...Tourism Towards 2030, the tourism industry has grown to become one of the world’s fastest growing and largest economic sectors (United Nations World Tourism Ogranization, 2015). Traditionally the hospitality and tourism industry has not been viewed as one that has a large impact on the natural environment, especially when compared to industries such as oil, gas, and consumer product manufacturing industries. However, hotels contribute to negative environmental impacts through energy and water usage, importing non-durable goods, as well as emitting a large amount of carbon dioxide. Hotel water consumption for laundry, showers, toilets, dishwashers, swimming pools, spas, golf course irrigation, as well as for other amenities, can consume up to 1million m3 of water per year (Gössling, 2013). Global warming and water scarcity are both acknowledged around the world as serious problems, and with the demand for water expected to exceed supply by 40% by 2030, hotels must implement water waste management techniques and policies to help achieve sustainable tourism development (Tuppen, 2013). In 1995, an action plan for businesses in the travel and tourism sector was created by the World Travel & Tourism Council, the World Tourism Organization, and the Earth Council. These three international organizations created Agenda 21 for Travel & Tourism Industry: Towards Environmentally Sustainable Development (Stipanuk, 2015). Since then, many companies in the hospitality and tourism sector have...
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...NOTE ON 24x7 WATER SUPPLY THE CURRENT SITUATION IN INDIA Due to the rise in economy and the increase in migration to cities there is tremendous increase in water demand in recent years in urban areas and this is bound to grow in times to come. Piped water systems have been setup by the Government in most cities. The water supply in most Indian cities is intermittent i.e. a few hours per day, pressure is irregular, and the water is of questionable quality. No major Indian city has a 24 hour supply of water, with 4 to 5 hours of supply per day being the norm. State Governments in India are responsible for choosing urban tariff structures, and the result is wide variety in pricing practices. Currently in states where water and sanitation responsibilities have been legally transferred to ULBs, the reality has been that the ULBs have not become fully empowered, for instance: * The state retains responsibility for the appointment of key staff, who are often employees of centralized state organizations; * Decision making and implementation for capital expenditure remains largely under state control; * Key decisions on tariff remain at the state level; and * Arrangements for fiscal transfers between state and ULBs are complex, and do not provide incentives for improved financial performance. In effect, responsibility for the services is split between the ULB and the state. Inevitably, there is role confusion and a lack of overall accountability to the consumer. There...
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...Waste Water Management Introduction: Water is crucial for all aspects of life, the defining feature of our planet. Ninety seven and a half per cent of all water is found in the oceans, of the remaining freshwater only one percent is accessible for extraction and use. Functioning and healthy aquatic ecosystems provide us with a dazzling array of benefits – food, medicines, recreational amenity, shoreline protection, processing our waste, and sequestering carbon. At the beginning of the 21st century, the world faces a water crisis, both of quantity and quality, caused by continuous population growth, industrialization, food production practices, increased living standards and poor water use strategies. Wastewater management or the lack of, has a direct impact on the biological diversity of aquatic ecosystems, disrupting the fundamental integrity of our life support systems, on which a wide range of sectors from urban development to food production and industry depend. It is essential that wastewater management is considered as part of integrated, ecosystem-based management that operates across sectors and borders, freshwater and marine. What is Waste water: Wastewater, also written as waste water, is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. It comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry, and/or agriculture and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations. In...
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...Water Quality Management Water Pollutants and their Sources Water pollutants are categorized as: Point Source – pollutants that enter watercourses through pipes or channels. These can be discharges from sewage treatment plant or factories. Nonpoint Source – pollutants that originate from multiple sources. Several points of contamination over a large area contribute to the pollution of a water body. E.g agricultural runoff and construction sites. Types of Pollutants: 1. Oxygen-demanding substances/wastes - biodegradable organic compounds contained in domestic sewage or certain industrial effluents. When these compounds are decomposed by bacteria, oxygen is removed from the water. If the oxygen level drops low enough, the fish will die. Examples: * Sewage – includes domestic and hospital wastes, animal and human excreta etc. * Animal Manure and Plant residues - These substances in water causes increased algal blooms and microorganism population. This is introduced into water due to sewage, agricultural run-off, paper mills, food processing etc. 2. Sediments - particles of soils, sands, and minerals washed from the land. They can smother bottom life such as shellfish and coral, as well as fill in reservoirs and harbors. * Organic sediments - can deplete the water of oxygen, creating anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions, and may create unsightly conditions and cause unpleasant odors. 3. Nutrients - such as the nitrogen and...
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...Mexico has always struggled with water allocation and getting clean water to its inhabits. Whenever anyone visits Mexico they are instructed to only drink from bottled water due to the fact that the water is contaminated from faucets and showers. People who live in poverty may not have access to this bottled water and are forced to drink the contaminated water, which can lead to sickness and lack of health within the country. As Mexico is developing this problem is holding them back from really being a leading country within the world. Their economy is making strides to become a large and prosperous economy. Mexico has many natural resources that can be exploited and used to further their development, such as wealth in mining and many other resources. But, in order for the resources to be exploited water is needed and this takes away from the drinking water for the inhabitants. Mexico has not been able to allocate water correctly and their economy and people have been suffering. As a team we addressed the issue by doing a lot of background research on not only the water industry, but also on the culture and economy of Mexico. This gave us insight into every aspect of how Mexico is attempting to solve this problem of water allocation. In our research we found that there are two main industries that the lack of clean water effects and those are the bottled water industry and the mining industry. After we narrowed it down to these two industries we researched them heavily and...
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...Water Quality; Wastewater Management Water Treatment Charles E. Best, Jr TUI University BHE 314 / Module 3 Case December 22, 2010 Professor Dr. Nathaniel Ofoe With the United States growing and cities becoming larger and larger day by day, communities have been battling water shortages all throughout the country. For the past fifty or so years reclaimed water has been used all over the world. Within the course of this case paper I will attempt to compare and contrast the secondary water treatment methods to that of the tertiary water treatment methods. Wastewater treatment is classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment; this is the process of how wastewater actually becomes recycled water. The primary treatment process is the initial stage or in other words the beginning of how organic and inorganic solids are removed via sedimentation and flotation. During this initial stage approximately 40-60% of suspended solids and raw sewage are collected in sedimentation tanks and 25-35% of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is removed from the waste stream. During the secondary treatment the out flowing from the primary treatment process contains residual organic and inorganic material. Secondary treatment systems will remove between 80-95% of suspended solids and (BOD) through two methods known as attached growth and suspended growth. Finally we are at the tertiary treatment process also known as the polishing process where treated...
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...Introduction: Water is crucial for all aspects of life, the defining feature of our planet. Ninety seven and a half per cent of all water is found in the oceans, of the remaining freshwater only one percent is accessible for extraction and use. Functioning and healthy aquatic ecosystems provide us with a dazzling array of benefits – food, medicines, recreational amenity, shoreline protection, processing our waste, and sequestering carbon. At the beginning of the 21st century, the world faces a water crisis, both of quantity and quality, caused by continuous population growth, industrialization, food production practices, increased living standards and poor water use strategies. Wastewater management or the lack of, has a direct impact on the biological diversity of aquatic ecosystems, disrupting the fundamental integrity of our life support systems, on which a wide range of sectors from urban development to food production and industry depend. It is essential that wastewater management is considered as part of integrated, ecosystem-based management that operates across sectors and borders, freshwater and marine. What is Waste water: Wastewater, also written as waste water, is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. It comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry, and/or agriculture and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations. In the most common usage, it refers...
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...The obstacle of water quality management is large scale and plenty of factors, including population growth and density, land use in each pattern and practice of urbanization, agriculture, aquaculture and industry comprehensive all activity in water supply system (UNICEF WHO, 2008). The unpredictability in the water quality management is physical characteristics and phenomena change of nature. These are impact from geological attribute for example drainage pattern, land slope and soil property, hydrodynamic processes for example rainfall, runoff, river flow and discharge and climate for example temperature and solar radiation (Rehana and Mujumdar, 2011; Tsakiris and Alexis, 2012). Water quality administration should be procedure in system, there are plenty of system elements which have interrelationship with fluctuate uncertainties. The management of water quality should consider into two main influence factors. First, pollutants discharge from point and...
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...Buys Student Number: 9763554 Presented to: Mr. Andrea Vushe Course name: Water Utility Management Course code: WUM410S Deadline: 7 October 2015 The Willingness to Pay Experiments: Estimating demand for piped water connections in Sri Lanka. This paper shows how Willingness to Pay surveys can be used to gauge household demand for improved network water and sanitation services when a private sector transaction is considered. The survey included approximately 1800 households in the year of 2003. Using multivariate regression, it showed that a complex combination of factors drives demand for service improvements. While poverty and costs are found to be key determinants of demand, they also found that location, self-provision, and perceptions matters as well, and that sub-sets of these factors matter differently for sub-samples of the population. The simulations show that in this particular environment in Sri Lanka, demand for piped water services is low, and that it is unlikely that under the present circumstances then, the goal of nearly universal piped water coverage was going to be achieved. Policy instruments, such as subsidization of connection fees, could be used to increase demand for piped water, but it is unclear whether the benefits of the use of such policies would outweigh the costs. Contingent Valuation (CV) has been used increasingly in developing countries for improvements in water and sanitation services in the past decades. However, applying CV in developing...
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...Water management schemes and how it helps to improve people’s quality of life Water management schemes are all the schemes in general that provides water to people, for example; water transfer schemes are one of the many water management schemes, water transfer schemes are projects that collect water from areas that have a higher rainfall and divert it to areas that have a greater need and a higher demand for water. Water is collected and stored in reservoirs for further use. Another example of water management schemes is sanitation systems which are in order for those who do not have access to appropriate sanitation. Overall, the water management scheme is a scheme that ensures that everybody has access to clean water and sanitation. Water is one of the most important natural resources which are essential for ALL living things. Water is used for drinking, washing, cooking and irrigation. There is only 3% of pure water in the world, that we can drink, 2% of that water is stored in icebergs, if the demand for water continues to increase at rapid rates; the access to water will become more difficult. Figure 1 In figure 1, the more successful countries which are MEDC’s and the more urbanised areas such as the USA, Canada Australia, Italy and France show that the more water they use per capita. They have the access to clean water, so they tend to take advantage of it and waste more, whereas the countries that have little access to clean water tend to manage...
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...49006- Risk Management In Engineering Risk Management Plan * Proposed Darling Harbour Water Feature Prepared by Vipin Appu Parambil Vikraman 11789373 29th March 2015 Executive Summary This report presents the risk assessment and risk treatment plan for the three new water features of Darling Harbour precinct along with the installation of the public realm. This project is a part of the Convention Centre Redevelopment plan and the risk assessment and treatment, is carried out by abiding with the AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009, SA/SNZ HB 436:2013 and IEC/ISO 31010:2009. Firstly, an introduction of the iconic location, Darling Harbour is briefed. The project objectives, scope and boundaries of the new water features installation is explained along with the risk management process adopted for this project. Secondly the context for risk is established inclusive of internal and external context. The stakeholder analysis and communication and consultation stage, explains the various stakeholders of this project and their mode of communication. Thirdly, risk criteria, risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation is developed based on the possible risks that may occur with this project. During risk identification potential risks related to the project was generated. The application of risk severity matrix and FEMA analysis were conducted to identify the likelihood and consequence of risks. ALARP principle was used for risk evaluation and identifying possible...
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...煤炭的真实成本 The True Cost of Coal 茅于轼 盛 洪 杨富强 等 著 煤炭工业出版社 ·\u21271X 京· 编者名单 主要作者 茅于轼 天则经济研究所 盛 洪 天则经济研究所 杨富强 能源基金会 姜克隽 国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所 马 中 中国人民大学环境学院 王宏英 山西省社会科学院能源经济研究所 潘小川 北京大学医学部 尚 琪 中国疾病预防控制中心环境所 课题组成员 高 岩 天则经济研究所 胡安彬 天则经济研究所 钱 璞 天则经济研究所 孔志国 天则经济研究所 贺菊煌 天则经济研究所 张曙光 天则经济研究所 王晓霞 中国人民大学环境学院 马文君 北京大学医学部 丛 泽 北京大学医学部 木拉提 北京大学医学部 张文丽 中国疾病预防控制中心环境所 评审专家（按姓氏笔画排序） 王庆一 煤炭信息研究院研究员 王金南 环境保护部中国环境规划院总工程师 叶荣泗 中国电力企业联合会专职顾问、中国法学会能源法研究会会长 张昕竹 中国社会科学院规则与竞争研究中心主任 贾 康 中国财政部财政科学研究所所长 曹远征 中银国际控股有限公司副执行总裁、首席经济学家 ...
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...following key improvements: • • • • • • • Cogenerate electricity and thermal energy on site from waste methane Install high-efficiency influent and effluent pumps, high-efficiency motors, and variable-frequency drives Discontinue second-stage activated sludge mixing Add plastic balls to prevent heat and evaporation losses in the oxygen production vaporizer pit Inter-tie pipes on gas recirculation blowers to allow one blower to serve two mixing tanks Discontinue use of one digester reactor and increase off-peak pumping in other reactors to compensate Replace two small compressors at the pure oxygen plant with one large unit The above modifications were enhanced by using a distributed control system to pace influent pump flow, control water storage, and perform selected pumping off-peak to take advantage of lower utility rates. These improvements...
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...American International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 3 No. 5; May 2013 Development of a Water Management Decision Model for Limpopo Province of South AfricaBased on Congruence between Sector Challenge and Service Organization Capacity Khathutshelo A. Tshikolomoa Azwihangwisi E. Nesamvunia Sue Walkerb Aldo Stroebela Izak Groenewalda a Centre for Sustainable Agriculture University of the Free State Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa. b Department of Soil Crop and Climate Sciences University of the Free State Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa. Abstract The study highlightedchallenges affecting the water sector in Limpopo Province, identified water service organisations (WSOs), assessedthe degree of congruence between the challenges and capacities of WSOs, and finally proposeda water management decision model for the area. Water challenges were (a) scarce resource availability and inadequate storage, (b) some dam never filling up, (c) poor resource knowledge of water managers, (d) lack of stakeholder participation in resource decision making, and (e) poor allocations to rural communities. The main WSOs were Department of Water Affairs-DWA (congruence rating=2.00) and water service authorities (WSAs), namely: Mopani District Municipality-MDM (congruence rating=2.15), Vhembe District Municipality-VDM (2.15) and Polokwane Local Municipality-PLM (2.15). The degree of congruence was high (2.75) between challenges and strategies, moderate (2.45) between...
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...ANALYSIS OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING OF ANGLIAN WATER SERVICES LIMITED. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The main purpose of this report is to know about the Management Accounting of Anglian Water Services Ltd. The importance of this report is detailed explanation of over all management accounting system of the organisation. The report is categorised into four parts. The first part consists of company’s product, processes, competitors and policies. The second part cover about the review of management accounting, what it fulfil and what are its key functions and techniques. The third part of the report is very important as it describes the key techniques of management accounting used by the Anglian Water Services Plc. Where as the last part explain the strengths and weakness of the analysis. TABLE OF CONTENT Executive Summary…...………………………………………………………………2 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………4 1.1 Anglian Water Service…………………………………………………………….4 2 Background………………………………………………………………………….5 2.1 Product…………………………………………………………………………….5 2.2 Processes…………………………………………………………………………..5 2.3 Competitors………………………………………………………………………..5 2.4 Policies…………………………………………………………………………….5 3. Management Accounting…………………………………………………………...6 3.1 What it fulfil……………………………………………………………………….6 3.2 Key Techniques …………………………………………………………………...6 4. Techniques Recommended…………………………………………………….…...7 5. Techniques Not Recommended……..……………………………………………...9 6. Strength…………….……………………………………………………………...
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