...river basins in the world. The Nile originates from its major source, Lake Victoria forming the White Nile that flows generally North through Uganda and into Sudan where it meets the Blue Nile at Khartoum, from the confluence of the White and Blue Nile, the Main Nile River flows northwards into Egypt and to the Mediterranean Sea. The Eastern Nile includes the countries of Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt, and encompasses the sub-basins of the Baro-Akobo-Sobat, the Blue Nile, the Tekezze-Settit-Atbara, portions of the White Nile in Sudan, and the Main Nile. All flows in the Nile are the result of rainfall upon the Ethiopian highlands and the Equatorial lakes region. While this rainfall is usually plentiful, it is not always consistent from year to year. The annual average rainfall over the entire Nile basin is approximately 600 mm, ranging from 1200-1600 mm at the headwater regions to near zero at the most northern part of the basin. The seasonal fluctuations of rainfall in the Ethiopian highlands are much greater than those at the source of the White Nile. However, depending on the strength of the monsoon over Ethiopia, the total flow volume from year to year can vary dramatically. There are two major basins within the Nile basin. These two major basins are the eastern Nile that is composed of Abbay (Blue Nile), Tekeze (Atbara), Baro Akobo (Sobat), and the...
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...Ethiopia is Africa’s oldest independent country and its second largest in terms of population with over 100 million inhabitants. Despite recent improvements, Ethiopia remains one of the poorest nations in the world. In 2016, Ethiopia is 148th about economy in Global Ranking, its economic freedom score is 51.5( no change) ( from http://www.heritage.org/index/country/ethiopia). In the last few decades, Ethiopia has faced fierce famine, drought, political instability and war. Peace has returned but the nation remains developmentally weak and more than 42 million Ethiopians do not have access to safe water. The aim of the paper is focusing on finding new sources of water to solve Ethiopia’s water problem. Two potential water sources are water harvesting and dam. In this report, the public acceptability of both water sources is compared. 1. Background The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Ethiopia was worth 55.61 billion US dollars in 2014. The GDP value of Ethiopia represents 0.09 percent of the world economy. GDP in Ethiopia averaged 15.70 USD Billion from 1981 until 2014, reaching an all time high of 55.61 USD Billion in 2014 and a record low of 6.93 USD Billion in 1994. GDP in Ethiopia is reported by the World Bank. It is seem that Ethiopia has a low GDP. Furthermore, The level of poverty in Ethiopia is extremely high. Ethiopia has the second largest population of all African countries and has only once, for a brief period of time, been occupied. One of Africa’s oldest independent...
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...DHS WORKING PAPERS Utilization of HIV-Related Services from the Private Health Sector: A Multi-Country Analysis Wenjuan Wang Sara Sulzbach Susna De 2010 No. 67 February 2010 This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH RESEARCH The DHS Working Papers series is an unreviewed and unedited prepublication series of papers reporting on research in progress based on Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data. This research was carried out with support provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the MEASURE DHS project (#GPO-C-00-03-00002-00). The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United States Government, or the organizations to which the authors belong. MEASURE DHS assists countries worldwide in the collection and use of data to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programs. Additional information about the MEASURE DHS project can be obtained by contacting ICF Macro, Demographic and Health Research Division, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Suite 300, Calverton, MD 20705 (telephone: 301-572-0200; fax: 301-572-0999; e-mail: reports@macrointernational.com; internet: www.measuredhs.com). Utilization of HIV-Related Services from the Private Health Sector: A Multi-Country Analysis Wenjuan Wang1 Sara Sulzbach2 Susna De3 February 2010 Corresponding authors: Wenjuan Wang, International...
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...Hansley 1 Latesha Hansley Nekesha B. Williams Environmental Science 200 28 February 2015 Extra Credit Assignment #1 Permaculture In the documentary “Green Gold” by John D. Liu, he interprets an ideal world notion in stimulating details on how collaborations can be well established between humanity and landscapes that has a bounty of biomass and aridity areas. Although the Earths resources are limited, every twelve years the population continues to increase by a billion. Mankind can rehabilitate and restore balance on vast crops of the bionomics that has been altered by human activity. The purpose of permaculture is to blossom a ground until it has conquered the necessities of its inhabitants which includes shelter, fuel and food. It emphasizes on the utilization of native trees and focus less more on agriculture. Farmers could produce more using fewer resources. Permaculture farms are organic and biodiverse with technique uses such as water harvesting, intercropping trees, planting perennials and resource recycling. It is a designed system rather than recreated model which makes it a harder duty to adopt typical agricultural projects (Conrad 4). Individuals are fully capable of reconstructing and revamping landscapes to functionality. Fertility can be restored and improved generation upon generation. Lives can be literally saved, carbon is sequestered, and most importantly ecosystem resiliency improves. Hansley ...
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...THE NEED OF SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT AS A HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUE ABSTRACT Environmental protection is a recent concept, developed in the international or regional human right protection systems or mechanisms. In those early days, especially when modern human rights protection mechanisms such as UDHR, ICCPR, IESCR and other human rights instruments adopted, the concern given to environmental protection was not that much significant . The only few provisions in these instruments recognizes some rights like the right to healthy and favorable condition of work, the right to get adequate food, clothing and shelter and the like. It was during in 1992, earth summit, that the relationship between human rights and sustainable environment is addressed. The need for the protection of environment becomes a necessity. In fact environment is a totality of human life; it means that it is sources of food, clothing, and shelter. The denial of environmental protection could bring about the denial of some fundamental rights such as the right to health, life, food and so on. It is true that, environment should be properly managed in order to make it favorable to human life. However; the effort to protect the environment faces different challenges like the issue of locus-standi, justifiability, conflict between developmental efforts and environmental protection, burden of proof, lack of cooperation among states...
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...Agroforestry in the drylands of eastern Africa: a call to action Bashir Jama and Abdi Zeila Agroforestry in the drylands of eastern Africa: a call to action Bashir Jama and Abdi Zeila World Agroforestry Centre LIMITED CIRCULATION Titles in the Working Paper Series aim to disseminate information on agroforestry research and practices and stimulate feedback from the scientific community. Other series from the World Agroforestry Centre are: Agroforestry Perspectives, Technical Manuals, and Occasional Papers. Correct Citation: Jama B and Zeila A. 2005. Agroforestry in the drylands of eastern Africa: a call to action. ICRAF Working Paper – no. 1. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre. Published by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Eastern and Central Africa Regional Programme United Nations Avenue PO Box 30677 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 7224 000, via USA +1 650 833 6645 Fax: +254 20 7224 001, via USA +1 650 833 6646 Email: b.jama@cgiar.org Internet: www.worldagroforestry.org © World Agroforestry Centre 2005 ICRAF Working Paper no. 1 Photos: World Agroforestry Centre Staff Articles appearing in this publication may be quoted or reproduced without charge, provided the source is acknowledged. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission of the source. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and...
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...GUJARAT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY International Relations Water Conflicts in the Middle East Submitted to: Dr. Aruna Kumar Malik Faculty (International Relations) Submitted by: Himanshu Sharma 10A048 (Sem – V) 1|Page GUJARAT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY Acknowledgement I express my gratitude and sincere thanks to Mr. Aruna Kumar Malik, for his support throughout the making of this project. He has provided valuable guidance as and when required without which this project would not have been in this shape. I would like to thank Gujarat National Law University for giving us this opportunity to work on this project, especially the staff at the library for providing excellent research facilities. Lastly, I thank my friends for their support, for their help in the research and for critically going through the project and correcting the mistakes. 2|Page GUJARAT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction…….………………………………………………………..4 Chapter 2: Causes of water Conflicts…………..………………………………….5 Chapter 3: Some Major Conflicts in the Middle East……………………………..6 Chapter 4: Remedial Measures…………..……………………………………….11 Chapter 5: Conclusion………………………………………………………..….....13 References..……………………………………………………………14 3|Page GUJARAT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY I. Introduction The Middle-east is a region encompassing Western Asia and all or parts of North Africa, depending on the context in which the term is used. The history of the Middle-east dates far back...
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...Science Honours in Development Studies LECTURER Mrs. Chinyanganya ASSIGNMENT TITLE Rural development hinges on effective rural planning. Discuss. The development of rural areas requires a comprehensive and holistic approach which calls for a multi-sectoral effort and a wider pool of institutions. It incorporates socio economic, political and environmental processes which require effective rural planning. Rural planning is therefore an essential prerequisite for sustainable rural development. Rural planning is multidimensional as it includes comprehensive, spatial (physical planning), economic and financial (development planning), agricultural land use (land use planning) and natural resource management (water, environmental, national parks and forestry planning) (PlanAfric; 2000). However, effective rural planning faces a number of challenges which will be highlighted later in the text. Rural development is defined by AgriInfo (2011) as a process that aims at improving the standards of living of the people living in the rural areas. It is an integrated process which includes social economic, political and spiritual development of the poorest sections in society. Chambers (2005) defines rural development as a strategy to enable a specific group of people, poor rural women, men and children to have access to life’s basic needs. Rural planning can be defined as a process of establishing, through study and analysis, a set of goals, objectives...
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...1 National Employment Policy and Strategy of Ethiopia November 2009 Addis Ababa ii Acronyms AIDS ART CETU CSA EEF EPRDF ERP FDI GDP HERQA HICES HIV ICT IHDP IMF M&E MDG MFI MOFED MSE NEC NEPS NES NGO PASDEP PSNP TVET UEAP Acquired Immunity Deficiency Syndrome Anti-retroviral Therapy Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions Central Statistical Agency Ethiopian Employers’ Federation Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front Economic Reform Program Foreign Direct Investment Gross Domestic Product Higher Education Relevance and Quality Agency Household Income and Consumption Expenditure Survey Human Immunodeficiency Virus Information and Communication Technology Integrated Housing Development Program International Monetary Fund Monitoring and Evaluation Millennium Development Goals Micro-finance Institutions Ministry of Finance and Economic Development Micro and Small Enterprises National Employment Council National Employment Policy and Strategy National Employment Secretariat Non-governmental Organization Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty Productive Safety Net Program Technical and Vocational Education and Training Universal Electricity Access Program iii Table of Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................ iv PART ONE Background ......................................................................................................
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...A GLOBAL / COUNTRY STUDY AND REPORT ON ETHIOPIA MBA SEMESTER-IV [Batch: 2011-13] SABAR INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT (751) Affiliated to Gujarat Technological University Ahmedabad 1 Index Topic Page No. Part-1: Macro Analysis of Germany (Sem-III) Country Profile 3 Industries 6 PESTEL Analysis 7 Part-2 Industry Study(Sem-IV) Pharmaceutical Industry 39 Shipping Industry 46 Agriculture Industry 52 Insurance Industry 60 Leather Industry 64 Telecommunication Industry 68 Ceramic Industry 75 2 Part-1: Overview of Ethiopia Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa. It‘s proximity to the Middle East and Europe, together with its easy access to the major ports of the region, enhances its international trade. Ethiopia is boarded by the Sudan on the west, Somalia and Djibouti on the east, Eritrea on the north and Kenya on the South. The diverse topography of the country generally features rugged mountains, flat-topped plateaus, deep river canyons, rolling plains and lowlands. Ethiopia adopted a new constitution that established the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) in 1995. The federal government is responsible for national defense, foreign relations and general policy of common interest and benefits. The federal state comprises nine autonomous states vested with power for self-determination. The federal state is headed by a constitution president and the federal government by an...
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...CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA - FDRE TABLE OF CONTENTS Preamble Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4: Chapter 5: Chapter 6: General Provisions Fundamental Principles of the Constitution Fundamental Rights and Freedoms Part 1 Human Rights Part 2 Democratic Rights State Structure The Structure and Division of Powers The Federal Houses Part 1 The House of Peoples' Representatives Part 2 The House of the Federation The Presidence of the Republic The Executive Structure and Powers of the Courts National Policy Principles and Objectives Miscellaneous Provisions Chapter 7: Chapter 8: Chapter 9: Chapter 10: Chapter 11: i PREAMBLE We, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia: Strongly committed, in full and free exercise of our right to self-determination, to building a political community founded on the rule of law and capable of ensuring a lasting peace, guaranteeing a democratic order, and advancing our economic and social development; Firmly convinced that the fulfillment of this objective requires full respect of individual and people’s fundamental freedoms and rights, to live together on the basis of equality and without any sexual, religious or cultural discrimination; Further convinced that by continuing to live with our rich and proud cultural legacies in territories we have long inhabited, have, through continuous interaction on various levels and forms of life, built up common interest and have also contributed...
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...intentions were being met. However, this approach does not provide information on waste, inefficiency or ineffectiveness. Increased public expenditure, the need for more rational and informed decision making in the use of resources and the growing demand for public accountability of those who manage public resources necessitated a new and expanded scope audit–performance audit.Today, performance audit has become one of the major tasks in most developed and in some developing countries. According to Financial administration proclamation 648/2001 (E.C) article No 7 sub article 1 (a) Internal audits in Ethiopia are already provided with mandates to undertake performance audit in the public bodies. Traditional financial and compliance audits will continue to play an essential part; it is anticipated, however, that there will be a gradual and planned growth of performance audit work. 1.2 Objective of the study 1.2.1 General objective The general objective of this study is to evaluate whether the Ethiopian public sectors applying the performance auditing. 1.2.2 Specific objectives * To examining the application of performance audit in water and energy minister * To recommend appropriate solutions * The role of OFAG in Ethiopia performance auditing. 1.3 Scope of the study These studies will emphasis on how performance auditing practice is...
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...44. MINERAL WATER 44-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I. II. III. SUMMARY PRODUCT DESCRIPTION & APPLICATION MARKET STUDY AND PLANT CAPACITY A. MARKET STUDY B. PLANT CAPACITY & PRODUCTION PROGRAMME IV. RAW MATERIALS AND INPUTS A. RAW MATERIALS B. UTILITIES V. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING A. TECHNOLOGY B. ENGINEERING VI. MANPOWER & TRAINING REQUIREMENT A. MANPOWER REQUIREMENT B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT VII. FINANCIAL ANLYSIS A. TOTAL INITIAL INVESTMENT COST B. PRODUCTION COST C. FINANCIAL EVALUATION D. ECONOMIC BENEFITS 44-3 44-3 44-3 44-3 44-5 44-6 44-6 44-7 44-8 44-8 44-9 44-11 44-11 44-12 44-13 44-13 44-14 44-14 44-15 44-3 I. SUMMARY This profile envisages the establishment of a plant for the production of Mineral Water with a capacity of 14.4 million liters per annum. The present demand for the proposed product is estimated at 32 million liters per annum. The demand is expected to reach at 108 million liters by the year 2010. The plant will create employment opportunities for 54 persons. The total investment requirement is estimated at Birr 16.4 million, out of which Birr 1.8 million is required for plant and machinery. The project is financially viable with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 13.46% and a net present value (NPV) of Birr 6.1 million, discounted at 8.5 %. II. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION The simple definition of water is that it is the liquid that descents from the cloud as rain, forms streams, lakes and seas, issues from the ground in form of springs and...
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...THE IMPACT OF THE CHARITIES AND SOCIETIES LEGISLATION ON THE PROMOTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN ETHIOPIA By Gebremedhin Birega gbdagaga@gmail.com March 2014 Addis Ababa Ethiopia 1 Abstract Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in general and environmental CSOs in particular, have been playing considerable constructive role in the nation building efforts in Ethiopia. However, all their contributions are not wholeheartedly accepted by the government. In 2009, the government introduced a new law overtly presented to register, administer and create an enabling environment for a more meaningful contribution of CSOs/NGOs. Nevertheless, it has been argued that the introduction of the new law further weakened the already young and inexperienced CSO/NGO sector in general and those engaged in environmental justice in particular. The main objective of this paper is therefore to assess the impact of the legislation on NGOs/CSOs engaged in environmental justice mainly in: limiting areas of intervention; affecting access to foreign funds and other forms of support to undertake mandated tasks; retaining competence including knowledge and skills; making government answerable to felt needs of the society; advancing meaningful networking among CSOs at national, regional and global level on environmental policy reform issues; downsized change in amount of budget and skilled staff; engaging in research undertaking; conducting quality monitoring and evaluation activities. Based on...
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...International Journal of Economics, Business and Finance Vol. 1, No. 11, December 2013, PP: 431- 446, ISSN: 2327-8188 (Online) Available online at http://ijebf.com/ Research article Determinants of Loan Repayment Performance of Smallholder Farmers: The Case of Kalu District, South Wollo Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia Zelalem Gebeyehu1*, Hassen Beshire1 and Jema Haji2 1 Department of Economics, Wollo University, P.O Box. 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia. * Corresponding author Email: zelalemgebeyehu1936@gmail.com 2 Department of Agricultural Economics, Haramaya University, P.O Box.138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. ____________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT In this study to compare defaulters and non-defaulters in terms of different explanatory variables and determine the extent of default in the repayment of loan offered to smallholder farmers in the study area were assessed. Smallholder farmers require improved agricultural technologies, knowledge and inputs such as fertilizer, improved seeds, pesticides and others that help to increase production and productivity thereby transforming their farm structure and capacity. Large investment cannot be made by the farmers out of their own funds because of their low level of incomes. Even though there are attempts to solve these rural financial difficulties by the government through extending rural financial institutions, because of social, economic and institutional factors, a number of...
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