...Waterfall Methodology Essentially, it's a framework for software development in which development proceeds sequentially through a series of phases. Progress "flows" from one stage to the next, much like the waterfall that gives the model its name. Stages 1.Project Planning 2. Requirement gathering 3.Design 4.Develop 5.Testing 6.Production 7.Support Advantages The waterfall model, as described above, offers numerous advantages for software developers. First, the staged development cycle enforces discipline: every phase has a defined start and end point, and progress can be conclusively identified (through the use of milestones) by both vendor and client. The emphasis on requirements and design before writing a single line of code ensures minimal wastage of time and effort and reduces the risk of schedule slippage, or of customer expectations not being met. Getting the requirements and design out of the way first also improves quality; it's much easier to catch and correct possible flaws at the design stage than at the testing stage, after all the components have been integrated and tracking down specific errors is more complex. Finally, because the first two phases end in the production of a formal specification, the waterfall model can aid efficient knowledge transfer when team members are dispersed in different locations. Criticisms Despite the seemingly obvious advantages, the waterfall model has come in for a fair share of criticism in recent times. The...
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...Assignment-12 Abstract Methodology is a term that comes from method and in project we often choose different types of project such as construction to which process may finish the project earlier. In this essay I have contrasted many different methods of traditional waterfall. I have write a brief review of the advantages of the water and disadvantages as well as agile approach towards the project using methodology waterfall effect. When it is appropriate to use it for project towards the end or start how it effect the project at the end is all discussed below. Advantages of the Waterfall Methodology 1. The waterfall methodology stresses meticulous record keeping. Having such records allows for the ability to improve upon the existing program in the future. 2. With the waterfall methodology, the client knows what to expect. They’ll have an idea of the size, cost, and timeline for the project. They’ll have a definite idea of what their program will do in the end. 3. In the case of employee turnover, waterfall’s strong documentation allows for minimal project impact. Disadvantages of the Waterfall Methodology 1. Once a step has been completed, developers can’t go back to a previous stage and make changes. 2. Waterfall methodology relies heavily on initial requirements. However, if these requirements are faulty in any manner, the project is doomed. 3. If a requirement error is found, or a change needs to be made, the project has to start from the beginning with all new code...
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...WATERFALL MODEL Waterfall Model is use for designing hospital management system. In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed before the next phase can begin and there is no overlapping in the phases. The waterfall Model illustrates the software development process in a linear sequential flow; hence it is also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle model. This means that any phase in the development process begins only if the previous phase is complete. In waterfall model phases do not overlap. Following is a diagrammatic representation of different phases of waterfall model. . Phase I: Requirements The first phase involves understanding what you need to design and what is its function, purpose etc. Unless you know what you want to design, you cannot proceed with the project. Even a small code such as adding two integer numbers, needs to be written with the output in mind. Here, in this stage, the requirements which the software is going to satisfy are listed and detailed. These requirements are then presented to the team of programmers. If this phase is completed successfully, it ensures a smooth working of the remaining phases, as the programmer is not burdened to make changes at later stages because of changes in requirements. Phase II: Analysis As per the requirements, the software and hardware needed for the proper completion of the project is analyzed in this phase. Right from deciding which computer language should be used for designing...
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...UNIVERSITY OF LUSAKA NAME: NDULA SICHALWE COURSE: ICT STUDENT NO: BFIN 0512014 PROGRAMME: BANKING AND FINANCE ASSIGNMENT: 1 1.(a) In plain words ‘E-commerce’ is simply Electronic commerce. E-commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services by businesses and consumers through an electronic medium. Below are three models of Electronic commerce; • Business-to-Business(B2B) – In this type electronic commerce, the trade is only between businesses or other organisations. An example of B2B is Cisco. Cisco is a corporation that designs, manufactures and sells networking equipment,. Cisco trades with other businesses and organisations. • Business-to-Consumer(B2C) – This type of electronic commerce involves a business and an individula shopper. Businesses sell goods and products to individual shoppers(Consumer). An example of B2C is Amazon. Amazon is a E-commerce company that deals with online retailing. Sells to consumers. • Consumer-to-Consumer(C2C) – In this model electronic commerce, the trade off is done between consumers directly. An example of C2C is e-bay. E-bay is an E-commerce corporations that enables C2C (b) Internet The Internet is a ‘Network’consisiting of a worlwide interconnection of computer networks that facilitate data transmission and exchange. As organisations grow larger...
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...European Journal of Information Systems, 8(3), 211-223. Retrieved from Waterfall Method Liu, L., & Horowitz, E. (1989). A Formal Model for Software Project Management. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,15(10), 1280-1293. An Old Waterfall The waterfall model is one of the oldest software development processes often cited in project management. It has been over 40 years since it was first formally described by Winston W. Royce. The model was viewed in the same regard as real life waterfalls because of how the model was presented. The development process of the waterfall model is a linear sequential process just like a waterfall flowing from top to bottom. It is very interesting to me, that often at times the waterfall model can also show backward pointing arrows contrary to a true waterfall where once water flows down, it cannot flow back up. This tells me that the original waterfall model was not perfect nor is any other type of project management process. In Royce’s original model he lists six phases in its model: requirements, preliminary designs, interface designs, final designs, testing and integration; before advancing to any following phase it must be verified. This verification can be considered milestones and is used as a tracking mechanism of the progress of the project. The waterfall model provides the map for developers to follow and use for explanation. Originally, Royce’s waterfall model was strictly shown as step by step sequential series of tasks...
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...Waterfall vs. RAD: Comments 0 Facebook 2 Linkedin Twitter More The waterfall and rapid application development (RAD) processes are not the only two methodologies available, but they generally predominate among methods used to deliver projects. Each has its individual merits, but sometimes one method is more appropriate for a particular project than the other. In this column, I will look at when to select each of these approaches. As I mentioned in prior columns, I believe most, if not all projects, can be delivered with the waterfall methodology: plan, analyze, design, construct, and implement. In contrast, not all projects are candidates for RAD. Perhaps the best starting point is to take a look at some project characteristics that govern which method is best. Details on waterfall and RAD methodologies To find out more about the methodologies, read these articles: •"Examining the life cycle of a RAD project" •"How does the waterfall development methodology play in the enterprise?" How big is the project? One of the basic tenets of RAD is focusing on smaller projects that can be launched quickly and concluded with tangible deliveries. However, not all projects can be broken down into smaller pieces because they are too complex and interrelated to be split up effectively. There is no rule of thumb to determine how small a project needs to be before it is a candidate...
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...As Mike Waterson's opinions were considered above the opinions of the robotics department, this decision was not just. \subsection{The Waterfall Model} \subsubsection{The Decision} The Waterfall Model of software development was chosen over the Prototype Model, courtesy of Sam Reynolds. \subsubsection{Background} Sam Reynolds, due to his background in data processing, chose the Waterfall Model, which he was more familiar with, over the Prototyping model, which was supported by his staff and was a superior choice for the project. The use of the Waterfall Model led to a product that was difficult for operators to use, which contributed the incident. \subsubsection{Analysis} Again, Sam Reynolds' decision was being considered above the opinions of most other employees in the robotics decision, which was unfair. \subsection{The Early Shipping} \subsubsection{The Decision} The robot arm was shipped out, despite being unfinished and was internally known to be buggy....
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...Angel Falls Kelsi Cork General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my listeners about Angel Falls. Central Idea: Angel Falls is the tallest waterfall in the world with an unusual tale of discovery. INTRODUCTION I. Attention Material A. This is Angel Falls. (Power-point slide 2) 1. It is the world’s tallest waterfall. 2. It is located at Canaima National Park the second largest National Park in Venezuela. (Power-point slide 3) B. Angel Falls was discovered by American pilot, Jimmy Angel in 1937. 1. Jimmy Angel mistakenly found the waterfall while searching for gold. II. Orienting Material A. The waterfall tumbles from a cleft near the summit of table Top Mountain Auyan-tepui into what is known as Devil’s Canyon, 3213 feet below. B. Before the mid-1950s, Angel Falls was an unknown wonder because the tribe that occupied the valley beside the mountain-top believed that the location of Angel Falls harbored Malign Spirits. BODY I. The Discovery A. Jimmy Angel, in 1934, was searching for an isolated goldmine when he came upon the Auyan-tepui. Angel being the curious man he was decided to fly around the mountain when he found the falls, but because his fuel level was low he was forced to return to his base. Upon his return Angel told descriptions of the wondrous landscape and the Stone Mountain he saw but his listeners didn’t believe him. B. Angel returned to fly over the mountains again in 1935 and continued to tell...
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...Outdoor Learning Areas for DETE Children's Services Centres and Schools (Replaces GP22 dated January 1990) D7 Published by: The Government of South Australia, January 2002 Produced by: Site Property Services Department of Education, Training and Employment For information contact: DETE Site Property Services Asset Policy and Planning Phone (08) 8226 1253 DETE Facilities Design Standards and Guidelines Preface and Guidelines documents. Page 2 This document is a part of the DETE Facilities Design Standards It has been produced by the Department of Education, Training and Employment in consultation with Children’s Services staff for the following purposes:− To provide design guidelines for the planning of new centres. − To provide a reference for site managers when making changes and/or additions. − To assist in the assessment of manufactured equipment for suitability in Children’s Services Centres and Schools. This guide is located within the Standards and Guidelines document as follows. P PLANNING GUIDELINES P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 General Children’s Services Centre Primary/Junior Primary School Secondary School Area School Special Education TAFE Landscape and Planting Relocatable Buildings Environmental Design Disability Access Shade Structures Heating, Cooling & Ventilation Outdoor Learning Areas (Children’s Services Centres and Schools) D DESIGN GUIDELINES S STANDARDS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 R1 R2 R3 R4...
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...System Development Lift Circle (SDLC) SDLC is a process used by software industry to design, develop, and test high quality software. It consists of a detailed plan describing to develop, maintain, replace and alter the specific software. There are many different system development models which includes water fall, spiral and chaos models. Waterfall model is the earliest SDLC approach that was used for software development. In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed before the next phase can begin and there is no overlapping in the phases. The outcome of one phrase acts as the input for the next phrase sequentially. Following is a diagrammatic representation of different phases of waterfall model. Waterfall Model * Requirement Analysis: also call system request which describe all possible requirements of the system. * System Design: create a physical model that will satisfy all documented requirements. It also helps in defining overall system architecture. * Implementation: With inputs from system design, the system is first developed in small programs called units which will be developed and tested in the next phase. * Testing: Each unit will be test for any faults and failures before integrating into system. At the conclusion of this phrase, the system is ready for use. * Development of system: the product is deployed in the customer environment or released into the market. * Maintenance: There will have issues which come...
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...Jamar Cunningham SD1230: Module Exercise 5 Date: 2-16-16 Agile and Waterfall are two distinct methods of software development. The Waterfall model can essentially be described as a linear model of software design. Like its name suggests, waterfall employs a sequential design process. Development flows sequentially from start point to end point, with several different stages: Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction, Testing, Implementation, and Maintenance. The Agile method proposes an incremental and iterative approach to software design. It was essentially developed in response to the limitations of Waterfall, as a way to give designers more freedom. The design process is broken into individual models that designers work on. There is no pre-determined course of action or plan with the Agile method. Rather, designers are free to respond to changes in requirements as they arise and make changes as the project progresses. Agile is a pretty new player to the development game. However, it has made substantial gains in use and popularity in the last couple of years. Agile: The Pros Agile offers an incredibly flexible design model, promoting adaptive planning and evolutionary development. Agile might be described as freeform software design. Software developers work on small modules at a time. Agile can be especially beneficial in situations where the end-goals of projects are not clearly defined. For example, if you are working with a client whose needs and...
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...the more common and most used methodologies are the Waterfall method, and the agile method. This paper will focus on these two methods giving detailed descriptions, as well as advantages and disadvantages. Testing for each method will also be covered. The Waterfall Method The Waterfall Method of development is a linear-sequential life cycle model. This method is very simple to use and understand. In this model, each phase needs to be completed before the next phase can begin, phases cannot overlap, and once you finish a phase you cannot go back. A good example of this process is a literal waterfall flowing down the side of a mountain. "Once the water begins to flow over the mountain, it will hit each rock and continue down. The water can never go in the opposite direction." (Rouse, 2007) This is displayed in the following chart: The waterfall method allows for departmentalization and easy managerial control. "A schedule can be set with deadlines for each stage of development and a product can proceed through the development process like a car in a carwash, and theoretically, be delivered on time". (Rouse, 2007) Development starts with the first step, usually known as analysis or system planning, and will continue through each step until the application is ready to deploy. If a change in a previous step is desired, the entire project would have to be started from scratch. This being said, the Waterfall method is best used if the project is fixed-scope...
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...(Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org 94 A Comparison Between Five Models Of Software Engineering Nabil Mohammed Ali Munassar1 and A. Govardhan2 1 Ph.D Student of Computer Science & Engineering Jawahrlal Nehru Technological University Kuktapally, Hyderabad- 500 085, Andhra Pradesh, India Professor of Computer Science & Engineering Principal JNTUH of Engineering College, Jagityal, Karimnagar (Dt), A.P., India 2 Abstract This research deals with a vital and important issue in computer world. It is concerned with the software management processes that examine the area of software development through the development models, which are known as software development life cycle. It represents five of the development models namely, waterfall, Iteration, V-shaped, spiral and Extreme programming. These models have advantages and disadvantages as well. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to represent different models of software development and make a comparison between them to show the features and defects of each model. Keywords: Software Management Processes, Software Development, Development Models, Software Development Life Cycle, Comparison between five models of Software Engineering. increased recently which results in the difficulty of enumerating such companies. During the previous four decades, software has been developed from a tool used for analyzing information or solving a problem to a product in itself. However, the early programming stages have...
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...communications between involved teams, while Waterfall development process consists in linear tasks succession, and uses formal documentations between teams. Agile is thus more adapted to innovation development processes, since it allows to iterate and to adapt fast. When Pearson used a Waterfall approach, it was struggling to reach customer adoption, and was spending a lot of money and time in upgrading Successmaker, as stated by Adams-Woodford: “We have spent 30 million on the new SuccessMaker development and even six to eight months after launching the first version, it has not been well adopted by the market” (p3). By adopting an Agile approach, Pearson realized the following benefits: Fitted-to-market product development. Waterfall process implied that development team was making all decisions, not product management. However, product management teams are the ones in contact with customers, and analyzing the market and its trends. As a result, the products developed were pushed to the market, and the feedback from customers were coming too late in the process. On the contrary, when adopting Agile process, the product management team is the one handling the product and its evolution. This way, the product is fitted to the customers, since product management teams know the market and its expectancies in depth, and can accordingly push features that are creating most value for the customers. Efficient communications. When Pearson was using Waterfall process to develop Successmaker,...
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...joined the firm. Despite the best efforts of all the people involved, the upgrade was not going to plan because of which Pearson moved from the traditional waterfall model to the new agile development methodology. Benefits realized in shifting from Waterfall to Agile 1. With the iterative and evolving approach, the agile methodology allowed Pearson to have a customer driven approach to development which allowed them to meet customer expectations in a more efficient manner compared to earlier. 2. Since the agile model focused on short iterative sprints, it helped in reducing the costs related to changes to the product features midway through the development cycle. 3. The agile model allowed teams in Pearson to adapt, design, and prioritize product features based on the feedback they received from product managers and customers. 4. Another advantage that Pearson realized was that using the agile model made the process backward scalable. In other words, it became easier to develop the software as the requirements kept coming in from the customers. Despite the advantages that Pearson realized from moving to the agile model, there were also some downsides that Pearson faced when they shifted from the waterfall model to the agile development model. Downsides associated with shifting to Agile 1. In the waterfall model there were clear lines between what developers did and what QA engineers did. These lines had blurred after adopting the agile model. 2. In order to...
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