...PROSPECTS OF TRADE UNDER SAFTA Muhammad Khalid Bashir, Khuda Bakhsh and Azid Imdad Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad ABSTRACT Under the WTO regime it was expected that both the developing and developed nations will benefit from the opening up of the markets in these countries. But uptil now the developing countries are at the suffering end. So theses were being encouraged to explore the regional markets and make some regional free trade areas. The countries of SAARC had decided to sign the SAFTA. Question arises that will it be a support to the economies of these countries? The general perception is that the countries with higher comparative advantage will out weigh rest of the countries. It is further being envisaged incase of SAFTA that there are three possible ways of the workability of it which are; pessimistic, optimistic and moderate. Different empirical evidences and theoretical perceptions are that the current political atmosphere in the region is supportive to the pessimistic outcome of SAFTA. INTRODUCTION The World Trade Organization (WTO) has been established with an aim to enhance international trade with the help of lower trade barriers and providing a forum to negotiate trade and business with agreed upon principles of the trading system. The WTO principles allow a free trading system with no discrimination against foreign products or services. The provision is also there that one country can not provide...
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...Cross-Cultural Perspectives When an organization is started, it is generally unknown. As the organization grows, it influences and is influenced by the population and economy around it. If the people in charge of that organization or corporation are using a strong ethical basis for their decision making, they will probably make sound decisions and will not have many problems with their character being questioned. However, all too often, companies make decisions based on financial gain instead of humanities. As a company moves into other areas of the globe and creates a multinational presence, the number of people affected by its policies and regulations grows along with it. If the company is being operated with questionable ethical principles, it can create cultural issues within the organization. This is what happened within the Nike Corporation as a result of their labor policies as they searched for cheap labor to increase the financial gain (Stabile, 2000). Nike, Inc. was started in 1964 by Philip Knight as Blue Ribbon Sports. Mr. Knight made a deal with the Japanese firm Onitsuka Company, Ltd., and they were among the first to take advantage of Asian-produced, inexpensive imitation footwear. In 1960, shoes that had been imported from other countries only accounted for four percent of the shoes sold in the United States. By 1969, that number had risen to 32 percent and by the year 1984 72% of the shoes sold in the United States were being imported from other countries...
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...GLOBALIZATION AND PAKISTAN, SOME REALITIES. Ghulam Ali Khan * INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION: Globalization is a multifaceted phenomenon. The term Globalization is a controversial term and has been defined in several different ways. The word globalization can imply different meaning for different people across the glob. Some focus on the economic aspect and hence emphasize the global economy outlook, whereas some focus on the cultural aspects of this phenomenon and how globalization has effected different aspects of their culture, still others focus on the political aspects of the structure of globalization, yet others equate globalization with advanced technology, particularly in the area of communication and transportation. Globalization is all that. According to Majidi (1 ) There is not yet any single definition about globalization and there no consensus about it among the scholars. According to Walsham (2) ”The term globalization has achieved the unusual status, in a relatively short time, of becoming fashionable in academic debates in the social sciences, in the business world, and to some extent in the popular media. . However, even a cursory examination of these sources would demonstrate that the term is highly ambiguous, and that it masks a wide variety of opinions on what is happening in the world.’’ Anthony Mcgrew (3) confirming that globalization is a multidimensional phenomena, pays due attention to the issue of communication, defining globalization as the increasing...
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...Ciudad Juarez is known as one of the most violent cities in Mexico. The drug cartels have taken over the city and have continued to control the city. The city officials have been defeated over and over again; hopeless they still search for new ways to win this ongoing war. Using technology in the United States has become a crucial part of it's survival, since our failure to use intelligence properly in the attack of nine-eleven. Mexico is now attempting to use use the same method in hope that they can be steps ahead of the cartel to ensure success. The Drug Cartels are very violent organizations in Mexico. Between December 2006 and December 2010, there were more than 30,000 deaths in the country. The Cartels in Mexico have become very powerful since the Colombian cocaine traffickers were prevented from transporting their drugs through the Caribbean into the United States. In the 1970 the Colombian cartels transported the cocaine shipment either by plane or by sea. The United States with the use of radar could easily track them and confiscate their shipment. In the drug cartel technology usage will be used in the measure intelligence it is “investigating illegal drug trafficking” . (Buckley, John (2013-10-30) In the late 1980’s the cartel had to ship large shipments. The Columbian Cartel would do their shipment through the Caribbean . In this book it states that it “was easy guarded with the use of radar and since all drugs shipments were made by air or sea“...
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...The Theory of Globalization in Dubai William Jackson Jr Keller School of Graduate Management Abstract This paper will explore Dubai, the world’s fastest growing city on the Arabian Gulf which features the most amazing projects, that appears to be the new tourism model for the world. Mega-resorts featuring golf courses, marinas, hotels, housing estates, super-malls and entertainment facilities are mushrooming along coastlines in all continents. The globalization in Dubai will be presented utilizing examples from South Africa, Vietnam, the Bahamas and Mexico. Many of those Mega-resort and housing complexes are built by Middle Eastern companies utilizing capital from the Middle East. The city of Dubai tourism-related projects are called “bubbles set to burst”. One analyst, called Dubai “the harshest of lessons in the perils of rampant property speculation”. The property, tourism and golf industries have already suffered downturns as a result of the global credit crunch, and the majority of the ambitious resort projects may not survive the current economic crisis. Developers and speculators will lose money, but the major losers will be local communities and the environment. In addition to concerns about the economic risks, there are growing worries about the global food shortage crisis and how it impacts of climate change. But decision-makers are careless when it comes to giving the green light to constructing monstrous resorts and housing...
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...government and NGOs alone. Sustainable solutions to society’s problems can only be found through the collaboration and involvement of all who are part of it. Companies have tremendous strengths; they have extremely capable people, technology, access to money, the ability of geographical reach, etc. Many companies worldwide and now even in Pakistan are more powerful than governments and even countries, and thus corporate are important stakeholders in society. Our objective of the research is analysis of Pakistan’s major telecom companies to explore and understand the role that telecom corporate are playing and can play in finding meaningful solutions to the problems facing Pakistan today. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: The general objective of our study is to identify how CSR is being understood and implemented in the Company’s business strategies with in the telecom industry of Pakistan. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: This research study is intended to answer the following questions: • Are the firms aware of CSR dynamics? • Do they consider CSR concept relevant to their own enterprise? • Are companies and firms interested in CSR topic? What...
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...The Pakistan Development Review 41:4 Part I (Winter 2002) pp. 319–332 The Presidential Address Regulatory Framework in Pakistan A. R. KEMAL* I. INTRODUCTIION Until the mid-1970s, governments all over the world (especially in the developing economies), intervened in markets on the pretext of market failure arising from externalities, decreasing cost industries, and equity considerations for maximising social welfare. In Pakistan, where the private sector has played a dominant role, except probably for the 1970s,1 private sector activities have all along been regulated through various types of controls and regulations on entry and exit, prices, credit, foreign exchange, imports, investments, etc. These regulations were imposed with a view to ensuring that private sector allocations were in accordance with the national priorities [see Pakistan (1983-84)]. However, the objectives were rarely realised and, in fact, these regulations have been responsible for red-tapism and corruption. On the grounds of government failure, privatisation and deregulation policies are being practised almost everywhere in the hope that they would help in efficient allocation of resources and higher levels of productivity. Considerable regulatory reforms have also been effected in Pakistan over the last two decades. Investment and import licensing have been withdrawn, most of the foreign exchange restrictions have been removed, capital market regulations have been simplified, price controls have...
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...How To Combat Terrorism Terrorism is used by extremist to scare the public into meeting their demands. These terrorist believe that if they can cause some sort of panic that they can force people to fear them and in turn, have power over them. Their tactics are generally extremely violent and they will do whatever is necessary to strike fear into the hearts of those they deem to be their enemy. What can be done to combat terrorist? Is there any way that we can keep ourselves safe from these extremist? Combating terrorism is no easy task and it is something that can not be done over night. It will be a long struggle that could be quite dangerous. One of the first things to do is to find out all of the methods that these terrorists use and understand their strategies. How do they attack us? In what ways have they been most successful? If we can find out all of the ways they may attack, it will be much easier to set up defenses and stop them before they harm any innocent people. Once you know where they will attack, you can begin setting up procedures to stop them. One of the most obvious rules is to simply have security scout the area for anything unusual. At an airport, for example, security guards should be constantly patrolling the area and if they notice anything strange, they should check it out. There should be some sort of system to check bags for harmful items and of course a metal detector. Some sort of smaller system should be placed in any type of area that terrorist...
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...Name: Course: Date: Education in the modern world As the world becomes more civilized and connected, global competitiveness makes it the duty of every global citizen and government to reconcile the true meaning of education to the standards and practices applied in learning. Without this societal reflection, a country or person risks lagging behind as the world progresses. This paper seeks to understand education and its place in the 21st century society. The first step in this quest is to ask the question, what is education? There exist a myriad of definitions on education. Key to every definition is the transfer of knowledge, values and skills. This knowledge transfer requires an knowledgeable guide or tutor to impart what they know to a willing learner. This is a process of illumination for the learner. As Will Durant eloquently states, “Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance” (Durant). Every great kingdom throughout history has placed a premium on education. From the library of Alexandria in ancient Egypt to the depth of information on the internet, education remains at the heart of every successful society. Currently, modern formal education has largely failed to provide value to learners. The most common forms of modern formal education employ rote memorization. Knowledge imparted does not go beyond the testing stage. Another failure by modern learning institutions is their over emphasis on the academic aspects of education. These institutions forget that...
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... 2004; Bontis, 2001). IC was first being acknowledged in 1995 by Skandia when it published the world’s first IC yearly report (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997). Definition of Intellectual Capital (IC) There have been tremendously abundant definitions of IC (refer to Appendix 1). In general it may seen synonymous with knowledge capital and asset, intangible and visible assets (refer to Appendix 2). This also includes human capital, information assets as well as the enclose value of organisations (Bontis, 2001; Tseng and Goo, 2005). Itami (1987) refers IC as organisation’s intangible assets that consist of experience, customer relationship and information, organisation’s repute and culture and intellectual property. This consistent with what mentioned by Stewart (1997) where IC comprises intellectual material that is able to generate wealth. The closest definition of IC would be from Roos et al. (2005) where IC is said to be the non-physical besides non-monetary capitals controlled by organisations that leads to value formation. According to Stewart (1997), there are three components for IC, which are human capital, structural capital as well as relational capital (refer to Appendix 3). Components of IC Human capital happens to be the capital, embedded in a person’s mind and stays together in a person. When a worker quits, the human capital that includes skills, innovativeness, experiences, changeability, leadership, knowledge and creativity leave as well (Brooking, 1997;...
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...[pic] [pic]Economy of Bangladesh From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search |Economy of Bangladesh | |[pic] | |Kawran Bazar (A commercial hub of Bangladesh) | |Rank |48 | |Currency |Bangladesh Taka (BDT) | |Fiscal year |1 July - 30 June | |Trade organisations |WTO, WCO, IOR-ARC, SAFTA, D8 | |Statistics | |GDP |$256 billion (2010 est. PPP) | |GDP growth |5.7% (2009 est.) | |GDP per capita |$1,600 (2009 est. PPP) | |GDP by sector |agriculture: (18.6%), industry: (28.6%), services: (52.8%) (2009| | |est.) | |Inflation (CPI) |5.4% (2009 est.) | |Population |36.3% (2008 est.) ...
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...Chupical Shollah Manuel Globalization as a theory, concept and ideology has roots from modernization theories. It has been advanced by industrialized nations and thereupon imposed on the developing nations. This concept is paradoxical where in one hand it is liberating and on the other it is constraining. In this paper, globalization is defined as a set of institutional and ideological relations which brings nations into a global village, fusion of cultures, and advancement of geopolitics, internationalization, increased borderless society and global market economy (Robertson, 1992; Ritzer, 2004; Wallerstein, 1974/2000; Zetlin, 2001). This essay chronicles a heated debate between supporters of globalization and those who are skeptical about it as suggested by the question that globalization benefits small nations while in sharp contrast these small developing nations find it as beneficial to developed nations. A plethora of case studies will be drawn across the globe in assessing these two contrasting views and in the conclusion a judgement will be passed based on the evidence substantiated throughout the entire essay. The assertion that “while promoters of globalization proclaim that this model is the tide that will lift all boats, while citizens movements find that it is instead lifting only yachts” means that globalization is viewed, conceived and interpreted differently by the rich and the poor countries are very sceptical. Globalization is not different from other theories...
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...Economics, Vol. 5 (1993), pp. 25-35 Comments: RODNEY WILSON Professor of Economics Department of Economics University of Durham U.K. The article by Hamid Zangeneh and Ahmad Salam is a welcome departure in the Islamic finance literature, as relatively little has been written about the role of central banks in an Islamic financial system. The authors review the major functions of central banks, and then discuss how monetary tools need to be adapted in an Islamic economy, these including discount rates, open market operations, reserve ratios, refinancing ratios, credit controls, moral persuasion, profit sharing ratios and exchange rates. The authors cite an earlier paper by Mohammad Nejatullah Siddiqi who has probably given more consideration to the issues than anyone else. (1) One of Siddiqi's main concerns is the central bank's role as lender of the last resort, as it is ultimately responsible for safeguarding the interests of depositors, whether the system is conventional or Islamic, although arguably in an Islamic economy it is not so much a matter of consumer rights, but rather of moral responsibility to Muslim depositors who have entrusted their savings to an Islamic bank in good faith. Although the authors quote Mohammad Uzair when discussing the tools of central banking, (2) Sidjqi has looked at these matters more recently, at least in a summary form. (3) (1) Muhammad Nejatullah Siddiqi. "Central Banking in an Islamic Framework", paper in al Idara al Maliyah fil Islam, Royal...
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...THEME India enjoys distinct status of being the largest democracy. Biggest middle class and secularism are considered and propagated as the binding forces in a land of diverse culture and ethnicity. Sheer geopolitics combined with the land and mass of the country places India in an advantageous position in the comity of nations. However, the short history of India, as a republic has exposed her “Cloak of Secularism”. The secular political philosophy of India, which sought to achieve unity through diversity, is now faced with challenges of rising communalism and caste-ism heralded by Hindu fundamentalism and socio-economic discrimination of the socially backward sections of society. There are strong movements and simmering aspirations seeking for greater autonomy and even independence. Analyze the socio-ethnic mosaic of India with a view to determine the causes of ethnic sub-nationalism/ conflicts and ascertain the future of these fissiparous tendencies and their impact on the national integration of India. SUB THEME – SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS IN INDIA India has a host of separatist movements fermenting on its outer fringes; from the freedom struggle of Kashmiris in the North West to the Naxal, Naga, Mizoram and Manipur Movements in the North and North eastern parts particularly the ‘Siliguri Corridor’. From the 1980’s onwards, virtually the entire North has been plagued by such activities with a large proportion of religious and ethnic groups in the region forming movements...
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...organization, influence of business strategy various HR practices .PRAN encourage their employee to take part in opportunities and programs that will add to their aptitude to bring value and ensure further augmentation and achievement for themselves and the Company. Every year they are challenging their previous success. They are pleased with that what they have achieved previously but not delighted with that. (Pran Food, n.d.) and Beverage every endeavor is to outweigh their past performance. They are growing and growing in the global market. At last we shortly discuss practices of Strategic Human Resources Management in Bangladeshi local company PRAN Food and Beverage. Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 Introduction 4 Background of the company 5 HR as an important perspective 7 Common Issues of HR 8 Currently faced problems 9 Employee Workforce Management 9 Labor Management 9 Achievable Solutions 10 To speed up the workforce 10 For Labor enforcement 10 Conclusions 11 Bibliography 12 Introduction The complexity of the entire globalization process, which gave rise to increasing mutual dependence of different economies, branches and organizations, makes new issues with respect to human resources and their knowledge as the sole creative factor of the new value and profit creation actual. Instead of the present day domination of natural and financial resources, the world's...
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