their environment actively or passively. OSMOREGULATORS – Animals, however, tend to maintain a constant concentration in their internal fluids different from that of their environment. EXCRETION OF NITROGENOUS WASTE Nitrogenous waste is mostly in the form of ammonia, which is highly soluble in water, and is excreted by diffusion from the blood across the gill membranes. AMMONOTELIC – Animals that eliminate nitrogenous waste as ammonia. Includes aquatic invertebrates, bony fishes, crocodiles, and amphibian tadpoles. UREOTELIC – Excrete urea as their major nitrogenous waste. Among these animals are mammals, amphibians, and cartilaginous fishes. Urea is soluble in water but its excretion at low concentrations needs a large volume of water. URICOTELIC – Includes insects, reptiles, birds, and some amphibians. These animals use very little water to dispose their nitrogenous waste. Uric acid is insoluble in water and is excreted in semisolid form. EXCRETORY SYSTEM FLAME CELLS – A hollow cell in the excretory system of certain invertebrates, including flatworms containing a tuft of cilia inside a tubule. METANEPHRIDIA – Filtration process of body fluids and processing of urine. MALPHIGIAN TUBULES – Blind tubes hanging into the body cavity and connected to the gut. GREEN GLAND – Made up of an end sac...
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...impurities of NaCl crystals in the water. Apparatus Ice cubes Distilled water Sodium Chloride crystals Styrofoam cup Calorimeter Digital balance with uncertainty (±0.01 g) Clamps Freezer Digital thermometer with uncertainty (±0.1°C) Glass rod Glass dish Pipette (±0.01 cm3) Variables Manipulated variables: Amount of impurity added to the water The aim of the experiment was to find the effect that impurities have on the heat capacity of the solution. Therefore the amount of impurities added to the water was varied. The amount added was 0%, 10%, 20%. Responding variable: Heat of fusion of the ice cube Since the composition of the solution has changed so will the heat of fusion. This is what is going to be evaluated in the experiment. Controlled variable: Temperature of the room, amount of water taken, impurity used (NaCl) Method of controlling variables The temperature of room was kept constant. The amount of water taken was kept constant at 50 cc. The same impurity was used so that the composition of the impurity would remain the same. Method to control variables Procedure Fill the styrofoam cup with 50 cm3 of water and place it in the calorimeter. Measure the temperature of the he room temperature by dipping the thermometer in water. Place the glass dish on the digital balance and zero the digital balance (this step doubles the uncertainty of the mass of ice). Make ice from distilled water and place the tray in the freezer. ...
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...Re-absorption in the kidneys and associated abnormalities Task 1 Water is the main bodily fluid with around 60% of your body weight made up of water. This is a major component of bodily fluid. Bodily fluids contain many components within the body. they can include the following: Bile Mucus Sweat Blood serum Pleural fluid Urine Gastric juice Saliva Water This image shows the main electrolytes found within the bodily fluids. They are sodium, chloride, magnesium, calcium and potassium. They are involved in various functions in our cells and organs. They are responsible for maintain the balance of fluids between the intracellular and extracellular environments. Tutor vista 2014. List of electrolytes [Online] available from: http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganic-chemistry/list-of-electrolytes.html...
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...Mobile Application Based Sustainable Irrigation Water Usage Decision Support System: An Intelligent Sensor CLOUD Approach Cecil Li Claire D'Este Ritaban Dutta Corné Kloppers Ahsan Morshed Auro Almeida Aruneema Das Jagannath Aryal Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Hobart, Australia 7001 Abstract— In this paper a novel data integration approach based on three environmental Sensors – Model Networks (including the Bureau of Meteorology-SILO database, Australian Cosmic Ray Sensor Network database (CosmOz), and Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP) database) has been proposed to estimate ground water balance and average water availability. An unsupervised machine learning based clustering technique (Dynamic Linear Discriminant Analysis (D-LDA)) has been applied for extracting knowledge from the large integrated database. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Sensor CLOUD computing infrastructure has been used extensively to process big data integration and the machine learning based decision support system. An analytical outcome from the Sensor CLOUD is presented as dynamic web based knowledge recommendation service using JSON file format. An intelligent ANDROID based mobile application has been developed, capable of automatically communicating with the Sensor CLOUD to get the most recent daily irrigation, water requirement for a chosen location and display the status in a user friendly traffic light...
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...written to assist you with effective options to help bring balance back into the ecosystem in Glimmerville in regards to the Grass Carp issue you are experiencing. I recently provided assistance to Sparksville and successfully restored the balance in their aquatic ecosystem and wanted to share a few suggestions with you. It appears that due to the Grass Carp issue, Glimmerville is experiencing an in-balance in the ecosystem. An ecosystem is “a community and its physical environment” (Berg & Hager, 2014, Chapter 5). Changes in the functionality of the ecosystem occur when we, as humans, increasingly alter the ecosystem for our use. As we did more research into the Grass Carp issue we found that the fertilizer that farmers were using caused a high growth in water supply which was backing up the waterways. To solve this problem, Grass Carp placed in the late to control this issue. Over the course of time, we found that this invasive species (Grass Carp) began to reproduce and overpopulate the lake, causing the native species (bass) to become fewer in numbers that result in laps in the energy flow of the ecosystem. The invasive species began to dominate the food chain of the native species. It is important that we, as humans, strive to restore and maintain a balance in the ecosystem. Every organism work together to keep the flow of energy within the ecosystem to “collectively regulate the global cycles of water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus that are essential...
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...Dehydration The body is made of 60% water and serves in the functions of digestion, circulation, secretion of saliva, the transportation of nutrients and the maintenance of the body’s temperature. We may go on without food for a long period of time but without water we may die of dehydration. Water or fluids is important when exercising because fluids can be lost during exercising through sweating and may result in muscle fatigue. With proper hydration you skin will look refreshed and your skins protective barrier that contains water is a protective barrier that prevents excess fluid loss. The body will transport waste in and out of cells which is excreted through the urine. The intake of fluids will ensure that toxins will be cleansed from the body. Proper hydration will keep the gastrointestinal tract flowing and will prevent constipation. When there are not enough fluids in the body, the colon will pull the fluid from stools which may result in constipation. Water has multiple functions in the body. Water protects the tissues and keeps them moist. Hydration will keep sensitive areas retain their moisture also in the blood, bones and brains. The spinal cord is also protected by water and acts as a lubricant and cushion for the joints. Water aids in digestion and helps the body to remove waste. Digestion starts with saliva which is basically water. The water helps digest fiber and dissolves and forms soft stool, along with the kidneys, liver and intestines flushes out waste...
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...Mineral and Water Functions Essay Abstract This essay will explain the functions and sources of minerals, and the function of water in the body. I will also explain the general effect of dehydration on the body, and identify ways to prevent dehydration. Mineral and Water Functions Essay According to Vitamin and Supplements (2013), functions of minerals and there sources will vary according to the specific mineral. “Sodium is a mineral that is needed for balancing fluid in our body, muscle contraction, and nerve transmission. The source of this mineral can be found in table salt, soy sauce, breads, vegetables, and unprocessed food. Chloride functions stomach acid and also maintain a proper balance of fluid in our bodies. This mineral can be found in meats, vegetables, and breads” (WebMD.COM, 2013). Calcium has a function maintaining healthy bones and teeth, nerve function, blood pressure, and blood clotting. Sources of calcium can be found in milk products, can fish, soy milk, and legumes. Phosphorus helps with developing healthy bones, maintaining acid balance, and found in our cells. The sources of phosphorus are poultry, eggs, meat, and milk. Magnesium function is needed for protein, immune system, nerve transmission, and can be found in bones. The sources are seeds, nuts, legumes, seafood, and green vegetables. Sulfur can be found in our protein molecules, and its sources are meats, fish, legumes, nuts, and milk (Vitamins and Supplements, WebMD.COM, 2013). The...
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...essay will focus on dehydration, and water in the body how it is function. The reason water essential to health maintenance and what water can do to the body if not enough is obtained. This essay will mention how the body level based on hydration has on alcohol and caffeine. Sodium, potassium, and chloride compare and contrast how these different electrolytes function in the body. I will also explain the steps to take to ensure people not become dehydrated. Dehydration means excessive loss of water resulting in depletion of body fluids (Grosvenor & Smolin (2006). Dehydration is that you lose more fluid than you take in which occurs because there is not enough water and other fluids in the body to function normal. Dehydration can be prevented by drinking about eight- nine glasses of water a day. Water is essential to health maintenance is that over half of your body weight is water. Every cell in our body carries out the presence of the universal solvent. A person sweat during exercise water with waste is flushed out of your body. Water is needed to prevent dehydration this helps to maintain proper metabolism in our body. All the body tissues varying proportions of water is found in 60% of body weight in adults is water, in a child the water percentage is the highest. The functions of water in the body are for digesting food. Water also helps to cushion our joints and prevents shocks in them. A person will know when he or she have enough water when he or she urine will be lightly...
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...1 Mineral and Water Function Essay Melissa Eaves SCI/241 09/30/2012 Lori Jumps 2 Mineral and Water Function Essay Minerals and water are two very important of the body. There are many things that can affect them which cause the body to suffer. This essay will discuss the functions and sources of minerals as well as the function of water and the general effect of dehydration on the body. There are seven minerals that play a large part in the body and how it functions. The seven minerals are sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur. All of these minerals have a certain function and its own source. Sodium is needed to balance fluid and help muscle contractions. Good sources of sodium include table salt and soy sauce. There are also large amounts of sodium in processed foods along with small amounts in things like milk and bread. Chloride, like sodium, is needed for fluid balance but also makes stomach acid. Chloride is also found in products like table salt and soy sauce. It is also the same as sodium when it comes to the amount that is in certain foods like more in processed foods and less in products like meat, milk, and breads. Potassium is similar to both sodium and chloride. It is needed for fluid balance and muscle contraction, but also plays a part in nerve transmission. Good sources of potassium are meats, milk, fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes. Calcium is a very important mineral...
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...to act as a plunger when the depressed by the thumb and by its release liquid is drawn into a disposable plastic tip. The liquid is released when the plunger is pressed again (The University of QueensLand). The tip is an important part of the micropipette, each tip is disposable and come in different sizes depending of the micropipette being used. There is three standard micropipettes, the P20 which measures 0.5-20μL, P200 that measures 20-200 μL, and P1000 that measures 100 μL to 1 mL. An important part of this laboratory was learning how to read the meniscus curve. A meniscus is a curve that is formed at the surface of a molecular substance, such as water, when it touches another material (USGS). Meniscus is caused by adhesion, a result of water’s high surface tension. The glass beaker attracts water molecules, and water molecules stay together, as a result many molecules gather to touch the glass. They will accumulate along the sides as far as the water’s cohesive forces allow them and until gravity prevents them to move further. In order to read the true volume of the liquid it is essential the center of the liquid in the lube. The main purpose of this laboratory experiment was to acquire the skills needed for future experiments. These skills included how to use pipettes, pipettors and micropipettes. Methods:...
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...happen for various reasons. Dehydration happens when there is a loss of a significant amount of water in your body. To prevent dehydration, you should make sure you have a significant amount of water in your body. Feeling nausea, dizzy or light headed after or during exercise on a hot and summer day is a sign of dehydration. If someone feels they are dehydrated he or she needs to make sure they are drinking plenty of water, Gatorade, Pedialyte (for children), or popsicles. An important fact to remember is that over half of your body weight is water, so water consumption is very important to avoid dehydration and other illnesses. People can live for years without shelter, months without food, but without water they can only live for days. That shows how important water is to your body and life. Water, next to oxygen is the most important component to sustaining a healthy life. Water is needed by our body’s cells, tissues, muscles and system organs; without water, there will be no life. Water is not a nutrient but is considered an important nutrient and is highly needed to maintain life. The most important role of water is that it is a major component in our blood, and it is important in maintaining body temperature along with the elimination of body waste. Water is required in digestion and metabolism and its function is in the regulation of your body temperature. Besides water serving as a cushion to your joints, it keeps the tissues and mucus membrane moist as well as...
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...calorimeter correctly. Be able to find and measure the specific heat of a metal. Calculate the change in water temperature. Hypothesis: The specific heat of the metal sample (lead) will be very low. Safety: goggles, apron, hair restraints, Bunsen burner, heated water, harmful metals, breakable glass containers Materials: goggles and apron, beaker (250 mL or 400 mL) , hot plate/burner with ring stand, ring, and wire gauze, test tube(18 x 150 mm), plastic foam cup, thermometer, balance Procedure: 1. Put on goggles and apron. 2. Fill beaker half way with water. Put beaker on ring stand with wire gauze. Heat beaker with water to boiling point. 3. Fill test tube half way with metal 4. Put a weight boat on the balance. Pour metal from test tube into the weight boat. Record weight and pour metal back into test tube. 5. Put test tube of metal into the water. Leave inside the beaker of boiling water while completing step 6 and 7. 6. Use the foam cup as calorimeter. Measure mass and record. 7. Fill foam cup with room temperature water and record mass. 8. Put thermometer in test tube and record temperature. 9. Put thermometer inside the foam cup and record the temperature of the water. 10. Take test tube out of the boiling water and immediately pour inside the foam cup. 11. Stir the water and record highest temperature. 12. Pour water out, making sure no metal escapes. Let metal dry on paper towel. 13. Repeat the procedures if time...
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...2010 Matthew Badtke Dehydration Dehydration is defined as a loss or insufficient levels of water and important blood salts like potassium and sodium in your body. Important organs like the kidneys, brain, and heart can not function properly without water and salt. Dehydration is most common in underdeveloped countries, were diseases like cholera and dysentery kill millions every year. Unfortunately infants and small children are the most likely victims. Still, if the right conditions are present like severe vomiting or diarrhea even those in modern countries like the U.S. can become dangerously dehydrated. Water is the single most important element in the world. It is the very basis for all life on Earth. As babies, water accounts 70 to 80% of our body mass. The older we get the more this percentage decreases, eventually balancing at approximately 60 to 65% for men and 50 to 60% for women. The most important organ in the body, our brain, consists of 80% water. The amount of adipose tissue in our bodies determines the natural percentage of this element. Women tend to have more of this fatty tissue thus decreasing the amount of water present. The chemical make up water, hydrogen and oxygen, are crucial to sustaining life because of the weak chemical bonds made with other molecules. This allows water to act as the primary solvent for many bodily functions like digestion. Water is also an incredibly efficient conductor of electricity. Our brain heavily relies on its ability...
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...01/21/2012 Mike Esposito 2 Water is important for creating and sustaining life. In humans, the body is made up of about sixty percent water. Every part of our body including muscle, bone, and blood consists of some percentage of water. About a third of our total body water is extracellular fluid, which is fluid outside and between cells and water in our blood. This is the most important as the blood in our bodies delivers the oxygen and nutrients to all cells. Without the proper amount of water everyday there is a risk of dehydration. Severe dehydration can cause nerve damage, seizures, abnormal blood pressure, brain damage, arrhythmia, and even death. Water is essential to everyday health maintenance as it helps in the balance of our body fluids, such as absorption, digestion, circulation, and distribution of nutrients. The muscles, which are about seventy-five percent water, need that balance of fluids to perform properly. This is especially true when exercising, or running. Body temperature is also regulated with the help of water, since water changes temperature slowly. Water also helps the body get rid of toxins through the kidneys. Without enough fluids the kidneys will keep extra fluids instead of passing them through urine. Water also helps pass food through the intestines, which in turn prevents constipation. 3 Every function in our bodies runs smoothly and works properly with an adequate supply of water. This could be from drinking water or eating certain foods...
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...different depending on what the mineral is like sodium’s function is used for proper fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction and its sources are table salt, soy sauce, small amounts in milk, vegetables and unprocessed meats. Chloride’s function is it is needed for proper fluid balance and stomach acid and sources are about the same as sodium like table salt and soy sauce. There is also potassium which is needed for nerve transmission and can be found in meats, milk, fresh fruits, whole grains, and vegetables. Calcium is important for healthy bones and teeth this is found in milk and milk products such as cheese, canned fish with bones, and soy milk. Phosphorus important for bones and teeth as well and is found in poultry, fish, eggs, and milk processed foods. Some of the microminerals are iron which function is carrying oxygen in the body and found in organ meats, fish, poultry, and shellfish. Zinc needed for making protein and found in fish, meats, and poultry. And there are several others as well so minerals are pretty much found in all types of foods and if you’re not eating enough of these foods you can also buy some of the pills to help your body. The function of water in the body is it is used as a carrier of our essential minerals to get through the body, water removes waste products that include toxins through urine, it helps to break down the food we eat, and water is a large heat capacity which helps limit changes in the body’s temperature. Dehydration...
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