...Water The chemical formula of water is H2O. This means two hydrogen atoms are joined to one oxygen atom to make up each molecule of water. The two electrons in each oxygen-hydrogen bond are not shared equally. They are more strongly attracted to the oxygen atom, making it a polar molecule. One of the most important results of this charge separation is that water forms hydrogen bonds. The slightly negative oxygen atom of one water molecule will attract to the slightly positive hydrogen atoms of other water molecules in a weak electrostatic attraction called a hydrogen bond. This means that the molecules of water will ‘stick together’ more than you otherwise might expect, because although each individual hydrogen bond is weak, there are a great number of them. Water also has relatively high melting and boiling points compared with other substances that have molecules of a similar size. This is because it takes more energy to overcome the attractive forces of the numerous hydrogen bonds. Water is a liquid and so cannot be compressed. This incompressibility means it is an important factor in many hydraulic mechanisms in living organisms. One of the major functions of water in living organism is its use as a solvent. Water is a Polar solvent and is thus slightly ionised meaning other polar molecules such as salts, sugars and amino acids will dissolve readily in water. This allows water to be used for the transportation of such substances in the bloodstream...
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...calorimeter correctly. Be able to find and measure the specific heat of a metal. Calculate the change in water temperature. Hypothesis: The specific heat of the metal sample (lead) will be very low. Safety: goggles, apron, hair restraints, Bunsen burner, heated water, harmful metals, breakable glass containers Materials: goggles and apron, beaker (250 mL or 400 mL) , hot plate/burner with ring stand, ring, and wire gauze, test tube(18 x 150 mm), plastic foam cup, thermometer, balance Procedure: 1. Put on goggles and apron. 2. Fill beaker half way with water. Put beaker on ring stand with wire gauze. Heat beaker with water to boiling point. 3. Fill test tube half way with metal 4. Put a weight boat on the balance. Pour metal from test tube into the weight boat. Record weight and pour metal back into test tube. 5. Put test tube of metal into the water. Leave inside the beaker of boiling water while completing step 6 and 7. 6. Use the foam cup as calorimeter. Measure mass and record. 7. Fill foam cup with room temperature water and record mass. 8. Put thermometer in test tube and record temperature. 9. Put thermometer inside the foam cup and record the temperature of the water. 10. Take test tube out of the boiling water and immediately pour inside the foam cup. 11. Stir the water and record highest temperature. 12. Pour water out, making sure no metal escapes. Let metal dry on paper towel. 13. Repeat the procedures if time...
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...Water Life on earth evolved in water, and all life still depends on water. At least 80% of the mass of living organisms is water and almost all chemical reactions of life take place in aqueous solution. Water molecules are charged, with the oxygen atom being slightly negative and the hydrogen atoms being slightly positive. These opposite attract each other, forming hydrogen bonds. These are weak, long distance bonds that are very common and very important in biology. Water has a number of Important properties essential for life. * Excellent Solvent- Because it is charged water is a very good solvent.Charged molecules such as salts, sugars, amino acids dissolve readily in water and are called hydrophilic. Uncharged molecules such as lipids do not dissolve so well in water and are called hydrophobic. * High Specific heat capacity- Water has a specific heat capacity of 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, which means that it takes 4.2 joules of energy to heat 1g of water by 1oC. This is unusually high and it means that water does not change temperature easily. This minimises fluctuations in temperature inside cells and it also means that sea temperature is quite constant. * Latent heat of vaporisation- Water requires a lot of energy to change state from a liquid to a gas, and this is made use of a cooling mechanism in animals (sweating and panting) and plants (transpiration). As water evaporates it extracts heats from the surrounding area, cooling the organism * Latent heat of...
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...Water is a molecule comprised of two hydrogen atoms (positively charged), and an oxygen atom (negatively charged)- bonded together by shared electrons. It is a V-shaped polar molecule, which gives water a high degree of polarity. In addition, water molecules are naturally strong, due to the interactions occurring between the hydrogen atoms, known as hydrogen bonding. Specifically, hydrogen bonding in water, accounts for some of its unique properties; such that it is denser in its liquid state than in its solid state (ice floats on water). Water is also the only substance that occurs naturally as a solid, liquid, or gas, and covers about 70% of the Earth’s surface (U.S. Geological Survey, 2000). Water is a very broad topic, and highly crucial to life on Earth. It is important to mention the movement of water throughout the planet, the usages of water, and the underlying scarcity of water. The Hydrologic cycle, more commonly known as the water cycle, is the movement of water between the Earth’s oceans, atmosphere, and land. There is continuous evaporation of water; uptake of water vapor into the atmosphere; precipitation onto the ocean and land surfaces; and the net atmospheric transport of water from land areas to the ocean. Essentially, the water cycle is the means of how the Earth’s constant supply of water is being recycled. It is imperative that this cycle exists, so that water is able to reach plants and animals; provide nutrients and sedimentary movements throughout...
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...Water is a chemical compound with the chemical formula H 2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at standard ambient temperature and pressure, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state, steam (water vapor). Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near hydrophilic surfaces.[1][2][3] Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface,[4] and is vital for all known forms of life.[5] On Earth, 96.5% of the planet's water is found in seas and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation.[6][7] Only 2.5% of the Earth's water is freshwater, and 98.8% of that water is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.[6] Water on Earth moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea. Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land. Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other lifeforms even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Access to safe drinking...
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...Date: 6 March 2014 The Symbolism of Water in the Film Water In the film Water, water is an extremely important element and has been given multiple symbolic meanings. There is rain and river as well as drinking water. The symbolic meanings of different kinds of water vary. The Ganges is probably the most obvious and important form of water in the film. In the film, India is divided by Ganges into two totally different worlds: on one side of the Ganges, in a widow house, a group of widows are imprisoned by traditions of the religion and live a life of self-denial to atone for the sin of having lost their husbands; on the other side of the river, the Brahman which is the highest of the four Hindu castes has the privilege of interpreting the religion unceremoniously to gain sexual gratifications. However, the Ganges also connects these two worlds as Kalyani is sent across the river to serve as a prostitute. So the Ganges, to widows, is the holy water which one would desire at her dying moment. But it is simply a “green channel” for Brahman to gain their sexual gratifications. It is this holy water that bring Kalyani troubles of not being able to marry Narayan. On the other hand, the rain, another essential form of water in the film, brings Kalyani unexpected love. In the sequence that Narayan meets Kalyani because of an “accident”, it rains heavily. The rain not only symbolizes the unexpected love between Kalyani and Narayan but also the water that purify their souls and wash away...
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...PROJECT REPORT FOR BIS APRUVAL ISI MARKED PECKAGED WATER BASED ON R.O.MINARAL DRINKING WATER TRUNKEY PLANT PROJECTED BY A-ACCURATE ION EXCHANGE & CHEMICAL Vatva Ahmedabad A-ACCURATEION EXCHANGE &CHAMICAL 119, Rajdeep Indus. Estate/h Saurastra Narolak Paint, Vatva Tolnaka, Vatva cross Road Vatva, Ahmedabad-382440.Phone:64503834 M: +91 9537530913 E-mail:ronak@a-accuratewater.com Web:a-accuratewater.com Ai/ro/210/11 INTRODUCTION & ABOUT OF PROJECT HOLDER & MINERAL WATER PLANT Welcome to all living life of earth by A-ACCURATE ION EXCHAGE & CHEMICAL. Airs, Water & Food are most Precious gift to human living from nature. Human life circles are start from first to last with mother touch of air &water. Most of water is unusable or highly polluted, this is the reason to treat or filter & count every drop of water. From Human consumption to versatile industrial applications, there is no choice for pure & sure water & here we are step in A-ACCURATE Ion Exchange & Chemical, We are Designing, Manufacturing & Supplying Water Treatment system which adheres to world's most stringent norms, with our on knowledge & on work shop. About A-ACCURATE Ion Exchange & Chemical We are in design, development, & manufacturing since last 25 years. In this field we are working in turnkey project of Granule plant, water filtration system, pharmaindustri, chemical dies - intermediate &textile units. Our any suggestion , offer , or, solution are not as only types of sales agent or, traders, which...
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...demand at the water refilling stations – water stores that sell purified water – is now increasing. The quality of purified water conforms with the national standards for drinking water and is even better than the quality of water produced by traditional water supply systems in terms of removed impurities. Over the years, as the demand for cleaner water becomes higher, the price of household water purifiers and bottled water has become prohibitive. Water refilling stations managed by private entrepreneurs offer a cheaper and more convenient solution to the public’s drinking water needs than bottled water or the use of household filters. At present, about 3,000 water refilling stations have proliferated nationwide. They sell purified water of comparable quality with bottled water at a lower price. For example, the current price per gallon of refilled purified water in Metro Manila ranges from P 50 to P 120 per 5-gallon container or about P 2.50 to P 6.00 per liter while the bottled water is sold at P 12.00 to P 25.00 per liter. Household filters, on the other hand, cost P 5,000 to P 25,000 per unit ( 1 US $ = P 56 in 2004). In Metro Manila, most of the water refilling stations are connected to the pipes of two concessionaires: Maynilad Water Company or Manila Water Company for their source of raw water while in other areas they opt to use private deep wells. The “potable water” supplied by the providers is then further purified by utilizing a combination of water treatment...
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...phenomenon that hot water may freeze faster than cold. To precisely state what is Mpemba impact, begin with two containers of water, same in shape, and with same amounts of water. The only difference is the water temperature one is at a higher temperature than the water in the other. cool two containers, using the exact same cooling process for both containers. In some conditions at first warmer water will freeze first. It means the Mpemba effect happens. Here's the proof. Say that it takes 10 minutes to freeze the initially cooler water starts at 30°C , while the initially warmer water starts out at 70°C. Now the initially warmer water needs more cooling time to get to get down to 30°C, then it needs 10 more minutes to freeze. So since the initially warmer water has to do everything that the initially cooler water has to do, plus a little more, it will take at least a little longer. Somehow, the hot water must be able to lose its heat faster than the cold water. Evaporation- Theoretical calculations have shown that evaporation can explain the Mpemba effect if you assume that the water loses heat solely through evaporation . When the initially warmer water cools to the initial temperature of the initially cooler water, it may lose significant amounts of water to evaporation. The reduced mass will make it easier for the water to cool and freeze. Then the initially warmer water can freeze before the initially cooler water, but will make less ice. Convection- Water density usually...
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...Water Facts How Much Water Does it Take? • 2,072 gallons to make four new tires • 20 gallons of water per glass of beer • 101 gallons of water to make one pound of wool or cotton • 2,110 gallons of water for one pair of leather shoes • 900 gallons of water for one pair of blue jeans • 36 gallons of water per egg • 60 gallons of water per serving of corn • 18 gallons of water per apple • 3 gallons of water per tomato • 2.6 gallons of water per sheet of paper • 37 gallons of water per cup of coffee • 11 gallons of water per slice of bread • 32 gallons of water per glass of wine • 1,083 gallons of water for one cotton shirt • 468 gallons of water per pound • 616 gallons of water per 4 oz. hamburger • 1,232 gallons of water per 8 oz. steak • 39,090 gallons of water are used to manufacture a new car, including tires How Much Water Do We use? • Taking a bath or shower: average is 9-12 gallons per person • Americans combined use each day for showers: more than 2.7 billion gallons of water • Watering the lawn:180 gallons • Washing dishes by machine: 13-19 gallons • Washing clothes: 35-50 gallons • Washing the car: 50 gallons • Brushing your teeth: 2-5 gallons • Cooking: 5-10 gallons • Flushing the toilet (once): 4-7 gallons • Leaking toilet (per day): 60 gallons Water Facts There is the same amount of water in the world today, as there was when the earth was formed, actually it's the same water. The water that...
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...Water Balance in Humans and Salmon Anthony Salgado BIO/101 January 22, 2015 Dr. Ellen Sparger Water Balance in Humans and Salmon Water balance is a very important function that most of us take for granted. Maintaining good hydration is essential for life, not just for humans, but also for animals like the salmon. Humans can go without food for more than thirty days, but cannot go without water for more than just a few days. This is the same for salmon, they can go without food longer than water. Salmon stop eating when they enter fresh water to spawn. Water balance is very important for their cycle of life. Humans and Salmon have similar organs (See picture of a salmon’s internal anatomy at end of paper) as both species have kidneys and bladders to help maintain their water balance. It is amazing to see how the body works in keeping us alive. Water is the key, and according to the Mayo clinic (2014) the water in our bodies make up about sixty percent of our body weight, this is why it is very important to stay hydrated. We lose almost a half-gallon of water per day just by living and doing our daily routines, this is why all of us should know how much water we should drink per day. Everyone has probable heard we should drink eight glasses of water per day. There is no hard evidence to support this but the Mayo Clinic (2014) reports this drinking eight glasses of water per day is not far off from their recommendations. They recommend men drink about thirteen...
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...The video, “Nestle in Michigan”, discusses the issue of decreasing water levels in northwest Michigan areas. This is largely in part due to the pumping of water from natural springs and lakes by Nestle for the resale of their bottled water. Many residents are reporting that they are finding “mud flats” on their property were creeks used to exist. Nestle is pumping “upwards of 450 gallons per minute” of water from Michigan water sources—more than what can be replenished by natural means. This is causing water levels in streams to lower and mud flats appearing where other bodies of water once stood. Initially, my first response to the video was disbelief that the state government would allow this to happen. Especially considering that Nestle is essentially (as stated by one of the speakers in the video as well) taking our water supply, treating it, bottling it, and then selling it back to us. Our own natural resource—sold back to us, without the state government or local governments making barely a profit from it—$63,000 for a 99 year least—and without limit on how much Nestle is allowed to pump (Nestle in Michigan, 2010). The possible long term repercussions are surreal. In my opinion, the government should have a responsibility to protect our water sources the same way they protect our wildlife and forests. Regulations or taxes should be imposed to deter Nestle from essentially pumping our water sources dry. Unfortunately, Nestle was given a $10 million tax abatement...
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...The Effect of Table Salt on Water Reaching 99⁰ C Abstract I had always been told that, when cooking, adding salt to water would make the water boil faster. Recently I had heard that this wasn’t true. Beginning with the hypothesis that salt did increase the boiling time, I set out to discover if this was the case. Using the home stovetop, I boiled 2 liters of water each time and the amount of salt added was the control. The experiment was to find out how long it took the water to reach 99⁰ Celsius. After 8 boils at four different salt concentrations, the effect on the time to reach the desired temperature was negligible. The water was already boiling each time the temperature achieved the target. The experiment seemed to indicate the salt has no effect on the time it takes water to reach 99⁰ C. Background As mentioned in the abstract, I had been led to believe that adding even a “pinch” of salt to water would accelerate the time that water would reach boiling. However, this was challenged recently and I was curious if I had been told a “wives tale” all my life. I have no chemistry background, but since the experiment, I have a better understanding of what should have occurred because of the added solvent (NaCl in this case), which will be addressed in the conclusion. Design Eight experiments were run using four measurements of table salt in 2 liters of tap water. Care was taken to ensure each of the variables, other than the control variable of salt, remained constant...
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...little or not at all absorbed by the environment. which could be dissolved in water. Answer: C 2) Hcnr would the pollution for which the environment has some absorptive capacity be called? B) Fund pollutants. A) Raw D) Absorptive pollutants. C) Light pollutants. pollutants. Answer: B 3) What is the characteristic of Carbon dioxide from below? A) Could be absorbed by plan life and the oceans. B) Could be absorbed by lakes and oceans. C) Could be absorbed by rivers and lakes. D) Could not be absorbed anyhow. Answer: A 4) What should be the correct classification of pollutants from below? B) Liquid and solid solution. A) Natural and artificial. D) Horizontal and vertical. C) Sulphuric and carbonated. Answer: D 5) The "vertical zone" of influence could be described like what of following? A) The damage caused mainly by ground level concentration or an air pollutant or by concentrations in the upper atmosphere. B) The damage caused mainly by ground level concentration. C) The damage caused mainly by air pollutant in the lower atmosphere. D) The damage caused mainly by water. Answer: A 6) What would be the correct definition of "global pollutant" from below? Pollutant B) Pollutant C) Pollutant D) Pollutant Answer: A A) concentrated concentrated concentrated concentrated mainly mainly mainly mainly in upper atmosphere. in lower atmosphere. in the ground. in the water. 7) Which of the costs from below should be marginal...
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...Analysis: Bottled Water Causal Analysis: Bottled Water Ashlie Delaney Galen College of Nursing Bottled water has been around for centuries. While the aqueous solution in the bottle is imperative to your health, there are drawbacks to that liquid gold. And the package it rests in. Let us start of with a little history. One of the oldest discoveries of bottled water dates back to 1450 BC. There were murals painted the walls of ancient pharaohs tombs depicted canteens filled of the liquid. The Roman’s built one of the very first water transporting system. In 1767 water was first bottled in America under curative properties. Mineral water from New York was bottled commercially somewhere in the early 1800’s. In 1820, the popular Sarasota Springs sold their first bottled water. In the early times of commercially bottled water, it was marketed as a luxury drink to the wealthy and famous. It takes around 17 million barrels of oil to produce the plastic water bottles in The United States of America. Like bottled water, fossil fuels are harvested from locations around the world, processed, shipped and the consumed. Bottled water wastes a lot of fossil fuels. The burning of oil and other fossil fuels emits global warming pollution into the atmosphere. The price of bottled water is higher than the price of tap water, but in many instances, the water quality is the same. There is even a chance that an expensive bottle of water is just purified municipal tap water. The theory that...
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