...What is literature? * Creative writing of recognised artistic value. * Written works of fiction and non-fiction in which compositional excellence and advancement in the art of writing are higher priorities than are considerations of profit or commercial appeal. * Literature is literally "an acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary (from the Latin littera meaning "an individual written character (letter)"). The term has generally come to identify a collection of texts. The word literature as a common noun can refer to any form of writing, such as essays or poetry; Literature as a proper noun refers to a whole body of literary work, world-wide or relating to a specific culture... * lit·er·a·ture n. 1. The body of written works of a language, period, or culture. 2. Imaginative or creative writing, especially of recognized artistic value:"Literature must be an analysis of experience and a synthesis of the findings into a unity" 3. The art or occupation of a literary writer. 4. The body of written work produced by scholars or researchers in a given field: medical literature. 5. Printed material: All the available collected literature on the subject. 6. Music: All the compositions of a certain kind or for a specific instrument or ensemble: the symphonic literature. Good literature has something important to say about life. If we take the time to read and understand the literature...
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...Non-Probability Sampling Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected. In any form of research, true random sampling is always difficult to achieve. Most researchers are bounded by time, money and workforce and because of these limitations, it is almost impossible to randomly sample the entire population and it is often necessary to employ another sampling technique, the non-probability sampling technique. In contrast with probability sampling, non-probability sample is not a product of a randomized selection processes. Subjects in a non-probability sample are usually selected on the basis of their accessibility or by the purposive personal judgment of the researcher. The downside of the non-probablity sampling method is that an unknown proportion of the entire population was not sampled. This entails that the sample may or may not represent the entire population accurately. Therefore, the results of the research cannot be used in generalizations pertaining to the entire population. Types of Non-Probability Sampling Convenience Sampling Convenience sampling is probably the most common of all sampling techniques. With convenience sampling, the samples are selected because they are accessible to the researcher. Subjects are chosen simply because they are easy to recruit. This technique is considered easiest, cheapest and least time...
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...or Wordsworth; definitive examples of all that the term implies. We instinctively associate the term with characteristics such as artistic merit, creative genius, and the expression of mankind's noblest qualities. In this essay I will explore some of the characteristics of this kind of writing. Literary works are primarily distinguishable from other pieces of writing by their creative, or artistic intent. A piece of literature differs from a specialised treatises on astronomy, political economy, philosophy, or even history, in part because it appeals, not to a particular class of readers only, but to men and women; and in part because, while the object of the treatise is simply to impart knowledge, one ideal end of the piece of literature, whether it also imparts knowledge or not, is to yield aesthetic satisfaction by the manner of which it handles its theme. [1] The writer of this passage emphasises the distinction between writing of didactic purpose and literary writing which has that other, aesthetic, dimension. In fundamental terms literature is 'an expression of life through the medium of language' [2], but language used more profoundly than when used simply to convey information. The following two extracts, for example, both describing one partner's response to marital problems, are different in both their form and their intent: Many critics date the crumbling of their marriage back to that unfortunate episode, but David was delighted when he heard that Lynne...
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...> 168159 CD >m Gift of YALE UNIVERSITY With the aid of the ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION 1949 OSMANIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Call No. Author %&V/S#/ 2-^ & Accession No. - . This bookihould be returned on or before the date last marked below. WHAT IS LITERATURE? JEAN-PAUL SARTRE Translated from the French by BERNARD FRECHTMAN PHILOSOPHICAL LIBRARY NEW YORK Copyright, 1949, by Philosophical Library, Inc. 15 EAST 40th Street, New York, N.Y. Printed in the United States of America TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword I II What Why is Writing? Write? Whom Does One Write? 7 38 III For IV Situation of the Writer in 1947 161 Index 299 67 FOREWORD want to engage yourself," writes a young imbecile, "what are you waiting for? Join the Communist Party." A great writer who engaged himself often and disengaged himself still more often, but who has forgotten, said to me, "The worst artists are the most engaged. Look "If you at the Soviet painters" "You want tres is to murder An old critic gently complained, literature. spread out insolently all Contempt for belles-let- through your review." A petty mind calls me pigheaded, which for him is evidently the highest insult. An author who barely crawled from name sometimes awakens men accuses me of not being one war to the other and whose languishing memories in old concerned with immortality; he knows, thank God, any number of people whose chief hope it is. In the eyes of an American...
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...When thinking about what literature means to me, all that come to mind are the English portions of the SATs and the STAR tests where I remember falling asleep in the middle of reading a passage and then waking up, hoping I’ll know the answer to the question, "What was the author's mood in the story?" It never really made sense to me as to why such questions were important or relevant in a writing class. In fact, before I looked it up, I never knew that there was a difference between literature and writing. Isn't it all just... English? However, I was able to come to the conclusion that literature is any piece of work created by those who are able to express their opinions and feelings in words instead of actions. Literature is a type of aesthetic expression, an art form really, generally used for entertainment and to be enjoyed by readers. Quite commonly, the characters that are developed in literary works show the different perspectives of a topic presented by the author. It can be about love or politics or the ever-famous question of life and why humans exist. To many people, literature is thought-provoking and life changing. But to me, literature is just another form of entertainment and should not be required in English 214. There are only a few skills that can be used after studying literature. Literature classes have always been, in my experience, analyzing what the author wrote and trying to find his or her messages between the lines. Teachers stress their students...
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...Explain What It Means to Read the Bible as Literature The question of whether the bible should be studied as any other work of literature continues to attract a lot of friction especially between literary scholars and faithful believers of the bible. The principal argument between these two factions is merely divided by the fact that the bible, like any other piece of literature out there is subject to literary criticism (Gabel et. al. 12). However, unlike all the other forms of literature out there, the fact that the bible was inspired by God alienates and bases its information on religious beliefs makeing it an exclusive piece of literature. Nonetheless, studying the bible as literature is never far-fetched and is in fact important according...
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...The Emerald Research Register for this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/researchregister The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0956-4233.htm IJSIM 15,1 What drives consumers to shop online? A literature review ˜ ´ Tonita Perea y Monsuwe, Benedict G.C. Dellaert and Ko de Ruyter Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Keywords Information media, Internet, Purchasing, Shopping Abstract While a large number of consumers in the US and Europe frequently shop on the Internet, research on what drives consumers to shop online has typically been fragmented. This paper therefore proposes a framework to increase researchers’ understanding of consumers’ attitudes toward online shopping and their intention to shop on the Internet. The framework uses the constructs of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as a basis, extended by exogenous factors and applies it to the online shopping context. The review shows that attitudes toward online shopping and intention to shop online are not only affected by ease of use, usefulness, and enjoyment, but also by exogenous factors like consumer traits, situational factors, product characteristics, previous online shopping experiences, and trust in online shopping. 102 Introduction Despite the slowing penetration of regular Internet users, the number of consumers using the Internet to shop for consumer goods and services is still growing (Forrester Research...
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...INDIVIDUAL PROPOSAL Submitted To INSTRUCTOR: Prof. Ernesto Noronha ACADEMIC ASSOCIATE: Ms. Avantika Gautam In partial fulfilment of requirements of the course Qualitative Methods (Term III) (2014) By P K V Kishan (FPM, Economics) Date: 20th February 2014 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, AHMEDABAD "What drives school teachers towards better performance? - Findings from Qualitative interviews" Motivation Teachers are the focal point of knowledge dissemination anywhere in the world. A teacher discharges various roles in a society besides assisting learning in the classroom – that of a motivator, nurturer, critic, life coach, leader and a continual learner herself. During the course of her lifetime, a teacher touches multiple lives and engenders positive externalities in the community through her students and herself. Her role becomes all the more important in the context of primary and secondary education as development of a child’s personality takes place during her early years and a great deal of that development is built on learning that happens at school. It is the teacher who creates an environment conducive for learning. Learning takes place by constant engagement of both student and teacher. While the student’s engagement is for her own good, the teacher needs to engage in the heterogeneous learning needs of students she teaches, has taught or is connected to. That requires constant, untiring efforts on the part of the teacher. Edwards, Gandini and Forman...
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...| Research Paper | What is the relationship between history and the literature that explores it? What are the similarities between that trial and the one of Tom Robinson in the novel? | | E3 | In a time in which racism and segregation were substantial two lawyers each very determined to help and stand by their clients and defend them in law to the best of their abilities in the face of danger. Both the Scottsboro boy Trials and the Tom Robinson trial in the novel “To Kill a Mockingbird” were very similar and “To kill a Mockingbird” definitely seemed as if it were influenced by the Scottsboro boy’s trial. | Samuel Leibowits was the lawyer who defended Charles Weems, Andy Wright, Olen Montgomery, Roy Wright, Willie Robertson, Eugene Williams, Ozzie Powell, Clarence Norris and Haywood Patterson also known as the Scottsboro Boys. What happen to them was that they were on a train and they were accused of rape by Victoria Price and Ruby Bates. All nine men were convicted soon after for rape. Atticus Finch defended Tom Robinson, who was accused of raping Mayella Ewell, a white woman. In the novel "To Kill a Mockingbird" the story revolves around the trial and the life of Finch and his family before, during and after the trial of Tom Robinson. Atticus faced loads of criticism for defending a black man. The similarities that are shared between the trials of the Scottsboro Boys and that of Tom Robinson in "To Kill a Mockingbird" are many. First of all they both take...
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...term and understanding of management has been questioned, modified and tested. Today, management can be developed and placed nearly anywhere in a workplace and is essential in the efficiency and effectiveness of any company. From the early thoughts Sun Tzu, Scientists like Fredrick Winslow Taylor to the theories of Mcgregor; the true definition of management is not yet set in stone. This report’s goal is to study and describe the many definitions of management, try to comprehend the reasons for their individual differences and/or similarities and it will also observe business ethics throughout this evolution. The theory of scientific management was the creation of Frederick Winslow Taylor (1911, pg 7): ‘Management is an art of knowing what to do, when to do and see that it is done in the best and cheapest way’. The theory and its belief was that there is one best way to do a task and by using scientific methods that ‘one best way’ can be established. F.W Taylor ‘was the first to synthesize and systematize the best that was known about the management of men and to point out the techniques by which art might be advanced in the future’(Aitken,1960,p.35), thus showing that Taylor was ahead of his time with his thinking about management and understood that management was an art. Hoxie argued however, that “Scientific management, fully and properly applied inevitably tends to the constant breakdown of the established craft and craftsmanship and the constant elimination of skill”...
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...To what extent has popular music culture challenged dominant gender norms? Critically analyse with reference to relevant literature and examples Traditional dominant gender norms state that women are feminine in appearance, including everything from their hair down to their shoes and of course their demeanour, voice and behaviour. The traditional man would be that who is strong and rugged with a deep voice and who is overtly masculine without a hint of make up or traditionally feminine clothing. It has been decades since these norms have begun to alter and be challenged as both sexes began experimenting with gender and identity through the medium of music. By looking at different music genres throughout the ages I will attempt to show how popular music has broken down social barriers and in my opinion has succeeded in challenging gender norms to a point where the perceptions of what is socially acceptable have been altered. Before delving into the world of rock and roll it is noteworthy that the music industry was like any other business, a typically male environment in which women were not expected to survive. The music industry and specifically the Rock genre were sexually focused from the very early stages, as far back as the 40’s and 50’s. Rock music posed a question of morality and was perceived as shocking and dangerous because of its explicit sexual overtones. An example of these first steps in the scene would be Elvis whose gold, tight outfits and pelvic thrusts...
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...The piece of literature that grabbed my attention and had a great effect on me is A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier, which was written by Ishmael Beah. The book is about Ishmael and his older brother and how they survived during the war in Sierra Leone. The boys live in horrific conditions and under a constant risk for their lives. The only thing that keeps them going is their hope, faith, love and memories about their family since they were told that there family was alive. However, due to the heartbreaking circumstances, the boys do not meet their family. As a consequence of such a cruel surviving, Ishmael and his friends are forced to become fearless child soldiers. However, Ishmael is eventually rescued by the United nations where he undergoes complete rehabilitation in the United States. Ishmael’s book inspires me to fight against injustice and crimes. I was born in Nepal, where we moved from, to the current residence in the US. Nepal is also under great political instability and social differences. Hence this book inspired me to fight against injustice and crimes. As a consequence, I am trying to make people aware by encouraging my friends and family to educate the Nepalese citizens. The book also provides a unique perspective of the dark sides of civil wars. I have learnt not to judge people instantly because their upbringing may have been completely different. Here, at the community college, I have met friends from different cultures and backgrounds. I have...
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...Literature Review Handout Liberty University Online Writing Center Handout Description A review of literature is a critical analysis of a portion of the published body of knowledge available through the use of summary, classification, and comparison of previous research studies, reviews of literature, and journal articles (“How to Write a Literature Review”, 2012). This handout discusses the reasons for writing a literature review and presents its various requirements. It examines what a literature review is, as well as what it is not; it distinguishes between the literature review and the annotated bibliography. Like many academic writing assignments, there is not one universal standard for writing a literature review. Its format can differ from discipline to discipline and from assignment to assignment. There is, however, an overall structure that is commonly used across various disciplines, and this format is examined in more detail. The handout concludes with some helpful “tips and tricks” for preparing a literature review. Disclaimer: The content of a literature review may vary from discipline to discipline and from assignment to assignment. The literature review content recommended in this handout is that which is most commonly included. If in doubt about what you should include in your literature review, please consult your professor. Literature Review Handout Defining a Literature Review ...
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...REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES GUIDELINES A. Content Chapter 3 Review of Related Literature and Studies 3.1 Review of Related Literature 3.1.1 Title of Related Literature 1 Discuss the relevance of the related literature 1 and make the conclusions and contradictions found in the literature clear in the report. Use the guidelines below in discussing review of related literature. 3.1.2 Title of Related Literature 2 Discuss the relevance of the related literature 2 and make the conclusions and contradictions found in the literature clear in the report. Use the guidelines below in discussing review of related literature. 3.1.3 Title of Related Literature 3 Discuss the relevance of the related literature 3 and make the conclusions and contradictions found in the literature clear in the report. Use the guidelines below in discussing review of related literature. 3.2 Review of Related Studies 3.2.1 Title of Related Study 1 Discuss the relevance of the related study 1 and make the conclusions and contradictions found in the study clear in the report. Use the guidelines below in discussing review of related study. 3.2.2 Title of Related Study 2 Discuss the relevance of the related study 2 and make the conclusions and contradictions found in the study clear in the report. Use the guidelines below in discussing review of related study. 3.2.3 Title of Related Study 3 Discuss the relevance of the related study 3 and make the conclusions and contradictions found in the study clear...
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...Definition: What is literature? Why do we read it? Why is literature important? Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material. Broadly speaking, "literature" is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to works of the creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction. Generally, most people have their own ideas of what literature is. When enrolling in a literary course at university, you expect that everything on the reading list will be “literature”. Similarly, you might expect everything by a known author to be literature, even though the quality of that author's work may vary from publication to publication. Perhaps you get an idea just from looking at the cover design on a book whether it is “literary” or “pulp”. Literature then, is a form of demarcation, however fuzzy, based on the premise that all texts are not created equal. Some have or are given more value than others. Most forays into the question of “what is literature” go into how literature works with the reader, rather than how the author set about writing it. It is the reception, rather than the writing, which is the object of enquiry. Largely, what we call “literature” is often a subjective value judgment, and naturally, value judgments, like literary tastes, will change. Etymologically, literature has to do with letters, the written as opposed to the spoken word...
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