...when people could think for themselves and new ideas were expressed. Without the printing press to publish new ideas from philosophers such as John Locke, people would not know about new ideas of society or government. Since new ideas about the government were being published, this lead to the French Revolution. Without the information of the government, common people would have been unable to overthrow the French government. Immanuel Kant – Immanuel Kant was a German...
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...In the years following the violence that shook Rwanda and the world in 1994, there have been many attempts to explain, or at least understand, the nature of the human tragedy known as the Rwandan genocide. Most accounts describe how two rival ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi, were engaged in a bitter dispute culminating in 1994. During a period of less than three months, widespread torture and brutality resulted in 500,000 to 800,000 (mainly Tutsi) deaths.[1] After over three years of civil war following an invasion of mainly Tutsi refugees from neighbouring Burundi, a series of negotiations resulted in the adoption of the Arusha accord, which called for the eventual sharing of power between the invaders (known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF) and the former regime of Hutu President Juvénal Habyarimana, and his party, the Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND). The widespread killings, mainly committed by the interahamwe, a group of Hutu extremist militias, began after the plane carrying President Habyarimana was shot down on the night of April 6, 1994. In the months that followed, the international community essentially turned a blind eye to the bloody massacre that was to unfold in the Rwandan anarchy. It seems no overstatement to portray the Rwandan genocide of 1994 as a “failure of humanity,” to use the words of the commander of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), Canadian General Roméo Dallaire.[2] There is a distinct danger, however...
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...POL 201 Final Exam – Study Guide https://homeworklance.com/downloads/pol-201-final-exam-study-guide/ POL 201 Final Exam – Study Guide Question 1 The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus suggested that there would be a world population crisis because the: Question 2 In the United States, school children are taught not to speak until the teacher calls on them and to regulate their activities according to clocks or bells. This learning experience is referred to as: Question 3 When leaders imprison or even execute political dissidents, they are applying: Question 4 According to which sociological perspective did the media begin expressing concern about downsizing only when it began to impact managers and white-collar workers? Question 5 In a public high school, certain teachers are assigned to work with college preparatory students, while others work with students who plan to go directly into the business world. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of: Question 6 Which of the following groups currently has the highest infant mortality rate in the United States? Question 7 In comparison with men, women have lower rates of: Question 8 According to Dalton Conley, Ph.D. of New York University, __________ is one way social inequality is exemplified in health. Question 9 Medicine serves as an agent of social control. It has even attempted to guard its jurisdiction by placing health care professionals such as chiropractors and nurse-midwives outside the realm...
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...Theorists A. John Locke: The Labor Theory Of Value B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract C. Jeremy Bentham: The Greatest Good II. Economic Theorists A. Aristotle B. Plato C. Xenophon D. Thomas Aquinas E. Nicolo Machiavelli F. Jean Bodin G. Antonio Serra H. Thomas Mun I. Physiocrats J. Merchantilists K. Adam Smith L. W.W. Rostow M. Thomas Malthus N. David Ricardo O. Karl Marx P. Jean Sismondi Q. Friedrich List R. Henry Charles Carey S. Henry George T. John Maynard Keynes U. Joseph Schumpeter V. Friedrich Hayek W. John Kenneth Galbraith Chapter 3 Summary, Conclusion and Sources Although the idea of a natural or just price or wage is very noble, prices in reality are subjective. As a human I agree. I mean in the ideal world it would be nice if a fair days work for a fair days pay. Further a fair price based on, I do not know what, something fair and just. But the reality is different. Prices and wages in the real world not the Platonic world are determined subjectively, by supply and demand. That is something in the market is worth exactly what someone will pay for it. Aristotle influenced economic thought because he formulated a coherent idea about the development and uses of money. He also recognized that private property is "natural", and that community of property would not work in the real world. In conclusion, Plato's contribution to economic thought, while...
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...affluence. Historians and economists have long struggled to understand how this transition occurred and why it took place only in some countries. A scholar who has spent the last 20 years scanning medieval English archives has now emerged with startling answers for both questions. Gregory Clark, an economic historian at the University of California, Davis, believes that the Industrial Revolution -- the surge in economic growth that occurred first in England around 1800 -- occurred because of a change in the nature of the human population. The change was one in which people gradually developed the strange new behaviors required to make a modern economy work. The middle-class values of nonviolence, literacy, long working hours and a willingness to save emerged only recently in human history, Dr. Clark argues. Because they grew more common in the centuries before 1800, whether by cultural transmission or evolutionary adaptation, the English population at last became productive enough to escape from poverty, followed quickly by other countries with the same long agrarian past. Dr. Clark’s ideas have been circulating in articles and manuscripts for several years and are to be published as a book next month, "A Farewell to Alms" (Princeton University Press). Economic historians have high praise for his thesis, though many disagree with parts of it. "This is a great book and deserves attention," said Philip Hoffman, a historian at the California Institute of Technology. He described...
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...Holy Grail of prosperity is seven inches of latex: a condom”. The reference here is made to population control. He says that rich countries must provide aid to poor countries to help them control population-cash for condoms-and that is the only way to progress. Population has been concern in economics since Thomas Malthus. In the 19th century, he propounded that the rate of population growth rate will outpace the rate of food production and eventually there will be massive famines to correct the downward pressure exerted by population on food resources. As recently as 1960 Paul Ehrlich predicted massive famines would wipe out at least a fifth of the population. But this didn't happen. While population did double between 1960 and 1990, food production tripled and food prices actually decreased. At the time when Ehrlich predicted the famines, the population growth rate was 2.1 but has since reduced. The reduction can be attributed to a fall in birth rate rather than an increase in death rate in the form of famines. The author then cites Lester Brown to convey that the population scare is a relevant issue. Excess population is putting a strain on food, water, forest products, land availability and employment opportunities. Pakistan’s workforce is projected to increase from 72million in 1999 to 199 million in 2050. The solution put forth in the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, 1994 was to call for increased family planning (more condoms) and to...
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...to come to grips with the specter of continued population growth in much of the developing world and continued depletion of natural resources everywhere. In particular, four challenges loom: Continuing the downward trend in population growth, reaching replacement–level fertility as soon as possible; stemming the hemorrhage of biological diversity; reducing non-sustainable consumption patterns; and mitigating the worst effects of global climate change. Furthermore, to ensure that the future generation is not deprived of its resources the impact of population growth on the resources has to be recognized. Thus, it is right to say that there is a relationship between the behavior of population variables and sustainable development. Therefore, the aim of this essay is to clearly state my position as a Demographer, how I would harness the integration of Population Variables towards sustainable Development. The essay will give definition to key terms in it such as Population and Sustainable Development and at its end a conclusion is given based on what is discussed in the essay. Snelson (1974) defied population as a group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding within a given area. Members of a population often rely on the same resources, are subject to similar environmental constraints, and depend on the availability of other members to persist over time. In other words the United Nations (2010) defined population as the total number of people living in a given...
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...Critical Analysis: Rise of the West There are many theories and ideas of how western civilization became the way it is today. While some scholars believe it is in one influence of another region, many others can argue that it is certainly just the way the world is supposed to work out. We, as humans, have no control over how our surrounding civilization will turn out nor would we be able to alter many thing that have happened in the past. Robert Marks provides his own examples and theories to prove that other regions such as India and China have a significant part in the outcome of the west. The ideas of Eurocentrism, contingency, accident theories and conjuncture are all theories that are mentioned throughout the narrative to allow readers to understand the point of view the author is coming from. The narrative points out examples and ideas of many scholars who have their own opinions of the rise of the west and the many influences that surround it. Not only does the author of the narrative explain his own views and opinions, but he uses evidence from scholars such as Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels to support his claim as well. "The Rise of the west" is a narrative that provides many examples of how the west was influenced by many other regions and not solely just on European culture. In the narrative, Marks seeks to expand his ideas on how he believes that the world's western civilization was created and influenced by other cultures rather than just one region, Europe....
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...sacrificed for the individual. Such is the state of the general population. I write this paper on the premise that the world is overpopulated. In light of this viewpoint, I advocate population control. When I choose the topic for this paper, I settled on subject of overpopulation and population control believing it to be a new and unexplored topic. I was wrong by a long shot. Population was under intense scrutiny during the 1960'a and 70's (Wilmoth 334). Long before that Thomas Robert Malthus brought the overpopulation problem into the lime light in 1798 (Hardin 9). Why then had I never heard of this topic before? I found that the issue is extremely complex, broad and not well defined. It is impossible to hint at the scope of the problem in a five minute newsbyte or two column article. For this reason it is obvious that the issue does not lend itself well to be included in the main stream media. This subject is so expansive that I'll count it a job done well if I can just scratch the surface of it in this paper. Overpopulation and population control has implications in economics, the environment, sociology, philosophy, family, politics, religion, sexuality, and individual rights. Any one of these aspects of overpopulation is subject matter enough for an entire book. Another reason that the question of population may have trouble maintaining the public eye is that is an ever present problem. The current population of 5.6 billion has taken many millenniums to develop (Kii). Overpopulation...
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...EVOLUTION AND SELF-INTEREST Richard Dawkins argues that at its most fundamental level, the genetic level, life is self-interested.1 Genes do only one thing; they replicate themselves. These replicators reside in and are carried around by biological vehicles (trees, animals, humans, fungus, etc.). The resources that support these biological vehicles are finite, so the process of life has become a competition among genes to create vehicles that can successfully compete for limited resources and survive to pass on their genetic code. Dawkins coined the term ‘selfish gene’ to emphasize the single, focused object of a gene’s existence. What he means is that the sole purpose of a gene is to make copies of itself using the Darwinian selection process; very selfishly ignoring the consequences this pursuit may have on other living entities. Self-interest is a requirement for survival. This does not mean, of course, that animals and humans cannot be altruistic sometimes, in certain activities.2 It does mean that no living entity can survive for long if it is only purely altruistic. On the other hand, survival is not necessarily jeopardized when an organism is purely self-interested. Altruism, in the absence of self-interest, is not evolutionarily stable in the biological world; it leads to extinction. It is for this reason that all extant life forms must be selfish. Humans, like all creatures, are self-interested; not because it is good to be selfish but because we would not be here if...
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... J.B.Say in the french Classical Liberalism school of thought Jean Baptiste Say was a French economist and businessman. He had classical liberal views and argued in favor of competition, free trade and lifting restraints on business. He is best known due to Say's Law , which is named after him and at times credited to him, but while he discussed and popularized it, he did not originate it. 1.2. Mainstream of the Classical Liberalism school of economics Classical liberalism is a political philosophy and ideology belonging to liberalism in which primary emphasis is placed on securing the freedom of the individual by limiting the power of the government. The philosophy emerged as a response to the Industrial Revolution and urbanization in the 19th century in Europe and the United States. It advocates civil liberties with a limited government under the rule of law, private property and belief in the laissez-faire economic policy. Classical liberalism is built on ideas that had already arisen by the end of the 18th century, such as selected ideas of Adam Smith, John Locke, Jean Baptiste Say, Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo. It drew on a psychological understanding of individual liberty, the contradictory theories of natural law and utilitarism, and a belief in progress. Core beliefs of classical liberals included new ideas - which departed from both the older...
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...Topic: What begins people’s discovery of science? Thesis: “Hypotheses non fingo,” Newton confidently claimed. Therefore, he arbitrarily excluded the “hypothesis” from the experimental philosophy. Affected by him, more and more remarks neglected the importance of the “hypotheses” since then. As a result, it becomes a common view that discovery should proceed from analytic methods stricto sensu. Then, what is the real definition of hypothesis in Newton’s opinion ? Will he believe in intuition? Therefore, I will try to explain the definition of both “hypothesis” and “intuition”, and then attach significance to the “intuition” to show how the intuition begins a new discovery of science and struggle to prove that sometimes, the intuition can be a quite strong power to lead us to reach our confirmations. Outline: 1. The moment when I realize the importance of the intuition (Faraday) 2. The definition of hypothesis and intuition 3. The supporter- Einstein (using his examples as detailed ones) 4. The other famous successful discoveries in four different fields: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography (describing the main story of each example) 5. How should we treat the intuition? What should we do after the intuition? 6. The conclusion includes 1) The importance of the intuition, 2) The significant role it has acted in the history of science, 3) Its efficiency of finding a certain answer, 4) An interesting analogy to show the role of intuition Body: ...
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...“SCIENCE FICTION OR SCIENCE FACT” ARE WHITES INHERENTLY MORE INTELLIGENT THAN BLACKS ? ( Delroy Constantine-Simms University of Essex (UK) & Marciea Monique McMillian University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (USA) ABSTRACT The publication of Hernstein & Murray’s (1994) “The Bell Curve” appears to be the latest expression of pseudo scientific theories with respect to race and intelligence. This paper gives an historical and ideological insight behind the development and application of intelligence tests by citing examples of their impact on legislation, social policy and intervention programmes in relation to Blacks. More importantly, a discussion of cultural bias in test design focuses on the response of Black psychologists who developed Black intelligence tests that portray whites as intellectually inferior in the same manner that Blacks are portrayed as intellectually inferior on tests devised by white psychologist. Furthermore, The hereditary perspective of intelligence is challenged by empirical evidence that centres on children with white ancestry to assess whether white genes influence intelligence while citing several sources that support the environmental explanation of the race gap in test scores. Consequently, this discussion questions the reliability and validity of intelligence tests that are used to reinforce the Black intellectual inferiority myth. The conclusive argument suggests in no uncertain terms that the Bell Curve is nothing more than the repackaging...
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...Population and Environment Theodore Panayotou CID Working Paper No. 54 July 2000 Environment and Development Paper No.2 Copyright 2000 Theodore Panayotou and the President and Fellows of Harvard College Working Papers Center for International Development at Harvard University Population and Environment Theodore Panayotou Abstract The past fifty years have witnessed two simultaneous and accelerating trends: an explosive growth in population and a steep increase in resource depletion and environmental degradation. These trends have fueled the debate on the link between population and environment that began 150 years earlier, when Malthus voiced his concern about the ability of the earth and its finite resources to feed an exponentially growing population. The purpose of this study is to review the literature on population and environment and to identify the main strands of thought and the assumptions that lie behind them. The author begins with a review of the historical perspective. He then reviews and assesses the evidence on the relationship between population and environment, focusing on selected natural and environmental resources: land use, water use, local pollution, deforestation and climate change. The author also reviews selected recent macro and micro perspectives. The new macro perspective introduces the environment-income relationship and examines the role of population growth and density in mediating this relationship. The new micro perspective introduces the...
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... And what is the difference between absolute and relative poverty? In the paper I will address these issues along with sociological views of poverty. Poverty is a social issue that affects the world. Poverty causes many to be malnourished and die at a young age, it is a cause of deviant behavior such as crime, and also causes the poor to be marginalized from society and have little voice in public and political debate causing individuals to remain in poverty. Poverty is a condition of people who lack adequate income and wealth. Whereas absolute poverty is individuals live without adequate food, clothing, water or shelter. In other words the little money they make is not enough to provide these necessary materials of life. The United Nations defines absolute poverty as living on less than $1 a day, which equates to over one billion people, or about one–fifth of the world's population, falling in that category. The poorest part of the world is now in Sub–Saharan Africa. According to Thomas Malthus the amount of land, food, and water was fixed; there could be no more of these natural resources than what was available. As the population increased in size, it would eventually outstrip the environment's ability to sustain them (Malthus, 1798). This would result in poverty, misery, and famine for the peoples of the world. His premise has become known as the Malthusian trap. In 2009 over 1 billion people, or 16% of the world's population, were at...
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