...outcomes may take many shapes and forms over regions and time and circumstance. Due to its nature, democracy is best fit in terms of incentives. Moreover, it is in a state’s vested interest in terms of democracy to adhere to gradual democratic change, in contrast to a political overhaul such as we see in Germany, France, and Italy. In these cases, democracy simply cannot thrive as democracy, by nature, requires gradual social change and must overcome bargaining costs and stabilizing change. The evidence that stands today, tested by the outcomes of history, maintains exactly this: democratic transition must be slow and concessional, thus mitigating the exit costs and cost of unilateral decisions or actions in terms of bargaining. Moreover, the difference between a stable and unstable democracy does not depend on education, economics, nor the middle class; rather, the success and stability of a democracy is formulated vis-à-vis it’s institutional factors. (Magagna 2/18). As actors, states are indeed rational and thus adhere to cost-benefit analyses in terms of bargaining power. In this analysis of political instability, it is evident that the sources are as follows: the potential benefits of transition exceed the costs of bargaining, fragmented party support creates a democratic deficit, linkage between democracy and redistribution, and the integration of violence unravels the social peace democracy needs to survive. These aspects of the degradation of democracy and consequential...
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...Talking about the Today Scenario, Financial Institutions are focusing on the improving system for Finance in Rural Areas. As on the day when Narendra Modi's Government came on the rule, it has already focused on increasing the number of branches of Commercial Banks in rural areas in order to provide better financial services to the people residing in such areas. Moreover the interest rate of financing in rural areas should be kept low as in comparison to that financing in urban areas and moreover the time period should be increased. As we can see that previously Agriculture was one of the main sources of income of people but now the fact has changed. As people are migrating to urban areas in search of jobs where they could get more amount of money in order to fulfill their basic necessities. This is because we can consider due to changing weather conditions in India as production level has gone down due to less rain. Thus in order to encourage growing of agricultural products, the Government should take initiative in increasing the finance in order to cope up these different situations that the country is facing. Now the State Government of Uttar Pradesh has taken the initiative. As this year due to heavy rains in most parts of Uttar Pradesh, the crops were destroyed and moreover the farmers were at loss and thus even resulted in increasing number of suicides in the states by farmer. Thus in order to overcome the situation what the Government did was that it provided the...
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...AN INVESTIGATION ON HOW THE PEOPLE IN BELVEDERE CAN GET INVOLVED IN THE LAW MAKING PROCESS AND DEMOCRATIC VALUES OBJECTIVES * To state how one can convince everyone above the age of eighteen in Belvedere to participate in the law making process * To study factors affecting the full participation of the people living in belvedere. * To state how gender affects the law making process. * To state why public participation is important to democracy. * To suggest way in which implementation of the involvement of the community can be ensured and be democratic. METHODOLOGY The researcher engaged into mouth to mouth survey and researches from the internet plus books. By this the researcher asked people in the community in a systematic way were by she skipped every three houses before she could get into a question and answer situation. The researcher encountered people with an ignorant attitude who turned down such an interview and the major problem lies on the honesty of the person being interviewed as it is his or her own point of view. The researcher took into account most of the things which involved the survey from the articles of newspapers. FINDINGS Factors affecting the full participation of the people As adamant as people are most of them deliberately take being involved as a waste of time, or consumption of the wrong time at the wrong moment cause of the after effect of the post 2007-9 era. Most of the...
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...Government Final Review 1. What is a political party? -a group of people joined together by common philosophies and common approaches with the aim of getting candidates elected in order to develop and implement public policy. It is characterized by an organization that is responsible to the electorate and has a role in government. 2. What are the characteristics of politics? -who gets what, when, how, and why. Politics deal with individuals and their needs, values, and attitudes will band together to form political parties. 3. What are linkage institutions? -the means by which individuals can express preferences regarding the development of public policy. Some examples: political parties, special interest groups, and the media. 4. Political parties looked like? -can be viewed as an organization, the relationship with the electorate, and a role in government. 5.What is party realignment? -the shift of party loyalty, occurred in 1932 after the country experienced the Great Depression. 6. What are the basic characteristics of political parties since 1990? -era of divided government. ? 7. How do most Americans participate in the political process? - discussing politics, registering to vote, voting in local/state/national elections, joining a specific political party, making contact with politicians, attending political meetings, contributing to political campaigns, working in a campaign, soliciting funds, and running for office. 8. What does someone running for office...
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...state as main and the only actor of world politics. This theory gave a new analytical framework to understand the international relations which was contrary to the state centric paradigm of realism. With complex interdependence as its central concept, this theoretical analysis advanced “synthesis of liberal + realist perspectives by constructing a way of looking at world politics and also the idea of institutionalism to foster cooperation”. It is asked how under conditions of complex interdependence world politics would be different than under realist conditions means this analysis ask to see “ what realism overlooked”. The phenomenon of Interdependence is not new; states have always been interdependent on each other for their economic functions and especially for security purposes. We have seen the complicated interdependence among states in the alliance system to achieve their political ends before First World War. The earliest example of interdependence comes from Norman Angell’s “The great illusion (1910) when he said the economic interdependence will minimize the occurrence of war on the basis of cost-benefit analysis.” Countries are dependent on each other for trade and transaction, they interact globally e.g. flow of money, goods, people and messages across international boundaries but all transactions among countries are not characterized by interdependence because??? Where there is reciprocal costly effect of transactions, there is interdependence” If no costly effect so...
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...of political organization. Concepts of human rights and political liberty are now very much a part of the prevailing rhetoric. People live much longer, on an average, than ever before. Also, the different regions of the globe are now more closely linked than they have ever been. This is so not only in the fields of trade, commerce and communication, but also in terms of interactive ideas and ideals. And yet we also live in a world with remarkable deprivation, destitution and oppression. There are many new problems as well as old ones, including persistence of poverty and unfulfilled elementary needs, occurrence of famines and widespread hunger, violation of elementary political freedoms as well as of basic liberties, extensive neglect of the interests and agency of women and worsening threats to our environment and to the sustainability of our economic and social lives. Many of these deprivations can be observed, in one form or another, in rich countries as well as poor ones. Overcoming these problems is a central part of the exercise of development. We have to recognize, it is argued here, the role of freedoms of different kinds in countering these afflictions. Indeed, individual agency is, ultimately, central to addressing these deprivations. On the other hand, the freedom of agency that we have individually is inescapably qualified and constrained by the social, political and economic opportunities that are available to us. There is a deep complementarity between individual...
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...WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? Four Possible Answers Simon Reich Working Paper #261 – December 1998 Simon Reich holds appointments as a Professor at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs and in the Department of Political Science at the University of Pittsburgh. In fall 1997 he was a Visiting Fellow at the Kellogg Institute. His publications include The Fruits of Fascism: Postwar Prosperity in Historical Perspective and The German Predicament: Memory and Power in the New Europe (with Andrei S. Markovits) both published by Cornell University Press. His most recent coauthored book is The Myth of the Global Corporation (Princeton University Press, 1998). Reich has also published many book chapters and articles in journals such as International Organization, International Interactions, The Review of International Political Economy, and German Politics and Society. He has received fellowships from the Sloan Foundation and the Kellogg Institute and was awarded an International Affairs Fellowship from the Council on Foreign Relations. His current work is on the issue of the definitions and central propositions of globalization. This paper was written during my stay at the Kellogg Institute. I wish to express my appreciation to the fellows and staff of the Institute for all their help on this project, notably to Scott Mainwaring who is now director of the Institute. Introduction The end of the Cold War provided a major shock for scholars of politics and policy in at...
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...Expanding Horizons and Forging Cooperation in a Resurgent Asia SAARC 2015 The New Delhi Statement on SAARC 2015 and Asian Resurgence © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, March 2007 Published by: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung India Office K-70B, Hauz Khas Enclave New Delhi Email: fes@fesindia.org Edited by: Kant K. Bhargava and Mahendra P. Lama Designed and printed by: New Concept Information Systems Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi ISBN 81-7440-065-6 Contents Foreword Preface Background Paper Inaugural Address by I.K. Gujral Group Reports New Delhi Statement Annexures: (i) Programme (ii) List of Participants & Special Invitees (iii) List of Written Papers and Presentations Related Publications iv vi 1 17 23 45 56 71 Foreword As part of its programme for the promotion of regional cooperation in South Asia, the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung organised the Conference on SAARC 2015: Expanding Horizons and Forging Cooperation in a Resurgent Asia in February 2007 in New Delhi in collaboration with Ambassador Kant K. Bhargava, former Secretary-General of SAARC, and Prof. Mahendra Lama, Chairman, Centre for South, Central, South East Asian and South West Pacific Studies, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. The main thrust of the Conference was that the SAARC as an entity and its member states must prepare themselves well for leveraging the opportunities arising from the current resurgence in Asia. The Background Paper for the Conference was prepared...
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...Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. The variety of economic and political systems in Europe 3 3. The institution European Union. 7 4. The impact of the EU on its member states. 11 5. Lobbying in the EU. 13 6. Conclusion 17 References 17 Appendices 17 1. Introduction On January 1st. 2007, the European Union (EU) has completed its last enlargement round till now by accepting Romania and Bulgaria as full members. The union now counts 27 member states, incorporating an enormous number of more than half a billion inhabitants. Obviously, each member largely effects and is affected by the European Union. The research interest of this paper is therefore to shed light on the construct European Union, by exploring the relationship between the European Union, its member states and constituents. The topic will be approached by first examining the varieties and interrelations of political and economic systems in major European countries. In a second step, the organizations and the governance of the European Union will be discussed, leading to the analysis of the EU impact on its member states. The third part is an analysis of the expression of interest in the EU. Finally, main arguments will be summarized to arrive at a conclusion. 2. The variety of economic and political systems in Europe The legitimation of a community like the European Union is inevitably linked to the existence...
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...2012 Abstract In this paper I will explore how two competing theories of poverty shape anti-poverty strategies. Since most rural community development efforts aim to relieve causes or symptoms of poverty, it makes a difference which theory of poverty is believed to be responsible for the problem being addressed. In this paper three theories of poverty are discussed from research in different news articles. It will be shown that two theories of poverty, not that these are the only two, place its origin from 1) individual deficiencies and 2) cumulative and circumstantial origins. Then, I show how each theory of poverty finds expression in common policy discussion and community development programs aimed to address the causes of poverty. Building a full understanding of each of these competing theories of poverty shows how they shape different community development approaches. While no one theory explains all instances of poverty, this paper aims to show how community development practices that address the complex and issues of poverty more effectively by reducing poverty compared to programs that address a single theory. Theories of Poverty and Community Development Community development has a variety of strategies available to meet the needs of those persons and groups who are less advantaged, usually in poverty. Community developers help all communities, but their passion lies disproportionately with people who do not have adequate personal resources to meet their needs or with...
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...of recent developments in historical institutionalism. First, it reviews some distinctions that are commonly drawn between the “historical” and the “rational choice” variants of institutionalism and shows that there are more points of tangency than typically assumed. However, differences remain in how scholars in the two traditions approach empirical problems. The contrast of rational choice’s emphasis on institutions as coordination mechanisms that generate or sustain equilibria versus historical institutionalism’s emphasis on how institutions emerge from and are embedded in concrete temporal processes serves as the foundation for the second half of the essay, which assesses our progress in understanding institutional formation and change. Drawing on insights from recent historical institutional work on “critical junctures” and on “policy feedbacks,” the article proposes a way of thinking about institutional evolution and path dependency that provides an alternative to equilibrium and other approaches that separate the analysis of institutional stability from that of institutional change. INTRODUCTION Institutional analysis has a distinguished pedigree in comparative politics, and the “new” institutionalist literature of the past two decades has both sustained this venerable tradition and deepened our understanding of the role of institutions in political life. At the same time, recent work has given rise to new debates. It is now conventional to distinguish three different...
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...participants in the economy) and chronic fiscal imbalances (situation where all of the future debt obligations of a government are different from the future income streams) -Other issues: natural disasters such as 2011 earthquake in Japan, flood in Thailand, Political uncertainty in China and Middle East -Globalization has compounded the types and level of business risks. *Typical challenges that managers face involve politics, cultural differences, global competition, Terrorism and Technology. Managers in companies are struggling to find ways to balance their social responsibilities, their images, and their competitive strategies. -PESTEL- An analytical tool to develop and understanding of exogenous risk -Pestel analysis- Political, Ethical, Social, Technological, Environmental and legal understanding or environmental scanning that is CRITICAL if we are to strategically plan and develop our value proposition. -> Exogenous creates Endogenous RISK SWOT Analysis- an analytical tool that helps you develop an understanding of how exogenous risks influences endogenous risks for the firm The Global Business environment Globalisation- Global competition characterized by networks of international linkages between countries, institutions, and people in an independent global economy. Five key global trends: 1. Changing...
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...decision-makers in democratic political processes. It questions the conditions that are necessary to promote such involvement and that open up spaces for the translation of women’s representation into political influence. The context of the devolution of power process in Pakistan shows that it is not enough to only set up democratic institutions to achieve women’s political effectiveness. Instead there is need for significant support through the state, political parties and civil society. To personalise the political is necessary for successfully being able to achieve policy outcomes that reflect women’s interests. Table of contents Abbreviations & Foreign Words 4 List of Figures and Tables 5 Acknowledgements 6 1. Introduction 7 Choice of case study 8/ Methodology 9/ Dissertation structure 10 2. Locating women’s engagement in democratisation 11 3. Imagining the political: women and the nature of the state 16 The framework of the state 16/ Defining access: affirmative action policies in Pakistan 16/ Devolving power to the grassroots 18/ Personalising the political: the presence of women councillors 20 4. Institutionalising the political: political parties and women’s involvement in the political system 22 Party membership structures 23/ Women’s wings and party manifestos 24/ Caucusing across party lines 24/ Personalising the political: the presence of policy making 26 5. Associating the political: civil society and women’s...
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...Microfinance has emerged as an effective method to fulfil the financial needs of small borrowers and poor sections of the society to uplift their economic conditions. In spite of creditable expansion of institutional credit network in our country majority of poor and rural population remained scarce in getting financial assistance from formal credit delivery institutions. Many credit intervention programmes floated by the government are found to be expensive, ineffective and defective. Indian experience revealed that steps taken to address the poor and poverty have not been yielding the desired result and considerable portion of aids and subsidies meant for the poor are channelized to affluent sections. Institutional mechanism involved in financing the poor through different developmental schemes unsuccessful in doing much to improve the situation and in fact many new problems arise in course of doing so. Poor recovery and siphoning of funds meant for poor have affected not only the viability of developmental schemes but also the profitability of the institutions. The shortcomings and failures of financial institutions and poverty alleviation and development programmes to meet the needs of needy small and poor borrowers kindle the micro finance concept. The impact of micro finance programmes on reduction of poverty is considerably encouraging in many countries. Many studies have revealed that micro finance has made positive impact on some socio economic variables like empowerment...
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...Compare the political leaders profiled in Susan Lawrence’s article “The New Guard: Five Younger Officials Make Their Way to the Top”. According to Lawrence (1998), the future of China will largely depend on its top leaders. Their priorities, reputations, and ability to get local officials and society at large to support their policies will shape the course of future events. At the vanguard of the group of up-and coming leaders is Hu Jintao, who joined the Communist Party’s most senior body, the seven-man politburo Standing Committee, at the age of 49 in 1992. These new leaders are united in their commitment to ensuring the primacy of the Communist Party and to implementing market-oriented economic reform. Trained as engineers (or, in one case, a geologist), they had reputations as good managers and operated primarily as party bureaucrats. The up-and-comer who has risen highest is Hu, now 55 years old. He was appointed vice-president of the People Republic of China in March. He may take over as party general secretary when Jiang Zemin completes his second term in that position in 2002. He was trained in hydroelectric engineering at the prestigious Qinghua University, and rose to national prominence through the ranks of the Communist Youth League (Lawrence, 1998, p. 570). The brightest of the five young leaders is Li Changchun, 54, the party boss of wealthy Guangdong, the province that borders Hong Kong. Li, an electrical engineer, spent most of his first five decades...
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