...Federal Policies - Welfare and Unemployment Miesha White Western International University American National Government GSI1405E Daniel Flynn Febuary 18, 2014 Federal Policies - Welfare and Unemployment In this essay I will provide information on Welfare and Unemployment Polices and how it causes national debates as sell as the conflicting federalism issues it creates. Federalism “is the formal division of authority and power between states and the national government”. (Levin-Waldman, 2012, Chapter 3). The American federal system is set up so that all of the states and national government within are equal in control. It is in that “equality” that the debates, pro and cons of these policies occur. If every states is equal and has equal control over the nation’s government policies, why is that these policies differ from state to state? Welfare and Unemployment were both created for assistance to the people of the nation who were in need. Welfare began in around 1911 when the United States adopted “England’s poor house laws.” ("Welfare," n.d., para. 4) The U.S. has had some form of Welfare in place since before our independence was won. In 1935 “during the Great Depression, when emergency relief measures were introduced under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Roosevelt's New Deal focused predominantly on a program of providing work and stimulating the economy through public spending on projects, rather than on cash payment.” ("Welfare," n.d., para. 4) President...
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...What is ‘unemployment’, and what are the main features of unemployment policy in the UK today? Unemployment is a difficult concept to define as work itself can take many forms. For example work can be paid, unpaid, domestic or outside of the home. Even though with difficulties of defining a complex topic such as unemployment, Grint (1998, p36) defines unemployment as a situation of “being out of work” but “available for work”. This shows that even though people are willing and able to work they are unable to find paid work. Unemployment is a very concerning economic and social issue affecting the UK today and historically. According to the office national statistics, UK unemployment has increased from 7000 to 2.56 million. This particularly consists of youth unemployment, such as graduates and youths aged 17 plus who now rate at 21.2% of the unemployment rate, and women whose unemployment has also increased (BBC, 2013). As Beveridge states the population of those unemployed were supported through the ‘cradle of the grave’ suggesting that the government was giving unending unemployment benefits regardless of whether the population were actively seeking work. Unemployment policy regarding the workfare gained foothold after WW2 with the emergence of the welfare state. Today this is still the main policy for supporting the unemployed population of Britain. Those out of work now need to show that they are actively seeking work and gaining work experience and skills to make them...
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...growth, this has been coupled with issues such as increased domestic unemployment, a heavier reliance on other countries for domestic growth and an increase in economic inequality. To deal with these economic issues the government employs countercyclical strategies that are designed to resolve or minimize these issues. Such examples of current strategies that the government has employed are: a contractionary fiscal policy which attempts to decrease government spending in inefficient sectors in order to increase long term economic growth, investment in infrastructure, attempting to increase the incentive for employment of those over the age of 50 through subsidies, and reducing the incentive for welfare payments. Unemployment is an on going and current issue as the short and long term prospects seem uncertain in the globalized economy. Possible reasons as to why in recent months the unemployment rate was at its highest since the global financial crisis are: a shift in production patterns, a decrease in demand for labour and consistent long term unemployment. In dealing with these issues the government has implemented policies in the 2014/15 Federal budget, such as cuts to welfare and business subsidies to incentivize employing those aged over 50. In addressing increasing unemployment issues, which exceed demand for labour, the government has implemented policy such as reducing the incentive for welfare...
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...Debbie Nahom Post University Policy Analysis- Unemployment Insurance Policy Historical Background Unemployment benefits are in place to provide temporary funding to help individuals and families to survive during unemployment. The policy analysis model will be used to review all aspects of the policy, including historical origins, strengths, and weaknesses, as well as how the policy has succeeded or failed in reaching the goals it was created to achieve. The origins of unemployment benefits date back to the 1700-1800s, when Switzerland and other European countries established voluntary benefits programs to aid those in need. Even the state of Wisconsin, in the early 1930s, had a voluntary unemployment benefits program, however the United States as a whole did not officially enact the unemployment benefits program until August of 1935 in response to the devastating effects of the Great Depression (DeWitt, n.d.). The Great Depression, one of the most devastating recessions the country has seen, caused more than 25% unemployment rate and had both federal and local governments spending over a billion dollars in relieve funds (DeWitt, n.d.). Legislatively, some efforts had been made over the years by the federal government as well as individual states, to address the problem of unemployment. Bills were introduced in 1916 and 1922 by states such as Connecticut, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, and finally...
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...the welfare state in the new global order by gøsta esping-andersen unrisd united nations research institute for social development UNRISD work for the Social Summit is being carried out with the support and co-operation of the United Nations Development Programme. Proof-reading and layout: Rhonda Gibbes Dissemination: Adrienne Cruz UNRISD/OP/94/7 ISSN 1020-2285 Copyright United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). Short extracts from this publication may be reproduced unaltered without authorization on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to UNRISD, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. UNRISD welcomes such applications. UNRISD publications can be obtained from the same address. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute. after the golden age: the future of the welfare state in the new global order occasional paper no. 7 world summit for social development after the golden age: the future of the welfare state...
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...Relationship between crime level and unemployment. This paper will focus on the relationship between unemployment and crime and their ability to reflect the labor market crime correlation. A balanced economic growth of the economy is the ideal way of development when all utilities work in order to provide healthy business growth. One of the disbalance factors of the market economy is unemployment. In case there are errors it creates conflict situations in the economy such as unprecedented actions, random resource movement all this decrease economic efficiency and as a result business activity. Increased economic disproportions create economic instability that decline production and therefore unemployment rises. It damages living standards of unemployed and working people, as oversupply of labour causes wage reduction. It causes a danger for social conflicts that damages even more incentive for business activity and causes capital outflow. Unemployment can take place in the healthy economic developments, so called natural unemployment can be within 4-5%. In the modern economic environment employment can be effective only when unemployment is close to the natural level which can never be equal to zero. Labour is a product and the price of the labour on the market is under the influence of supply and demand. The relationship between economic conditions, property crime and other types of crime like violence is complicated. The existence of positive correlation between low...
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...Unveil the Mystery of Nordic Welfare Model: Features, Development and Its Implications for China 15 International Trade 王穗 Abstract The Nordic Welfare Model is proven to be a benchmark. Many authoritative institutes have conducted comparative cross-country welfare system studies, in which Nordic countries ranked high in terms of employment, unemployment benefits, economic efficiency, the growth rate of economy, price stability and so forth. The unremarkable economic performance of Nordic countries arouses attractions from all around the world. Meanwhile, the challenges it’s confronted with nowadays are paid close attention. The sustainability of Nordic Model is put under a severe test given the increasingly complicated international economic...
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...THE PERCEPTION OF GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE CHANGED DUE TO HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE Has The Perception of Government Assistance Changed Due To High Unemployment Rate? R. Khalil Muhammad Sociology Class July 19, 2011 A little over 20 years ago the general perception of recipients of government assistance, particularly welfare, was negative, racially bias, and based on distorted facts. Researcher Martin Gilen used evidence from public opinion polls, analysis of public policy and welfare reform, and media reports to conclude in his book “Why Americans Hate Welfare” that much of the negatives feelings about welfare were related to “the perception of welfare as a program for African Americans and the misrepresentation in the media of most welfare recipients as black and the undeserving poor.” But today, 1 in 6 Americans receive some kind of government assistance[1], dispelling the false notion that African Americans are the primary recipients of government assistance. The report indicated that government anti-poverty programs have grown to meet the needs of recession victims. More than 4.4 million people are on welfare in America, which represents an 18% percent increase during the recession. More than 40 million people in America receive food stamps, an increase of nearly 50% percent during the economic downturn and ten million Americans receive unemployment benefits. The evidence suggests that this information...
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...Academic year 2014-2015 Migration towards Europe and the “welfare magnet”: “Determinants of Turkish Migration to EU-15” Master dissertation Student Kristýna Jedličková Home institution Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze Supervisor prof. Claire Naiditch Submission date September 2015 Acknowledgment I would like to express my sincerest thanks to prof. Claire Naiditch for her guidance, support, patience and valuable recommendations. Declaration of authorship I, Kristýna Jedličková hereby declare that the thesis Migration towards Europe and the “welfare magnet” was written by myself and that all presented results are my own, unless stated otherwise. The literature sources are listed in the Literature Review section. Prague, September 30th, 2015 ........................................................ Signature Key words Migration, welfare magnet, public social spending, inflows of migrants, EU’s migratory policy, European welfare system, Turkish welfare system, Turkey, EU-15, gravity model, fixed effect, random effect, Hausman test, country specific fixed effect, time specific fixed effect. Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to analyse which factors drive migration from Turkey towards Europe and whether the welfare benefits play a major role in the decision making process. The analysis is based on a gravitation model of migration in log-log form. The FE and RE methods were employed as estimation techniques and the Hausman test enabled to distinguish them. The present...
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...Social Welfare Past & Present robert white HN300: Human Services and Social Policy Social Welfare Past & Present robert white HN300: Human Services and Social Policy 2014 2014 Social welfare began in England with the English Poor Laws. Poor Laws were a body of laws that provided relief for the poor, developed in 16th-century and maintained, with various changes, until after World War II. The Elizabethan Poor Laws, were administered through parish overseers, who provided relief for the aged, sick, and infant poor, as well as work for the able-bodied in workhouses. However, the modern welfare state was started by Otto von Bismarck, the first Chancellor of Germany, created the modern welfare state by building on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as in the 1840s. Bismarck introduced old age pensions, accident insurance and medical care that formed the basis of the modern European welfare state. The United Kingdom, as a modern welfare state, started to emerge with the Liberal welfare reforms of 1906–1914 under Liberal Prime Minister Herbert Asquith. The passing of the Old-Age Pensions Act in 1908, the introduction of free school meals in 1909, the 1909 Labour Exchanges Act, the Development Act 1909, which heralded greater Government intervention in economic development, and the enacting of the National Insurance Act 1911 setting up a national insurance contribution for unemployment and health benefits from work. The...
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...economy 2.3 Tax incidence in bargaining 2.4 The general equilibrium incidence of environmental taxes 2.5 The tax system incidence on unemployment: A country specific analysis for the OECD economies: 2.6 Tax and subsidy incidence equivalence theories: experimental evidence from competitive markets 2.7 Tax incidence under oligopoly: a comparison of policy approaches 2.8 The incidence of income tax on wages and labour supply 2.9 The incidence of personal income taxation: evidence from the tax reform act of 1986: 2.10 Tax incidence when individuals are time-inconsistent: the case of cigarette excise tax 3. Conclusion References 1. Introduction: Government generally collect taxes to generate revenue and question arise here is that after imposition of taxation, which group will bear the tax burden. After implementation of tax, there would be the division of tax burden between byres and sellers which is known as tax incidence. Tax incidence is linked to the price elasticity of demand and supply. If supply is more elastic than demand then the tax burden falls upon the buyers and when the demand is more elastic than supply then the producers will bear the cost of the tax. Tax incidence is basically the analysis of the effect of taxation on the distribution of economic welfare. Tax incidence expose that which group either consumer or producer is going to pay the price of new tax and it falls mostly on the group...
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...Noble prize winners, Finn Kydland and Edward Prescott (1977), reveals that the use of discretionary monetary policy will lead to equilibrium with an ‘inflation bias’. In order to explain and determine how this fact was reached, we have to first explain what time inconsistency is. Time inconsistency can be referred to as when a law or rule that initially seemed most favourable at one point in time becomes unfavourable later in the future or the difference before the event and after the fact. A good example is governments none negotiating with terrorist rule. Government’s announces this rule with the primary intention to discourage and influence terrorist expectations/behavior. But once hostages are taken, the whole country and mostly the whole world are watching putting a larger weight on the government shoulder to make compromise to obtain the hostages release. So unless the policymakers are credibly committed to the policy, the announcement holds no ground. As Kydland and Prescott explained, the central bank's desire to cut unemployment to the natural rate will lead to time-inconsistent behaviour. [pic] Appendix 1 Discretion arises from the problem of time inconsistency of policy and this also leads to a ‘credibility’ problem that starts when the government is trying to use monetary policy to reach its desired output level between inflation and unemployment. It was concluded that ‘Rules’ should be put into place rather than ‘Discretion’ because with discretion, the...
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...This essay will focus on exploring the changing approaches and attitudes to welfare since the Poor Law, thus establishing the measures introduced or policies implemented to enable society to lead a sustainable livelihood. In addition, it will identify the individuals who were influential in the creation of a welfare state by examining six different concepts, namely: the 1601 Elizabethean Poor Law, The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, New Liberalism, Fabianism, Thatcherism and Blairism. The removal of monasteries and church welfare led the parliament to pass the first act for the relief of the poor. The 1601 Old Poor Law was a response to the issue of poverty by the state on a national scale, providing relief to the sick/elderly/disabled; able-bodied and children/orphans. Administered by parishes, it “sought to assist the 'settled' poor, who were expected to accept whatever work or relief the parish offered.” (www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/elizpl.html) There is an implication that a safety net was provided for those who had fallen on hard times, however they had no freedom of choice regards the type of employment they took on, their dietary intake, clothing etc. They were reliant on relief and were susceptible to exploitation through cheap labour. “Each parish looked after their own poor and a poor rate was levied on householders” (Moore; 2000). The lack of uniformity in system suggests that treatment and rules differed from parish to parish, however, parishes were likely...
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...SOCIAL POLICY ANALYSIS: WELFARE TO WORK Research is key to the continued development of the theory and knowledge base of social work practice. The AASW supports the undertaking of research as a key activity to build and maintain the mission of the social work profession. Research is an essential area of social work practice and is included in the AASW Practice Standards for Social Workers, (section 4.3), highlighting its importance to social work practice. Social workers are expected to “understand the role of research and evaluation in obtaining and generating new knowledge for practice.” (AASW 2013) Social work research informs professional practice. Through social work research, the profession can: * Assess the needs and resources of people in their environments * Evaluate the effectiveness of social work services in meeting people needs * Demonstrate relative costs and benefits of social work services * Advance professional education in light of changing contexts for practice * Understand the impact of legislation and social policy on the clients and communities we serve Australia’s population is ageing. At the same time, spending on income support payments as a whole (and not just age pensions) is anticipated to increase. Without on-going high rates of economic growth, the nation will struggle to support its ageing population and those who rely on government income support (ABS, 2006). Australian governments have long recognized the...
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...result: _____________ Date: ________________ The analysis of the Welfare system in your country and link to poverty reduction measures Esping-Anderson's welfare regimes Mr. Esping-Andersen is one of the most influential theorists and researchers the development of the welfare state. His most important work is The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism which was first empirically tested theories about the different types of welfare regimes in the developed countries. This work has made a very strong impact on research in the area of social policy. By Esping Andersen there are three types of welfare regime: * social democratic regime; * conservative-corporatist regime; * liberal-democratic regime. The welfare state is a specific historical construct that has developed between the thirties and sixties, based on a new social contract between the state and citizens, which provides basic social redistribution of risk. Social-democratic regime is called the Scandinavian or Nordic. Social rights are based on the status of a citizen, that is, on citizenship. Therefore, this system guarantees the social rights of all citizens. In the social-democratic welfare state services are cover a wide range of social risks. This regime seeks to minimize the role of the market or break the connection between the market and social welfare of citizens. It was developed...
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