...craving, or a mood to eat the chocolate and then afterwards feel guilty for eating it. Their guilt starts with I shouldn’t have eaten that I am on a diet, or I shouldn’t have eaten that it will make me fat and these are common guilt feeling consumers have after they eat chocolate. However in fact chocolate is not as bad for you as people say. Scientists have revealed that eating chocolate - in reasonable amounts - makes you feel emotionally better and so improves the smooth running of your body's endorphins. It even protects against heart disease. (Mail Online 2012) As a chocolate consumer myself I have sudden urges or cravings to eat chocolate or if I am feeling stressed or unhappy I turn to chocolate. That is because not only does it taste good but it is a psychological feeling that if I turn to chocolate it will make me feel better and in fact not feel guilty eating it. However as Cadbury is a well marketed company and chocolate consumers are highly familiarised with the company when buying chocolate consumers turn to Cadbury to satisfy their needs, that is why when Cadbury turned to use palm oil instead of coca in there products, consumers did not react as badly to the change as they still would have bought the highly known chocolate brand. The fact that Cadbury is associated with Fair-trade and have the fair-trade logo on there products, should allow customers to take away the guilt of eating chocolate as this represents helping people and the environment through using...
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...Motivational Theories and Concepts • Motives- are the needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people toward behavior. Motivation involves goal-directed behavior • Drive Theories apply the concept of homeostasis, a state of physiological equilibrium or stability to behavior. A drive is an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension. • Incentive theories hold that motivation is regulated by external stimuli (Ex. Ice cream, an A, money etc.). An incentive is an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior - Drive and incentive models are often contrasted as push-versus-pull theories. Drive theories emphasize how internal states of tension push people in certain directions. Incentive theories emphasize how external stimuli pull people in a certain direction • Evolutionary theories hold that natural selection favors behaviors that maximize reproductive success- explains affiliation, achievement, dominance, aggression and sex drive - Being presentable and pleasant to be around have a higher success rate Examples of Biological Motives in Humans Examples of Social Motives in Humans - Hunger motive - Thirst motive - Sex motive - Temperature motive - Sleep and rest motive - Activity motive - Achievement motive - Affiliation motive - Nurturance motive - Dominance motive - Play motive - Order motive (tidiness, organization) The Motivation of Hunger and Eating ¬ Biological Factors ...
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...Operant conditioning Psychopathology- the study of abnormal behaviour Biological functions such as eating, drinking and sleeping are regulated by… • Homeostasis: steady state of equilibrium within bodily systems. A system is returned to a resting level through motivational states that energise and direct homeostasis-restoring behaviours. ! • Thus, homeostatic systems include several features: 1. Set Point: biologically optimal level the system strives to maintain. 2. Feedback mechanisms: provide information regarding the state of the system with respect to variables being regulated. 3. Corrective mechanisms: restore the system to its set point when needed. Physiological needs describe a deficient biological condition. Occur with tissue and bloodstream deficits, as from water loss, nutrient deprivation or physical injury. ➡ If water loss occurs below an optimal homeostatic level (around 2%) this creates the physiological need that underlies thirst. defined as • THIRST iswater deficit.a consciously experienced motivational state (drive) that readies the body to perform behaviours needed to replenish ➡ So drive is a psychological (not biological) term. Conscious manifestation of an underlying biological need that has motivational properties (to energise and direct behaviour). ➡ How does thurst arise? Water lies inside (intracellular fluid contributes 40% body weight) and outside (extracellular fluid contributes 20% body weight) cells. ! We may distinguish between osmometric...
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...group this afternoon. Again, my name is Jennifer, and I have worked here at Turning Point for seven years. I personally do not have any eating-related disorders, but I do have a twin sister who has suffered her entire life with a severe eating disorder which is why I decided to council others who have eating disorders. Please feel free, and do not hesitate to ask any questions that you may have. Today I would like to go over some of the physiological myths regarding hunger and satiety, as well as the physiological factors associated with hunger and satiety being. Satiety is the feeling of no longer being hungry, or what some people might refer to as full. Whether it be for comfort, or pleasure, or just out of habit, we all eat. Some people can eat a meal and think nothing of it. For others, eating could be detrimental to their physical and mental health. Most people do not take time to learn about the food they eat. There have been a number of theories in regards to hunger and eating. One of the theories is known as the set-point assumption theory, which gives the idea that after eating a meal our energy level would gradually decrease until it reached a certain point, alerting us to consume food for more energy, and when our energy level was brought back to the set-point we would be satiated. This may seem correct, however if hunger and eating is regulated by a set-point, there would not be an epidemic of obesity and problems being overweight throughout America. Other theories...
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...people, however, suffer from mania as well. One moment or day they feel the effects of depression the next they feel as if they have loads of energy and are in a constant state of energized motion or activity. People who suffer the effects of both depression and mania have something called bipolar disorder. Unipolar Depression Symptoms The symptoms of unipolar depression span five different aspects of human functioning these are: emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, and physical. Emotional symptoms of depression leave people feeling overwhelmingly sad this may also be accompanied by thoughts of worthlessness, misery, and that they are empty or void of other emotions. People will often lose any pleasure gained from their normal activities and life and they may also lose their sense of humor. Depression can also sometimes be accompanied by anxiety, anger, and agitation (Comer, R. J. 2010). The fact that people with depression lose interest in their usual daily activities is one motivational symptom. Other motivational symptoms include a lack of drive and initiative...
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...impulse to optimize well-being, minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure. It can also originate from specific physical needs such as eating, sleeping or resting, and sex. Motivation is an inner drive to behave or act in a certain manner. These inner conditions such as wishes, desires and goals, activate to move in a particular direction in behavior. ------------------------------------------------- Types of theories and models Motivational theories A class of theories about why people do things seeks to reduce the number of factors down to one and explain all behavior through that one factor. For example, economics has been criticized for using self-interest as a mono-motivational theory. Mono-motivational theories are often criticized for being too reductive or too abstract. Conscious and unconscious motivations A number of motivational theories emphasize the distinction between conscious and unconscious motivations. In evolutionary psychology, the "ultimate", unconscious motivation may be a cold evolutionary calculation, the conscious motivation could be more benign or even positive emotions. For example, while it may be in the best interest of a male's genes to have multiple partners and thus break up with or divorce one before moving onto the next, the conscious rationalization could be, "I loved her at the time". Freud is associated with the idea that human beings have many unconscious motivations that cause them to make important...
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...example, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat. Motivation has been shown to have roots in physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social areas. Motivation may be rooted in a basic impulse to optimize well-being, minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure. It can also originate from specific physical needs such as eating, sleeping or resting, and sex. Motivation is an inner drive to behave or act in a certain manner. These inner conditions such as wishes, desires and goals, activate to move in a particular direction in behavior. Contents 1 Types of theories and models 1.1 Motivational theories 1.2 Conscious and unconscious motivations 2 Psychological theories and models 2.1 Rational motivations 2.2 Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation 2.3 Push and pull 2.4 Self-control 2.5 Drives 2.6 Incentive theory 2.7 Escape-seeking dichotomy model 2.8 Drive-reduction theory 2.9 Cognitive dissonance theory 2.10 Content theories 2.10.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs 2.10.2 Herzberg's two-factor theory 2.10.3 Alderfer's ERG theory 2.10.4 Self-determination theory 2.11 Temporal motivation theory 2.12 Achievement motivation 2.13 Cognitive theories 2.13.1 Goal-setting theory 2.14 Models of behavior change 2.15 Conscious motivation 2.16 Unconscious...
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...were overweight but considering that Singapore has an obesity rate of only 4.2%, it is clear that there is no real need to lose weight artificially. The desired end state is the consumer's goal. The goal is to be thin like the models in the glossy magazines. Magnitude of tension a need creates (or degree of arousal) is called a drive. The tension is the feeling that one is not already skinny enough, so to resolve this tension, one is driven to find a solution (such as diet pills). Personal and cultural factors combine to create a want which is a manifestation of a need. Diet pills satisfy the want to be skinny without having to put in the hard effort such as eating healthy and exercising. Motivational Strength: I believe that the diet pills are encouraged through expectancy theory because women have the expectation that the diet pills will make them thinner and as a result, more 'beautiful' which to them is the positive expectation that pulls them. Motivational Direction: The company has convinced women in Singapore that their diet pills are a "natural way to lose...
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...What Is Binge Eating? Binge eating, also called compulsive overeating, affects approximately 5% of Americans at some point in their lives.2 Prospective research estimates that approximately 2% of men and 3.5% of women will be diagnosed with BED in their lifetimes.3 While experts debate on the exact parameters of a binge, the term generally refers to a discrete period of time during which an individual overeats to the point of being uncomfortably full without hunger or a metabolic need driving eating behavior.2 Accompanying the excessive caloric consumption that occurs during a binge are feelings of loss of control and psychological distress, such as guilt, disgust, embarrassment, or depression.2,4 Binge eating triggers reported in the literature include exposure to physical or psychological stressors, food deprivation or restriction (eg, dieting), patterns of emotional eating, and the restriction or abstinence from, and then reintroduction of, highly palatable foods.2 Unsurprisingly, individuals who binge most often do so on high-fat, high-carbohydrate foods.2 The clinical manifestation of frequent binge-eating behavior results in a diagnosis of BED. While not formally defined as a psychiatric disorder like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, BED is included as a provisional diagnosis in the current edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) under “eating disorders not otherwise specified” (EDNOS)...
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...humans but, theoretically, it can also be used to describe the causes for animal behavior as well. This article refers to human motivation. According to various theories, motivation may be rooted in a basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure, or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, goal, state of being, ideal, or it may be attributed to less-apparent reasons such as altruism, selfishness, morality, or avoiding mortality. Conceptually, motivation should not be confused with either volition or optimism.[1] Motivation is related to, but distinct from, emotion. |Contents | |[hide] | |1 Motivation concepts | |1.1 Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation | |1.2 Self-control | |2 Motivational theories...
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...people do what they do. A motive is what prompts a person to act in a certain way or at least develop an inclination for specific behavior.[1] For example, when someone eats food to satisfy the need of hunger, or when a student does his/her work in school because they want a good grade. Both show a similar connection between what we do and why we do it. According to Maehr and Meyer, "Motivation is a word that is part of the popular culture as few other psychological concepts are".[2] Wikipedia readers will have a motive (or motives) for reading an article, even if such motives are complex and difficult to pinpoint. At the other end of the range of complexity, hunger is frequently the motive for seeking out and consuming food.Types of theories and models[edit] Motivation theories can be classified on a number of basis. Natural vs. Rational based on whether the underlying theory of human Cognition is based on natural forces (drives, needs, desires) or some kind of rationality (instrumentality, meaningfulness, self-identity). Content vs. Process based on whether the focus is on the content ("what") motivates vs process ("how") motivation takes place. Monist and pluralistic motivational theories[edit] A class of theories about why people do things seeks to reduce the number of factors down to one and explain all behaviour through that one factor. For example, economics has been criticized for using self-interest as a mono-motivational theory. [3] Mono-motivational theories are...
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...food chain, has operations in more than 65 countries of the world; KFC restaurants located over 25 countries, Subways is present in 90 countries with total 39,129 restaurants and so and so forth (Buthrie, Lin & Frazao, 2002). However, according to most of researches, fast food is not at all fit for health and can cause serious problems. According to Marion Nestle, Chair of New York University’s Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health, “the increased calories in American diets come from eating more food in general, but especially more of foods high in fat (meat, dairy, fried foods, grain dishes with added fat), sugar (soft drinks, juice drinks, desserts), and salt (snack foods)” (Nestle, 2002; p. 10). This report discusses some positive as well as negative points of taking fast food. Reasons for popularity Before delving into the positive and negative aspects of fast food, it seems appropriate if we discuss the reasons of fast food popularity. The question is what compels the Americans to eat such poorly balanced food? The answer of the...
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...motivation however are complex. This paper examines the internal and external factors that influence the motivation to learn, as well as the principles of motivation as applied to instructional design. The intent of the paper is to be pragmatic in focus and it is written to educators for use in the classroon. The applications of motivation theory in education are limited only by one’s imagination. Definition Inertia is a property of matter by which it remains at rest or in uniform motion in the same straight line unless acted upon by some external force. Motivation can be defined as the internal drive directing behavior towards some end. Motivation helps individuals overcome inertia. External forces can influence behavior but ultimately it is the internal force of motivation that sustains behavior. People work longer, harder and with more vigor and intensity when they are motivated than when they are not. As an instructor I often consider student motivation to be up to the student. Such abstract concepts as attitude and needs are personal and not easy for an instructor to address.. Adult educators are dealing with a group of individuals whose needs and motivations are very diverse. Life experience widens the gap between students and creates a diversity that is important in learning. Instructional designers must meet the chalenge of designing instruction that is motivating. There are a number of motivational techniques which have a great bearing on instructional design. The potential...
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...Liberty University Abstract The consequences of the American lifestyle, obesity and its associated comorbidities, on healthcare costs is staggering. Physicians prescribe behavioral changes such as diet and exercise, and hand out information on how to decrease stress. Wellness coaching has an opportunity to address clients holistically in order to achieve the behavioral changes needed to improve people’s lives and embrace their full potential. Motivation, both intrinsic and extrinsic, is a complex construct or force causing people to act and its presence is needed for change to begin as well as sustained. Based on Self-Determination Theory where the combination personality, self-regulation, and autonomy in motivation yield behavior change. Wellness coaches collaborate with clients in the coaching process to motivate client’s to meet their goals, using the coaching experience and accountability teaches the client self-motivation, and coaching the client in motivating others. During the initial screening conversation the coach must determine if the client is a good fit for wellness coaching and if they have any hurts that a counselor needs to address to free the individual to move forward. The coach needs to understand how the client is motivated to ensure goals are S.M.A.R.T with the right mixture of motivation applied through action steps and accountability to meet goals. Motivational interviewing techniques offer the client insights and awareness of their emotions. To remain...
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...Sciences In Partial fulfillment Of the requirement of the course EN – 102 Writing in the Discipline Nadate, Ma. Criselda D. BSHM 2nd Semester March 2014 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND The Department of Health’s (DOH) Food Hygiene Inspection Program is risk-based. This means that those facilities that pose a greater risk to the public becoming sick from consuming their product are inspected more often than those that pose a lesser risk. The amount of risk is determined by risk factors. These risk factors include the type of food served, amount of population that is required, the population that is served, and the quantity of food that is prepared. Cafeteria workers have made many students sick by not wearing proper gloves or reporting to work when having infectious disease. Food borne illness are especially concerning for children because they do not have the immune system needed to handle virus unlike adults. School ask for help for the checklist to know what sanitation standards are needed. International School for Food Protection (ISFP) was developed to provide an environment different from traditional professional adults learning experience. According to Chuck Jolley, to meet the complex food safety facing the Food Industry, the ISFP curriculum is influenced by the Science and Technology to reflect the changes taking place in the food industry. It encourages people to look at old problems in new ways I order to find unique solutions. The Food Service...
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