...Advance Edited Version Distr. GENERAL A/HRC/12/48 15 September 2009 Original: ENGLISH HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL Twelfth session Agenda item 7 HUMAN RIGHTS IN PALESTINE AND OTHER OCCUPIED ARAB TERRITORIES Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict ∗ ∗ Late submission A/HRC/12/48 page 2 Paragraphs Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PART ONE INTRODUCTION I. II. III. METHODOLOGY CONTEXT EVENTS OCCURRING BETWEEN THE “CEASEFIRE” OF 18 JUNE 2008 BETWEEN ISRAEL AND THE GAZA AUTHORITIES AND THE START OF ISRAEL’S MILITARY OPERATIONS IN GAZA ON 27 DECEMBER 2008 IV. APPLICABLE LAW PART TWO OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY: THE GAZA STRIP Section A V. VI. THE BLOCKADE: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OVERVIEW OF MILITARY OPERATIONS CONDUCTED BY ISRAEL IN GAZA BETWEEN 27 DECEMBER 2008 AND 18 JANUARY 2009 AND DATA ON CASUALTIES ATTACKS ON GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS AND POLICE VIII. OBLIGATION ON PALESTINIAN ARMED GROUPS IN GAZA TO TAKE FEASIBLE PRECAUTIONS TO PROTECT THE CIVILIAN POPULATION VII. A/HRC/12/48 page 3 IX. OBLIGATION ON ISRAEL TO TAKE FEASIBLE PRECAUTIONS TO PROTECT CIVILIAN POPULATION AND CIVILIAN OBECTS IN GAZA X. INDISCRIMINATE ATTACKS BY ISRAELI ARMED FORCES RESULTING IN THE LOSS OF LIFE AND INJURY TO CIVILIANS XI. DELIBERATE ATTACKS AGAINST THE CIVILIAN POPULATION XII. THE USE OF CERTAIN WEAPONS XIII. ATTACKS ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF CIVILIAN LIFE IN GAZA: DESTRUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL INFRASTRUCTURE, FOOD PRODUCTION, WATER INSTALLATIONS, SEWAGE...
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...INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF RED CROSS AND RED CRECSENT SOCIETIES United Nations Children's Fund West Bank & Gaza Vulnerability & Capacity Assessment A Participatory Action Research Study of the Vulnerabilities and Capacities of the Palestinian Society in Disaster Preparedness Palestine Red Crescent Society August 2000 Copyright © Palestine Red Crescent Society 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval sysems without prior permission from The Palestine Red Crescent Society, Al-Bireh, Palestine. For further infromation: Palestine Red Crescent Society Headquarters/ Al-Bireh P.O.Box 3637 Tel: ++972-2-2406515/6/7 Fax: ++972-2-2406518 e-mail: info@PalestineRCS.org Website: www.PalestineRCS.org Thanks to technical support of UNICEF West Bank and Gaza to this study and to the financial contribution of UNICEF- Middle East and North Africa Regional office who made the design and printing of this publication possible. Special thanks to the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies for their technical and financial support to carrying this study. Cover drawing and all drawings are by Palestinian Children randomly selected from Palestinian schools in the West Bank and Gaza. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author (Palestine Red Crescent...
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...Special Political and Decolonization Berkeley Model United Nations S I X T Y - T H I R D III S E S S I O N Gabby Armato Gloria Cheung Adam Yankelevits Robert Purviance ! ! ! ! ! Table of Contents South Sudan Topic Background Past International Involvement and Attempted Solutions Case Studies 1 | Sudan 2 | China Questions to Consider Works Cited Palestinian Refugees Topic Background Past International Involvement and Attempted Solutions Case Studies 1 | United States 2 | Jordan Questions to Consider Works Cited ! ! 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 11 ! ! 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! South Sudan Topic Background It has been slightly over three years since this fledgling nation seceded from Sudan in July 2011. Now the country is fraught with a major political upheaval, a debilitating famine, a declining economy, and an impending civil war ripe with ethnic tension. The South Sudanese political and social schism erupted after President Salva Kiir began to crackdown on the supporters of his rival, former Vice President Riek Machard. Mr. Machard attempted a coup to overthrow the President shortly after Mr. Kiir dismissed the entirety of his government due to suspicion that they were plotting to overthrow his regime. The conflict boiled over and turned violent between the feuding army factions on December 15th 2013. The political struggle between these two factions quickly escalated into a full-scale ethnic conflict and has created a violent schism within...
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...Birzeit University MBA Program Managerial Accounting BUSA 631 Spring 2013 Case 3 The Rohr Company’s old equipment for making subassemblies is worn out. The company is considering two courses of action: (a) Completely replacing the old equipment with new equipment or (b) Buying subassemblies from a reliable outside supplier, who has quoted a unit price of $1 on a 7-year contract for a minimum of 50,000 units per year. Production was 60,000 units in each of the past 2 years. Future needs for the next 7 years are not expected to fluctuate beyond 50,000 to 70,000 units per year. Cost records for the past 2 years reveal the following unit costs of manufacturing the subassembly: | Per Unit | Direct Materials | $0.30 | Direct Labor | 0.35 | Variable Overhead | 0.10 | Fixed Overhead (including $0.10 depreciation and $0.10 for direct departmental fixed overhead) | 0.25 | Total Cost | $1.00 | | | The new equipment will cost $188,000 cash, will last 7 years, and will have a disposal value of $20,000. The current disposal value of the old equipment is $10,000. The sales representative for the new equipment has summarized her position as follows: The increase in machine speeds will reduce direct labor and variable overhead by $0.35 per unit. Consider last year’s experience of one of your major competitors with identical equipment. It produced 100,000 units under operating conditions very comparable to yours and showed the following unit costs...
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...out the most significant elements of the conflict on the three levels defined by Kenneth Waltz, and applies the Realist theory of international relations (IR) to the “Two-State” solution. Levels of analysis 1. First Level The first level focuses on individuals involved in the international relations. On Israel’s side, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has an important role to play because he has the final word in all political decisions. On the side of Palestine, Mahmoud Abbas enjoys an even stronger position. Not only is he the chairman of Fatah and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), he is also the President of the Palestinian National Authority (PA), which is the ruling body for the Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank. He does not to have to face elections as he runs an authoritarian regime. On the regional level, the most influential figure is Mohamed Morsi, President of Egypt, who is vital to negotiating efforts for the conflict. Egypt is the first Arab country to accept Israel as a state and is also a founding member of the Arab League. From the international perspective, given that the United States is a world power, President Barack Obama is certainly a significant individual. 2. Second Level On the second or state level, the two parties engaged in direct negotiation of the conflict are the Israeli government and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)....
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...1948. The initial United Nations partition plan in 1947 aimed at the creation of two separate states; this however never occurred with Israel gaining more territory from the surrounding areas in the decades following. American involvement in the area has changed over time from that of ardent supporter of Israel to that of broker of peaceful negotiations among Israel and neighboring countries, and Israel and the Palestinian community. For the United States and the global community at large, stability and peace in the Middle East is an important issue. The only viable solution is the creation of two separate states, allowing the Palestinian Authority to have autonomy over a Palestinian state in the occupied areas of the Gaza Strip and West Bank. These two areas were seized by Israel after the Six Day War of 1967, along with the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem, and the Sinai Peninsula. Immediately following, Jewish settlements began in these areas, which also complicate ceding it to the Palestinians. There have been many proposed policies and discussions about how to solve the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians. In recent years, discussion has opened up regarding a two state solution; however, progress toward achieving this outcome has been very slow. As progress stalls, violence in the region increases....
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...Literary Analysis Essay Miro, one of the main characters from Robert Cormier’s novel, After the First death, comes from and fights for a country that was never exactly described throughout the book. Although, the author did leave behind a few clues that help the reader picture certain possibilities. Due to the time the book was published and Miro’s description of his childhood, it is possible to affirm that Miro, Artkin and the rest of the terrorists originate from a Middle Eastern country. A major possibility is Palestine; a country that no longer exists due to the fact its population got banished and lived on in refugee camps. In the other hand, due to the lack of details on the book’s setting, it is impossible to fully confirm Miro’s true nationality. Several details scattered in the book can be used to explain Miro’s origins. One important detail is his description of how women dress in his country. He describes these as beautiful though delicately veiled which suggests women concealed their bodies (pg. 25). This might hint where Miro comes from since women in Middle Eastern countries tend to conceal their bodies with burkas or, in other words, veils. Another hint might be the setting of his childhood. Miro says it takes place in a location submerged in ruble and destruction and where people had to live in refugee camps (pg. 121). This suggests that his homeland was possibly damaged by war and that his people were expelled from their land. Other evidence of this assumption...
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...river in China, it was famous in Chinese history and important for Chinese population because they started their live near this river many years ago. Now they have a shortage of water because of the factories, which consumed too much for producing but no water is available because such a big and important river is polluted and poisoned. As a part of fish is now poisoned and dying this means that they will may have problems in future with alimentation because they will not have enough of fish to eat. Their population is really huge and it will be difficult to have fish for every person. What states share the Jordan River? Water resources in the region of Jordan River are scarce, and the five political subdivisions Israel, the West Bank, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan locating within share them. What problems are there with the Jordan river? Water has always been precious in this dry area where Jordan River is located, and that’s why there is a...
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...The Palestinian Liberation Front NAME SCHOOL Author Note SCHOOL WITH ADDRESS Contact: EMAIL AbstractThe following paper is focused on critically disseminating the history of the Palestinian Liberation Front (PLF). From its beginning, to its leadership as from its past to its current state. Additionally in this paper, the movement’s use of tactics, techniques and procedures (TTP’S) as well as shining light on its main patrons active in its day to day activities will be analyzed. This comprehensive documentation will also define the circumstances surrounding the movement and how it touches on the PLF and how HUMINT will function in contrast to organization in question under these functioning factors: Political, Military, Economy, Social, Information, Infrastructure, Physical environment and Time. Moreover, this research sprouted from a number of online journals, websites and books published that express their standpoint and involvement based opinions on the PLF. At the very end of this paper you will have a clear comprehension into how the PLF was formed as a supplementary of the Palestinian Liberation Organization PLO, how it dictated and directed politics in their region and how HUMINT would respond in terms of operations to the effects of those underlying factors. The Palestinian Liberation FrontThe actuality of the Palestinian Liberation Front cannot be vehemently depicted in history without including the past activities of the Palestinian Liberation Organization...
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...He announced that there would be a united Jerusalem, inclusive of settlements in East Jerusalem, and that the majority of settlements in Gaza and the West Bank would remain under Israeli control. Rabin also spoke to the ambiguous nature of Oslo-I, making it clear that it had left many important issues up for debate, and that the open-ended nature of the document was in fact a victory for Israel. Rabin did not indicate in his speech that these would be negotiable at a later stage, but rather presented it as an unequivocal, enduring victory for Israel. The fact that it was a victory for Israel demonstrates that the peace was not between two equal parties. The fact that Rabin felt obliged to ‘sell’ it to Israel, obscuring compromises, demonstrates that neither was it between a victor and a vanquished enemy. Thus, Oslo-I was an outworking of the hegemonic peace process between the two...
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...In the early 2000s, construction began on a wall now known as the Israeli West Bank barrier. It was first built by Israel in response to the Second Intifada and is now being built as extra security for the country. When finished, this wall will span a little over 700 kilometers long, almost double the Green Line established by the 1949 Armistice Agreements. Upon completion, only 15 percent of the wall will be on Israeli land; the other 85 percent will be running through the West Bank. Over time, the barrier has had several impacts and many people have formed an opinion on it; these opinions being both good and bad. The barrier impacts security, politics, and people. The Israeli Palestine wall has had a major effect on security, mostly in Israel. In...
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...Palestine In 1948, the State of Israel was established on Palestinian land, despite widespread protests by Palestinians and the Arab world. Clashes between Palestinians and Israelis have since been numerous and bloody, and it is still far away from a peaceful, lasting solution to the conflict. Last updated 04/03/2013 Recent UN links Presentation of the humanitarian situation in the area of the UN humanitarian agency OCHA Map of humanitarian conditions of the UN humanitarian agency OCHA UN special agency for Palestine refugees, UNRWA UN News summary page for news on the Middle East Early history Both Palestinians and Israelis are people originating in the Middle East. The central question of the Middle East conflict today is who has the most right to the area. The Jews were driven around the year 70 AD, and was then spread throughout Europe and the Middle East. For many years they were denied access to the area, while in their new country were often subjected to persecution and abuse. As a result of including the Inquisition in southern Europe, many Jews chose the 1500 - and 1600's to settle in Palestine again. It is estimated that the total population of Palestine was then at 200 000, while the Jewish population accounted for approximately 15 000 The organized Jewish immigration to Palestine began in 1882. This happened as a result of the rise of Zionism in Europe. Zionism was a political movement working for a Jewish state in the Middle East. Zionist movement got...
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...Human rights violations Project in Social Studies Mick Joshua Ilano IV-Mercy Human rights violation in the Philippines. On January 18, 2013, Aquino signed a landmark law, Republic Act No. 10361, designed to protect the rights of the country’s estimated 1.9 million domestic workers. The Philippines also ratified the International Labor Organization’s Domestic Workers Convention No. 189, which would help protect the rights of the 1.5 million Filipino domestic workers abroad. The Aquino administration, however, has not made significant progress on its pledge to expedite the investigation and prosecution extrajudicial killings, torture, and enforced disappearances, among other serious violations of human rights. The number of extrajudicial killings has dropped significantly since Aquino took office, but politically motivated killings are still frequently reported and the murder of petty criminals by “death squads” in urban areas continues unabated. Only two cases of extrajudicial killings have resulted in convictions in the past three years, and even in those cases, the individuals believed most responsible for the killings have not faced justice. The government took some steps to set up an inter-agency committee in 2013 to help investigate and prosecute high-profile extrajudicial killings, but it was not yet operational at time of writing. Harassment of and violence against leftist political activists and environmentalists continues. Insurgency and Ethnic Conflicts In...
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...territorial integrity and political independence of every state in the area, and their eight to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force and achieving a just settlement of the refugee problem” (UN Resolutions 242 and 338 - Reut Institute 1) The territories the Israeli forces had taken over included the Golan Heights in Syria, Jordan, the West bank and Shebaa Farms. Within the Geneva Initiative, there would be changes on a one to one ratio, which is included with a Map. In terms of the refugee issue, there is misinterpretation of this context, which have led some parties believe it is based upon the United Nations 194 resolution, specially article 11. The article states “ The refuges wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbors… compensation should be paid for property of those choosing not to return and for loss/damage of property” (UN Resolutions 242 and 338 - Reut Institute 1). The Geneva initiative also includes another proposal in terms of land, which is a corridor that would connect the Gaza strip to the West Bank and will be controlled by the Israelis and allow an facilities in terms of infrastructure, vital for both parties. Neither party is allowed to use this corridor to enter each other’s territories and therefore security along the corridors is established to implement such regulations. Another significant proposal within the Geneva document is the agreement of a two capitals of the respective...
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...Avory Darrien Peacemaking University of Phoenix The recent history of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict has been marked by a series of agreements and accords which have ultimately failed. The Hebron agreement was signed in January 1997 by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Yasser Arafat, but subsequently dissolved because Israel continued the construction of settlements in Palestinian territory (International relations, 2009). The Oslo accord was signed in August 1993, with a deadline of 1999 set for the resolution of all outstanding issues, by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO leader Arafat. As the deadline approached fears of the PLO unilaterally declaring a Palestinian state brought renewed violence and new demands from Israel, culminating in the suspension of the Oslo accord. As Handelman (2008) has noted, the Israelis and Palestinians are deadlocked in, “…a protracted, violent, drawn-out struggle in which generation after generation is socially conditioned to continue fighting” (p. 57). Nonetheless, the potential resolution of the conflict seems to involve the simultaneous implementation of the political-elite model (PEM) of peacemaking, which employs the social mechanism of equal-status contact; and the public-assembly model (PAM) of peacemaking, which makes use of the conciliatory machinery of graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction (G.R.I.T.). Models of Peacemaking ...
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