...Mitigation potential of climate-optimal trajectory planning in the North Atlantic Flight corridor Sigrun Matthes1 , Volker Grewe2, Christine Frömming2, Sabine Brinkop2, DLR German Aerospace Center, 82334 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany Thierry Champougny3 EUROCONTROL, 1130 Brussels, Belgium Amund O. Sovde4 CICERO, 0349 Oslo, Norway and Emma Irvine5 University of Reading, UK Mitigation of aviation climate impact is one strategic goal spelled out for a durable development of air traffic. Operational measures to identify climate-optimal aircraft trajectories by air traffic management (ATM) are one option to reduce climate impact. We present results from a comprehensive approach for climate-optimized flight planning applied for a case study the North Atlantic Flight corridor (NAFC) performed within the collaborative project REACT4C (Reducing Emissions from Aviation by Changing Trajectories for the benefit of Climate) funded under the European FP7 programme. Ultimate goal was to identify maximum mitigation gain (in climate impact) for a specific investment, hence minimal marginal mitigation costs. For this purpose consecutively those flights trajectories options are selected which offer the highest mitigation potential taking into account five archetypical weather patterns in NAFC, and traffic samples in eastbound and westbound both direction. Using a concept of 4-dimensional climate cost functions integrated into a simulation system for operational planning...
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...known as atmospheric scientists, are experts on the atmosphere, weather, and climate. Meteorologists study the aforementioned categories and how they will affect not only the Earth, but human beings as well. Compiling and collecting data, developing forecasts, and understanding weather patterns are part of a meteorologist’s duties. Furthermore, meteorologists may invent new instruments to collect weather pattern or climate data, while consulting clients on the opportunities and risks associated with climate changes and atmospheric events. If you have an enthusiasm for analyzing data, mathematics, weather patterns, and science, this may be a career area you want to explore further. Why Become A Meteorologist...
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...Realities of climate change Name Institution Climate is a measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature, atmospheric pressure, sunshine, wind precipitation, atmospheric particle and other meteorological variables in a given region over a particular long period of time. Climate differs from weather in that weather describes the atmospheric conditions of a certain region at a particular time while climate is the average atmospheric conditions of that region for a long period usually 30 or more years. Hence climate may also be defined as the average weather of a region of a given region over a longer period of time. Climate of a place has components which include; atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Climate change is the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time. Climate change may also be termed as the carbon change because this change is caused by the accumulation of carbon dioxide and other particles that prevent part of the sun’s warming rays from reaching the earth’s atmosphere. The burning of carbon fuels notably wood, oil and coal generates greenhouse gases which creates a layer that trap the heat from the sun close to the earth’s atmosphere. These greenhouse gases cause depletion of the ozone layer that protects the human skin from harmful ultra violet sun rays that may cause cancer. Hospitality and Tourism industry have a two way relationship with the climate. The two way...
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...global warming has been met with much controversy over the past several years. What is it, does it exist, and do the facts support the claims of greenhouse gases and high levels of CO2 created by emissions from fossil fuels. Or is there another explanation for the radical weather changes, which have increased severe storms, flooding, droughts and other extreme patterns across our great nation that has claimed many lives. In the following paragraphs we will analyze, and introduce information that can be used to evaluate the claims of global warming and the effects on our universal weather patterns, as well as introduce theories of others that indicates that global warming may not exist and isn’t a problem at all. Outline Thesis statement: 1. Background on global warming. A. Facts that support global warming does exist. 1. Analysis of research criteria done by NASA on the existence of global warming. 2. Additional information that substantiates claims that global warming is a fact. B. Seasonal changes and weather patterns linked to early migration and breeding. 1. Industrial Revolution CO2 levels associated with burning of fossil fuels, A. Changes in weather patterns and rising temperatures. B. Elucidation on the process of harmful gases entering our atmosphere C. Weighing the facts presented. 2. Global warming can it be considered as fiction? A. Some research indicates that there are other reasons causing...
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...Business Implications of Climate Change The Case of Phillips Van-Heusen Corporation 2/28/2012 INTROUCTION Along with the stresses of making a business profitable for investors, minimizing costs, raising revenues, and forecasting for growth, one factor that is especially difficult to predict are those incurred by human caused climate change, commonly known as global warming. It is expected that the effects of global warming will greatly affect numerous aspects of the business world. However, not all of the effects are necessarily bad. In fact, it allows for opportunities to better these companies. In this case, the focus will be on global warming’s effects on Phillips Van-Heusen Corporation (PVH). In order to properly attend to this topic, a brief description of PVH, possible threats, opportunities, and an overall conclusion of global warming’s effects on the company will be addressed. To start, we will take a brief look into PVH Corporation as a whole. PHILLIPS VAN-HEUSEN CORPORATION PVH is a large clothing company that owns popular lines such as Tommy Hilfiger, Calvin Klein, Arrow, Van-Heusen, and many more. The major focus is marketing moderately high end clothing. This company tends to focus its clothing lines towards males, however, there are a few lines focused towards women. These clothes range from lounge wear to business suits and everything in between. PVH also produces and sells clothing accessories such as belts, wallets, sunglasses, scarves, etc. This...
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...reducing temperature extremes between day and night. Dry air contains roughly (by volume) 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average around 1%. The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude, with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space. Structure of the atmosphere Principal layers of the atmosphere The atmosphere of the Earth may be divided into several distinct layers, as the following figure indicates. [pic] Troposphere The troposphere is where all weather takes place. The air pressure at the top of the troposphere is only 10% of that at sea level (0.1 atmospheres).The troposphere begins at the surface and extends to between 7 km at the poles and 17 km at the equator, with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is mostly heated by transfer of energy from the surface, so on average the lowest part of the troposphere is warmest and temperature decreases with altitude. The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of the atmosphere. The tropopause is the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere. Stratosphere Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, where air flow is mostly horizontal. The stratosphere extends from the tropopause to about 51 km Temperature increases with height, which restricts turbulence and mixing. The stratopause, which is the boundary between the stratosphere and mesosphere...
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...1) Modern astronomy basically begins with the re-emergence of the heliocentric view of the universe by Copernicus. Who were the four other major contributors to the development of modern astronomy after Copernicus? Explain what those contributions were. Finally, why did it take so long for the geocentric view of the universe to be overthrown and what does that tell us about scientific research and our society, even today? Copernicus release his theory of the heliocentric view while he was on his death bed. Primary reason for this was because of the Catholic’s church control on society at the time and the effects it would have on religious society stating that the earth was not the center of the universe. After Copernicus released his theory, other key astronomers that supported and advanced Capernicus’ theory included Galileo, Keppler, Brahe, and Newton. Galileo Galilei, a contributed to astronomy and physics, advanced the use of the telescope towards use in astronomy. because of his invention, and ability to view the planets and starts, he identified four of Jupiters moons, and the phases of Venus which directly supported Copernicus’ theory, that earth, like the other planets, revolved around the sun, and moons, revolved around their planets. Tyco Brahe, an astronomer, under the support of King Frederick the II, established an observatory on the Danish island of Hveen. The establishment of this observatory was critical for the next 20 years in establishing observations...
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...What is climate change? The Earth's climate has changed over the last century. Increases in average temperatures have been seen around the globe and there is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed in the last 50 years is due to human activities. While climate change is a global issue, it will affect us all. Climate change has the potential to adversely affect our environment, our communities and our economy unless we take action now to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions and prepare for the impacts. Climate change will alter global and local climates. In Victoria, this means a warmer and drier future, with an increasing likelihood of more extreme events such as heatwaves, bushfires and storm surges. Climate change is the greatest threat facing our planet today. A warming planet alters weather patterns, water supplies, seasonal growth for plants and a sustainable way of life for us and the world’s wildlife. Climate change has already started, but it’s not too late to take action. There’s still time for us all to be part of the solution. A continuous flow of energy from the sun heats the Earth. Naturally occurring gases in the atmosphere, known as greenhouse gases – this includes carbon dioxide (CO2) - , trap this heat like a blanket, keeping the Earth at an average of 15 degrees Celsius – warm enough to sustain life. The overuse of fossil fuels is increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, trapping more and more heat and warming the Earth. As a result, we’re...
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...CLIMATE CHANGING AND THE EFFECT IT HAS ON YOU Dijonne King PSC 140 December 1, 2013 Climate change is the climate patterns attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. Climate change has recently become a huge issue here on Earth. The use of fossil fuels has largely affected the world as we see it today. Temperatures are rising, snow and rainfall patterns are shifting and extreme climate events such as heavy rainstorms and record high temperatures are highly affecting our environment. Through evidence of this climate change, scientists have come to realize the causes and effects of climate change. Through learning about what creates climate change, learning how climate change impacts you, and taking action, I believe climate change can definitely have a positive impact on everyone. Through scientific evident it is clear that climate change has affected the planet Earth as we know it. Most of these climate changes are attributed to very small variations in Earth’s orbit that change the amount of solar energy our planet receives. The average temperature at the surface of the Earth has been increasing over the past century, mostly due to human activities. Warmer surface temperatures lead to increasing evaporation from the ocean and land, leading to an increase in global precipitation. Scientific studies have shown that extreme weather is more likely to become more intense with time. Human activities are...
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...Climate Change is a long-term shift in the statistics of the weather affecting production and consumption patterns. [1] Today, we are living in a globalized world where huge changes in production and consumption patterns have dramatically affected not only the economy and the environment, but also our social conditions. [2] Changes in the climate will have an enormous impact on employment and the labor market in general. First, over 1 billion people are employed in the agricultural sector which is the second greatest source of employment worldwide after services. It is clear that climate changes such as extreme weather events, increased incidence of droughts and floods, variability in rainfall patterns, and degradation of lands will have an influence on the agricultural sector. With this, many millions of people working in the agricultural sector will have to face change in the way crops are produced or even look for new pastures elsewhere. The agricultural sector will decrease in size because of the negative effects of climate change. Nowadays, typhoons come and go and so is true with the scorching heat. These extremes damage plantations. This is the time where we are already getting too much of what we wanted. Gone are the days where there is enough rainfall, average temperature, and nice environment. Climate change upsets farmers because most of their crops are wrecked by typhoons and the increasing temperature. With that, there is a tendency that the number of farmers...
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...EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WOMEN Introduction Definition of basic terms What is Weather? The term weather describes the state of the air at a particular place and time – whether it is warm or cold, wet or dry, and how cloudy or windy it is, for example. It affects many of the things that we do, from the clothes we wear and the food we eat, to where we live and how we travel. As a result, the weather is of great interest to people everywhere, from meteorologists, the scientists who study it in great depth, to you and I in our everyday lives. In fact, one of the main topics of conversation is often what the weather will do next the .Weather is very changeable and unpredictable. What is Climate? The normal pattern of weather experienced in a particular area over a long period of time is known as the climate. The climate tells us how hot, cold or wet it is likely to be in different parts of the world at different times of year. For example, tropical countries have hot climates and the Antarctic has a cold climate. The climate may include four seasons a year - spring, summer, autumn and winter - or a wet and a dry season. Our climate depends on our position on the earth and our distance from the sun. We will learn more about this in the Days and Seasons section. What is weather forecasting? Weather experts use computer technology and data from stations and satellites all over the world to predict the weather. By carefully monitoring weather conditions it is possible to predict...
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...I. History of El Niño El Niño is one of the most powerful forces driving global weather. El Niño is a reoccurring phenomenon on earth that alters the climate across half the planet. El Niño was discovered hundreds of years ago off the coast of Peru; "El Niño" means different things to different people. In Spanish, El Niño means small boy or child. In capital letters, 'El Niño' refers to Jesus as an infant was named after the Christ child ("Dictionary.com"), because it usually starts around Christmas ("El Nino"). El Niño is a severe atmospheric and oceanic disturbance in the Pacific Ocean that transpires every three to six years in a phase with a seesaw variation of atmospheric pressure (McIntosh). Because El Niño influences global weather patterns and affects human lives and ecosystems, the prediction of an El Niño is progressively important in predicting them with advance notice. It was not until about 25 years ago that the world started paying attention to El Niño. The giant El Niño of 1997-98 had deranged weather patterns around the world, killing an estimated 2,100 people, and caused at least 33 billion [U.S.] dollars in property damage (Forrester). History dates between 1200 and 1525, the Inca population lived in the part of South America extending from the Equator to the Pacific coast of Chile. Their cities and fortresses were mostly built on highlands and on the steep slopes of the Andes Mountains. The architecture of the Incan cities still amazes and puzzles most scientists...
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...the how global warming affects the environment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of global warming on the weather, overall health, and on wildlife. Global Warming on Weather Patterns The increase in water temperatures in the ocean has generated more energy into what used to be normal tropical storms, causing them not only to be more frequent, but a lot stronger and sometimes very destructive. As we have seen within the last decade, there has been a marked increase in the number of hurricanes at the four and five category level. For instance, Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans in 2005 and was said to be the second strongest and one of the deadliest hurricanes ever recorded in the U.S. The loss to the economy was a whopping $125 billion (“Weather Patterns,” n.d.). In addition to the hurricanes, the warmer temperatures have led to drought conditions and the increase of fires throughout the western United States. In 2006, new records were set in the amount of reported fires as well as acres burned (“Weather Patterns,” n.d.). The cost for fighting these fires has been increasing yearly in the amount of $1 billion. Another effect of global warming is the intense rainstorms that we have been experiencing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports the increase is due mostly to human-induced global warming (“Weather Patterns,” n.d.). These heavy...
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...The fundamental physical laws and observations are basis of Climatic models. A consensus on the existence of climatic change cannot be reached due to the non-existence of long term historical climate data. Climate change was considered to be a myth till the twentieth century but the current studies and evidence reflects that natural systems are already being affected by regional climatic change. Availability of food and water is affected by the risings temperature, changes in precipitation patterns and natural disasters leading to rise in poverty, increased volatility in food prices, and heightened regional tensions, affecting international stability and security. All of the changes in physical parameters stand as the global dimensions of...
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...Climate change is a change in the related to studying numbers distribution of weather patterns when that change remains for a long time (i.e., at least 20 years to millions of years).Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time difference/different version of weather around longer-term average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, differences/different versions in solar radiation received by Earth, plate the study of Earth's surface plate movement, and volcano-related sudden explosive shooting up and out of matters. Certain human activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change, often referred...
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