In chapter four philosopher Jean-Baptiste Lamarck wrote Philosophie Zoologique. Lamarck was a soldier, biologist, and scholar who came up with the concept that species changed over time. This concept is known as evolution, which Lamarck advanced his concept to natural laws. Naturalism beliefs have “natural laws and forces operate in the world” ideas that miracles can be answer by natural reasoning, rules, and regulations.

English philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer most influential book was Principles of Biology. Spencer view-point of evolution was natural selection to human societies, and Spencer belief was “we must compete to survive, and reproduce”. Spencer famous phrase “survival of the fittest”, correlated with Lamarck theory