...Europe’s journal on infectious disease epidemiolog y, prevention and control Special edition: Chikungunya and Zika virus October 2014 Featuring • Spread of chikungunya from the Caribbean to mainland Central and South America: a greater risk of spillover in Europe? • Aspects of Zika virus transmission • Cases of chikungunya virus infection in travellers returning to Spain from Haiti or Dominican Republic, April-June 2014 www.eurosurveillance.org Editorial team Editorial advisors Based at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 171 83 Stockholm, Sweden Albania: Alban Ylli, Tirana Telephone number Belgium: Sophie Quoilin, Brussels +46 (0)8 58 60 11 38 E-mail eurosurveillance@ecdc.europa.eu Editor-in-chief Ines Steffens Austria: Reinhild Strauss, Vienna Belgium: Koen De Schrijver, Antwerp Bosnia and Herzogovina: Nina Rodić Vukmir, Banja Luka Bulgaria: Mira Kojouharova, Sofia Croatia: Sanja Musić Milanović, Zagreb Cyprus: to be nominated Czech Republic: Bohumir Križ, Prague Denmark: Peter Henrik Andersen, Copenhagen Senior editor Estonia: Kuulo Kutsar, Tallinn Kathrin Hagmaier Finland: Outi Lyytikäinen, Helsinki Scientific editors Karen Wilson Williamina Wilson France: Judith Benrekassa, Paris Germany: Jamela Seedat, Berlin Greece: Rengina Vorou, Athens Hungary: Ágnes Csohán, Budapest Assistant editors Iceland: Haraldur Briem, Reykjavik Alina Buzdugan Ireland: Lelia Thornton...
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...Voting on Malathion in Genericville Name SCI/275 July 15, 2012 Instructor Genericville has faced the problem of mosquitoes for quite some time now. An unfortunate result of living in a community where pests such as mosquitoes are common is disease. Recently, Genericville suffered the loss of a prominent citizen as a result of West Nile Virus (WNV). West Nile Virus is transmitted by mosquitoes, which is often fatal (Berg, 2007). In Genericville an average of 50 cases of WNV are diagnosed every year. However, the proposed number of cases diagnosed after the aerial spraying of Malathion could reduce the average number of diagnosed WNV cases to five. This would reduce the number of fatalities from WNV to a less than 20% risk. Though a fatality seems unlikely to many living in Genericville, one can be assured that that percentage is quite high when the fatality occurs within one’s own family. Unfortunately, a resident of Genericville has recently lost a family member to WNV. This resident has volunteered to fully finance the procedure. This offer will reduce the financial concerns of many Genericville residents. Though many residents would prefer to see the money spent elsewhere, the donor has specified that the money is to be spent on the aerial spraying of the pesticide only. Though many are concerned of the health implications Malathion could pose on the environment, there is importance in comparing the risk of health concerns as a result of Malathion...
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...Background of Shigella: This is a gram-negative organism that was originally recognized as shigellosis. There are three different types referenced in chapter 11; Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexnerii and Shigella dysenteriae (Dworkin, 2010). During the investigation cultures were taken in the months of January to May. The results displayed that approximately 138 cases were confirmed and the majority of the findings came from individuals who attended or worked within childcare centers or schools, (Dworkin, 2010). After a full investigation many of the findings showed that the childcare centers and many of the facilities had the proper health provisions necessary but they were not enforced. So later notification was given to all the licensed preschools, day care centers and in-home childcare centers, (Dworkin, 2010). I am not sure exactly how often the daycare centers and preschools are inspected in Lexington County but as for Oklahoma we only inspect by request. According to Dworkin, the staff of public health nurses had recent training regarding hand washing and so forth. I would say it would have been best to re-educate all staff but also the environmental health specialist should of became involved and collaborated with one another through inspections and non-routine inspections. My reasoning for doing this, we must remember there is only so much sampling you can do before you have to create some type of intervention. I know the within this chapter it was discussed that...
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...Administrators and the Media Paper This is a press release from a local news press article regarding the West Nile Virus the press release was on July 27, 2012 from the Department Of Health informing the public that the West Nile Virus has become a health problem in Columbus, Oh, once again. The news press advised people of Columbus in many ways how to prevent the bites of mosquitoes, how to stop the breeding of the mosquitoes, how to prevent breeding, who to contact once bitten or contract the virus. The press release is informative the press release gives notice of the situation regarding the mosquito problem. The press release identifies the main points and key points of the virus and whom it will affect. This also informs the public of the pros and cons of public relations. The information was widely spread throughout Columbus quickly by the use of each news station, the Internet, and by newspaper. The key interest groups were the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Columbus Health Department, and the public. The center for disease control is one of the interest groups because reporting the infectious disease spreading throughout society is their responsibility. Center for disease control organization is for saving, protecting lives, and to prevent the spread of the West Nile Virus. The public is the other interest groups regarding the West Nile Virus also the Health Department is an interest group determine to find where the source of the virus have...
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...The West Nile is a virus that is often spread to people through the bite of a mosquito. The virus causes illness that ranges from mild to severe flu-like illness. The West Nile virus occur throughout the summer and fall seasons in North America. There have been reports of the virus in all states in the United States and there are no vaccines or medications available to treat the virus. Though The primary hosts of West Nile Virus are birds, so that the virus remains within a "bird-mosquito-bird" transmission cycle, it is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes mostly species of the genus Culex. Humans are infected with the West Nile Virus when bitten by an infected mosquito. According to the CDC, 47 states have reported the West Nile Virus as...
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...Published: September 20th, 2017 The article “Record Number of West Nile Cases Reported, says Ottawa Public Health”, by Joanne Laucius, discusses the increased number of West Nile cases in Ottawa since it the first case was discovered in 2001, in Canada (Laucius 2017). Due to the high temperatures the past couple weeks, public health is stating that there is still a risk from mosquitos carrying West Nile Virus (Laucius, 2017). The focus of the article is to educate the public on how to prevent the transmission of West Nile from mosquitoes. Public Health is trying to achieve this by educating the public on how to prevent mosquito bites. The article discusses how West Nile virus relates to epidemiology as it discusses the importance of primary...
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...Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region V (Bicol) Schools Division of Albay Bacacay East District Tanagan Elementary School Bacacay [pic] Science Investigatory Project presented to the Panel of Judges of 2015 Division Science Fair September 17, 2015 Camalig North Central School Camalig, Albay Presented by: ALEX BENDO Researcher ROCKY RABINO Research Adviser 2 Abstract Purpose One of the best ways to keep a yard clear of biting mosquitoes is to use a mosquito trap. When set up properly, just one or two of these ingenious devices can kill thousands of mosquitoes and all but wipe out a local population. The style of trap varies by brand, but generally they range from indoor units the size of air purifiers to large units that resemble barbecue grills. Some run on electricity, while others are powered by propane tanks. You can easily reduce the number of mosquitoes on your property with a plastic bottle trap that will attract and kill the mosquitoes. The liquid in each trap will last about two weeks, and then, it can be easily replaced. For increased effectiveness, place multiple traps around your house or property. Procedure Used Get a large 2 liter Coke/Pepsi/Fanta, etc plastic soda bottle. This is the kind that takes a couple of hands to hold onto. Empty the bottle by drinking or draining. Take the cap off and throw away. Just below the point where the neck of the bottle straightens out onto the body of the...
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...West Nile Virus ITT TECHNICAL INSTITUTE West Nile Virus West Nile infection is caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes. People get West Nile virus from the bite of a mosquito that has fed on an infected bird. Mosquitoes can't transmit the virus from one person to another. Tampa Bay Times has reported that as of Aug. 28, there have been 23 positive tests for West Nile Virus in sentinel chickens from Pinellas County Mosquito Control coops. As a result, the risk of transmission to humans in the county increased. Sentinel chickens in Pinellas County tested positive for the West Nile Virus. A 32 year old man as recently tested positive for the West Nile Virus. Is this the first confirmed human case in the mosquito born illness this year according to the local health officials. The chickens are located at Clearwater Nursery, near Lake Maggiore in St. Petersburg and Walsingham Park in Seminole. Sentinel chickens are used as an early-warning detection system for some mosquito-borne diseases. They signal that mosquitoes carrying the diseases are present in an area. West Nile virus is an illness that is transmitted by mosquitoes. Most people who contract it exhibit no symptoms, but some people will develop fevers, with other symptoms such as headaches, body aches, joint pains, vomiting, diarrhea, or rashes. Those older than 50 are the most likely to become severely ill with West Nile and should take special care to avoid mosquitoes, according to the CDC. Animals and people...
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...As mentioned at the outset, WNE is caused by an infection from the WNV, which is a member of the genus Flavivirus (Salinas, 2016, p. 1). According to the World Health Organization, microbe transmission often occurs from birds (which are the reservoir hosts of the virus), to humans via Aedes, Culex or Anopheles mosquitos (the vector), primarily in early autumn (2011, para. 7). The pathophysiology of West Nile Virus (WNV) begins with peripheral inoculation (via a mosquito bite), and thus the initial replication of the virus occurs in the skin and mucosa itself, specifically in the Langerhans dendritic cells (Samuel & Diamond, 2006, para. 6). The cells then migrate to the draining lymph nodes, and therefore cause a primary viremia and resultant infection in the peripheral tissues, such as the spleen and kidneys (Samuel & Diamond, 2006, para....
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...will help to control the West Nile Virus and the further spread of the virus. This is a risk assessment on the use of a spray called Malathion in the city of Genericville. There are several steps that are involved in this first is hazard identification and that is the effects that it will have on the health of the humans who are going to be exposed to the spraying of the Malathion. The second is what is called dose response; this is the amount on spray that would be needed to cause any health effects. The third deals with the exposure to all the humans and also based on the total amount of spray that was used and also how long the exposure to the insecticide will last. The final step is what I would call risk characterization which would be used to help determine that if any or certain humans that live in the city would be prone to any health risks that would associated with the use of Malathion. The result of this assessment is that the city of Genericville should really use the insecticide spray called Malathion to help in reducing the spread of the West Nile Virus. There are many sides to this and they include the social, economic, and the political sides of any arguments that have to be considered with the use of the insecticide spray. The West Nile Virus is a very huge concern in the area and that is all because of all the wet lands that are located in the area. One can say they there can easily be up to 50 projected cases of the West Nile Virus alone this year if...
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...the local health department, or a mandatory food safety training requirement for all restaurant employees. b. Describe worker behaviors that may promote or compromise food safety. Please provide, at least, two examples. Question 2: Recently there have been numerous reports on increased mosquito bites in several neighborhoods in your community. Your staff has investigated these reports and has found them to be justified. As a matter of fact, there have been an increasing number of complaints that mosquitoes are preventing people from staying out in the early mornings and evenings. Additionally, the local health department has informed you that there has been an increase in reported cases of encephalitis and a few deaths related to West Nile Virus. Unfortunately, your health department is very limited in its personnel and its financial resources and so therefore, you have to choose the most efficient methods to control this problem. Based on the information concerning mosquitoes in this scenario, respond to the following: a. Describe the top one recommendation you would give...
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...Risk Assessment The city council of Genericville faces a challenging decision that could impact the city both economically and environmentally for years to come. Genericville’s main source of income is from tourism, which is being threatened by the increasing mosquito population and the West Nile Virus. The councilors have been asked to vote on a proposed plan to deal with this increasing threat. On one hand, the decision can be made to spray a potentially harmful chemical on the neighboring wetlands to reduce the threat of the spread of the West Nile Virus; on the other hand, a plan can be enacted that calls for a thorough educating of the Genericville population on how to avoid contact with mosquitoes and reducing their breeding grounds. After performing a risk assessment for human exposure to malathion, the proposed chemical, the risk of not taking action against the mosquito population was much higher than the risk associated with spraying malathion. Based on the information presented by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, malathion has no direct links to be a carcinogen. Malathion is not known to cause birth defects in humans under common use (Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, 2005). In laboratory tests, the chemical has been proven to cause some minor irritations of the eyes and skin as well as complications with respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. These effects are a result of contact with airborne vapors, direct...
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...Infectious Disease/Viruses As of September 7, 2012 there has been a total of 95 cases of West Nile and 5 deaths in the state of Michigan alone. Out of the 44 states that were involved in a breakdown of statewide reported infections, there were a total of 1,992 cases and 87 deaths reported. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that there is a fatality rate that ranges from 3 to 15% and the first case reported of human infection was in 1999. The topics will discuss history, transmission, treatment, and prevention of the virus. West Nile Virus (WNV) is a virus that is normally seen in the Middle East, Africa, and West Asia through a patient located in Uganda (Henley, 2003). WNV can infect dogs, birds, horses, squirrels, mosquitos, humans, and other mammals. It was thought to have evolved from Israel, and has spread swiftly throughout the United States. The numbers of cases reported were from 20 to 60 per year, until in 2002 when the number rose to above 4,000 (Henley, 2003). The virus exhibits in various ways such as asymptomatic, mild, and severe infections that demonstrate specific outcomes. When the individual is asymptomatic there are no signs or symptoms of the virus. Mild infection or West Nile Fever carries symptoms of nausea and emesis, rash, muscle pain, enlarged lymph nodes, headaches, anorexia, and discomfort (Google, 2012). According to the Journal of Family Practice approximately 20% of individuals that are infected show these symptoms...
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...gutters in the spring and fall. Fix leaky outdoor faucets and sprinklers. T ether we c a n fig ht og the b ite! Don? Give Mosquitoes t a Home Empty anything that holds standing water? old tires, buckets, plastic covers, flowerpots, and toys Empty anything that holds standing water? old tires, buckets, plastic covers, flowerpots, and toys Group 4 Ca nla p a n, Ka trina Sa ng a la ng , Nika ela Ma na lo, Ha rriet Da niel, Jethro T ng la o, Va nesha a Ad ria no, Pa tric k All rights reserved. 2016 W EST NILE VI RUS Do you know wha t 's bi t i ng you? WHAT IS WEST NILE VIRUS? SYMPT OMS TREATMENT West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) most commonly spread by infected mosquitoes. West Nile virus can cause febrile illness, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord). Most people who are infected with West Nile virus will not get sick. About 1 in 5 people infected will have mild...
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...Culture and Disease – West Nile Virus Julia Williams HCS/245 October 7, 2013 Wendy Smith Culture and Disease – West Nile Virus West Nile virus is a mosquito borne virus that was considered a minor risk to humans until the early 1990’s and according to Wikipedia (2013), by 2012 was considered an endemic pathogen in Africa, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, and the United States, which has experiences one of its worst epidemics with West Nile virus. West Nile virus has an incubation period of 2 to 15 days and symptoms may include fever, headache, fatigue, muscle pain, nausea, and vomiting. West Nile virus can cause West Nile encephalitis and West Nile meningitis in the elderly population. Ages 50 and over are more susceptible to the neurological disorders associated with West Nile virus. Even though anyone can be affected by West Nile virus, the elderly have a higher rate of contracting the virus because they tend to have more pre-existing health concerns and tend to take less precautionary steps to protect themselves against the virus. There is no vaccination available for West Nile virus and the best methods of prevention are insect repellant and eliminating possible mosquito breeding grounds around the home and community. Environmental Factors and Transmission Methods Environmental factors play a large role in the spread of West Nile virus. Areas specifically that experience mild winters and hot summers are perfect breeding grounds...
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