...How do we reckon with a history full of complexities and contradictions? To what extent did Abigail Adams contribute to the ideals upon which the US was founded? In the 18th century, many important figures contributed to US history, however, some of them were not typically considered founders of the United States. Abigail Adams, the wife of John Adams, the second president of the United States, may not typically be regarded as a founder of the United States. Still, she contributed significantly to the democratic ideals upon which the US was founded. Abigail Adams was a writer and thinker whose works offer invaluable insights into the early years of the United States. She wrote about her concerns as a woman living in the 18th century emphasizing that women should have more opportunities, especially in education. Adams also had strong feelings about marriage and believed that women should be able to make their own decisions rather than only be considered “maids” to their husbands. She believed that if women were properly educated, they could use their intellect to manage household affairs. In the 18th century women were not allowed to have, and more importantly, express their opinions. For this reason, other women highly...
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...Although, according to the Thomas Jefferson article on Wikipedia, “His routine was often interrupted by uninvited visitors and tourists eager to see the icon in his final days.” Therefore, Jefferson wasn’t not allowed the privacy he requested. As for what he did in his spare time, Jefferson sold all of his many books to the Library of Congress and built the University of Virginia. Jefferson wanted to have a university that was free of church influences, which allowed students to be able to specialize in many new areas. Thomas Jefferson passed away on July 4, 1826 hours before John Adams passed. He was ill prior to his death but the exact cause was never quite determined. As stated in the article Thomas Jefferson-Legacy, “Jefferson eloquently espoused the central role of the United States and the Declaration of Independence as signals of the blessings of self-government to the world.” Meaning that Thomas Jefferson’s ability to embrace the United States and Declaration of Independence made the country more...
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...INTRODUCTION Natural Law Is a philosophy of law that is determined by nature, and so is unive rsal. Classically, natural law refers to the use of reason to analyze human nature both social and personal and deduce binding rules of moral behavior from it. Natural law is often contrasted with the positive law of a given political community, society, or state. In legal theory, on the other hand, the interpretation of positive law requires some reference to natural law Although natural law is often conflated with common law, the two are distinct in that natural law is a view that certain rights or values are inherent in or universally cognizable by virtue of human reason or human nature, while common law is the legal tradition whereby certain rights or values are legally cognizable by virtue of judicial recognition or articulation PROPONENTS OF NATURAL LAW Plato According to Plato we live in an orderly universe. At the basis of this orderly universe or nature are the forms, most fundamentally the Form of the Good, which Plato describes as "the brightest region of Being". The Form of the Good is the cause of all things and when it is seen it leads a person to act wisely. In the Symposium, the Good is closely identified with the Beautiful. Also in the Symposium, Plato describes how the experience of the Beautiful by Socrates enables him to resist the temptations of wealth and sex. In the Republic, the ideal community is, "...a city which would be established in accordance with...
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...Motivation is a very important and extremely complex part in the hospitality and tourism industry as much as in any business in the world. Motivation can and does affect how much effort people put in their work and how much they can learn, upgrade their skills and contribute more to the company, through it. (Mullins 2007). Bloisi (2003) defines motivation as ‘’a conscious decision - to perform one or more activities with greater effort than other competing activities’’ (W. Bloisi, 2003 Management and Organisational Behaviour, p.172). Which said in plain English will mean that when a manager gives an incentive to his employees to perform a certain activity that will boost up the productivity of the employee and that confirms the theory that people are rational individual who respond to incentives. On the other hand, when the employee doesn’t have any stimulation to perform an activity the overall product of his work won’t be that good and that makes those employees a burden for the industry that they are working in - they no more contribute for the development of the company (Decenzo & Robbins 2005). Often one of the good examples of motivation is the money factor, followed by enjoying the industry and the good social environment. Most of our motives are conclusive of our behaviour. If managers understand the motivations of their employees they can understand in that way their behaviours (Huczynski & Buchanan 2007). Every manager has to know how to motivate and...
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...TExES I Texas Examinations of Educator Standards Preparation Manual 133 History 8–12 Copyright © 2006 by the Texas Education Agency (TEA). All rights reserved. The Texas Education Agency logo and TEA are registered trademarks of the Texas Education Agency. Texas Examinations of Educator Standards, TExES, and the TExES logo are trademarks of the Texas Education Agency. This publication has been produced for the Texas Education Agency (TEA) by ETS. ETS is under contract to the Texas Education Agency to administer the Texas Examinations of Educator Standards (TExES) program and the Certification of Educators in Texas (ExCET) program. The TExES program and the Examination for the Certification of Educators in Texas (ExCET) program are administered under the authority of the Texas Education Agency; regulations and standards governing the program are subject to change at the discretion of the Texas Education Agency. The Texas Education Agency and ETS do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, or disability in the administration of the testing program or the provision of related services. PREFACE The State Board for Educator Certification (SBEC) has developed new standards for Texas educators that delineate what the beginning educator should know and be able to do. These standards, which are based on the state-required curriculum for students—the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS)—form the basis for new Texas Examinations...
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...Montesquieu: Political Philosopher and His Views and Thoughts Montesquieu: Political Philosopher and His Views and Thoughts MONTESQUIEU Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, was born on January 19th, 1689 at La Brède, near Bordeaux, to a noble and prosperous family. He was educated at the Oratorian Collège de Juilly, received a law degree from the University of Bordeaux in 1708, and went to Paris to continue his legal studies. On the death of his father in 1713 he returned to La Brède to manage the estates he inherited, and in 1715 he married Jeanne de Lartigue, a practicing Protestant, with whom he had a son and two daughters. In 1716 he inherited from his uncle the title Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu and the office of Président à Mortier in the Parlement of Bordeaux. For the next eleven years he presided over the Tournelle, the Parlement's criminal division, in which capacity he heard legal proceedings, supervised prisons, and administered various punishments including torture. (Shklar, 1987) In 1721 Montesquieu published the Persian Letters, which was highly successful and made Montesquieu known by literary scholars. During this period he wrote several minor works: Dialogue de Sylla et d'Eucrate (1724), Réflexions sur la Monarchie Universelle (1724), and Le Temple de Gnide (1725). After visiting Italy, Germany, Austria, and other countries, he went to England, where he lived for two years. He was greatly impressed with the English political...
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...Motivational and sales performance reports On Glaxo Smith line India Limited Mumbai- India Contents Introduction 3 Company background 4 Literature Review 5 Intrinsic Rewards 5 Extrinsic rewards 6 Hygiene factors 7 Current issues, solution Proposal and conclusion 10 Stability 10 Hidden policies 10 Security 11 Politics in pay increment and promotion 11 Delay in reimbursements of incentive and awards 12 Unhealthy competition 12 Expectancy and valance of awards 13 References 14 Appendices 16 Appendix -1 16 Appendix-2 18 Appendix-3 20 Introduction Modern organisation faces a lot of challenges in retaining and motivating the staff as human resources are vital part of any organisation. These challenges like recruiting developing and retaining sales staff must be taken care off to gain maximum outcome from employees. To retain the employee, company uses different motivational techniques. This report is provided to determine the importance of motivational techniques for retaining staff motivated. Based on literature and journal article, motivational factors are discussed in this report. And how these motivational factors motivate the employees in selected organisation i.e. Glaxo Smith line India Limited. Different Motivational theories are discussed here to help the organisation to develop and retain the sales force and also discussed the issues and risk of the same followed by proposed solution is also provided here (Ali & Danish...
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...Abstract This study aims to advance our understanding of motivation at work and examines its effects on intrapraneurship and competitive performance in the high tech companies by reinterpreting the existing literature regarding motivation and conducting an empirical study to see the relationship. 1. Motivation in the Workplace 1.1. Work Motivation 1.2.1. Its Definition and Importance Motivation, in its broadest sense, is the force that drives behaviour. It is the act of stimulating someone or oneself to get desired course of action, push the right button to attain desired goals. Motivation is the reason for people to do a specific behaviour or make a decision. Each decision or choice has its own set of determinants, only employee motivation in the work context and its impacts will be elaborated in this paper. Motivation is always a goal-oriented process. It is a crucial factor in the accomplishment of company goals; by work motivation, employees are induced and energized towards company goals through a specific way. As Craig Pinder stated in his book “Work motivation in organizational behaviour” in 1998, work motivation is a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual’s being, to initiate work-related behaviour and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration. Motivation at work is a crucial determinant of work performance. In general, productivity depends on 3 things: resources...
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...SAJEMS NS 13 (2010) No 3 237 The relaTionship beTween employee moTivaTion and job involvemenT S Govender and SB Parumasur School of Management Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal Accepted March 2010 Abstract The study aims to assess the current level of, and relationship between, employee motivation and job involvement among permanent and temporary employees in various departments in a financial institution. This cross-sectional study was undertaken on 145 employees who were drawn by using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using the Employee Motivation Questionnaire (Fourie, 1989) and the Job Involvement Questionnaire (Lodahl & Kejner, 1965) and, was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicate that there are significant intercorrelations among the majority of dimensions and sub-dimensions of employee motivation and job involvement. Recommendations are presented to provide practitioners and managers with guidelines for enhancing employee motivation and job involvement respectively. JEL J28, M12 1 Introduction Motivating staff may be a critical factor in ensuring that an organisation thrives and succeeds in an increasingly competitive environment. The rationale is that, as employees become increasingly motivated to perform in their jobs, the likelihood of their becoming job involved increases significantly. Hence, the researchers postulate the existence of a direct relationship between motivation and job involvement...
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...Chapter 5Theories of Motivation LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following: 1. Understand the role of motivation in determining employee performance. 2. Classify the basic needs of employees. 3. Describe how fairness perceptions are determined and consequences of these perceptions. 4. Understand the importance of rewards and punishments. 5. Apply motivation theories to analyze performance problems. What inspires employees to provide excellent service, market a company’s products effectively, or achieve the goals set for them? Answering this question is of utmost importance if we are to understand and manage the work behavior of our peers, subordinates, and even supervisors. Put a different way, if someone is not performing well, what could be the reason? Job performance is viewed as a function of three factors and is expressed with the equation below. [1] According to this equation, motivation, ability, and environment are the major influences over employee performance. Performance is a function of the interaction between an individual’s motivation, ability, and environment. Motivation is one of the forces that lead to performance. Motivation is defined as the desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level, leading to goal-directed behavior. When we refer to someone as being motivated, we mean that the person is trying hard to accomplish a certain task. Motivation is clearly important if someone is to perform well;...
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...OUTLINE OF U.S. HISTORY OUTLINE OF OUTLINE OF U.S. HISTORY C O N T E N T S CHAPTER 1 Early America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 CHAPTER 2 The Colonial Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 CHAPTER 3 The Road to Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 CHAPTER 4 The Formation of a National Government . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 CHAPTER 5 Westward Expansion and Regional Differences . . . . . . . 110 CHAPTER 6 Sectional Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 CHAPTER 7 The Civil War and Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 CHAPTER 8 Growth and Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 CHAPTER 9 Discontent and Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 CHAPTER 10 War, Prosperity, and Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 CHAPTER 11 The New Deal and World War I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 CHAPTER 12 Postwar America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 CHAPTER 13 Decades of Change: 1960-1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 CHAPTER 14 The New Conservatism and a New World Order . . . . . . 304 CHAPTER 15 Bridge to the 21st Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 PICTURE PROFILES Becoming a Nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...reinforcement is used to increase performance. 5. List the four steps in the model for giving praise. 6. Identify the four parts of the model for writing objectives. 7. Explain the three steps of managing by objectives. 8. State ways to enrich, design, and simplify jobs. 9. Explain possible limitations of using motivation theories outside North America. 10. Define the following 16 key terms (in order of appearance in the chapter): motivation performance formula content motivation theories needs hierarchy two-factor theory manifest needs theory process motivation theories expectancy theory CHAPTER OUTLINE The Importance of Motivation What Is Motivation and Why Is It Important? How Motivation Affects Behavior, Human Relations, and Performance Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. equity theory reinforcement theory giving praise objectives management by objectives (MBO) job enrichment job design job simplification Content Motivation Theories Schedules of Reinforcement Organizational Reinforcement for Getting Employees to Come to Work and to Be on Time Motivation Techniques Giving Praise Needs Hierarchy Objectives and MBO ERG Theory Job Enrichment Two-factor Theory Job Design Manifest Needs Theory Putting the Motivation Theories Together How Organizations Meet Employee Needs Process Motivation Theories Do Motivation Theories Apply Globally? Expectancy Theory Cross-cultural...
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...Essays Essays Part II. 2, 2.] Part II. 2, 2.] Essays The Project Gutenberg EBook of Essays, by Ralph Waldo Emerson This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Essays Author: Ralph Waldo Emerson Editor: Edna H. L. Turpin Release Date: September 4, 2005 [EBook #16643] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAYS *** 1 Essays Produced by Curtis A. Weyant , Sankar Viswanathan and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net ESSAYS BY RALPH WALDO EMERSON Merrill's English Texts SELECTED AND EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES, BY EDNA H.L. TURPIN, AUTHOR OF "STORIES FROM AMERICAN HISTORY," "CLASSIC FABLES," "FAMOUS PAINTERS," ETC. NEW YORK CHARLES E. MERRILL CO. 1907 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION LIFE OF EMERSON CRITICAL OPINIONS CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL WORKS THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR COMPENSATION SELF RELIANCE FRIENDSHIP HEROISM MANNERS GIFTS NATURE SHAKESPEARE; OR, THE POET PRUDENCE CIRCLES NOTES PUBLISHERS' NOTE Merrill's English Texts 2 Essays 3 This series of books will include in complete editions those masterpieces of English Literature that are best adapted for the use of schools and colleges. The editors of the several volumes will...
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...This book has been optimized for viewing at a monitor setting of 1024 x 768 pixels. MADE TO STICK random house a new york MADE TO STICK Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die • • • C H I P H E AT H & D A N H E AT H Copyright © 2007 by Chip Heath and Dan Heath All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York. Random House and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Heath, Chip. Made to stick : why some ideas survive and others die / Chip Heath & Dan Heath p. cm. Includes index. eISBN: 978-1-58836-596-5 1. Social psychology. 2. Contagion (Social psychology). 3. Context effects (Psychology). I. Heath, Dan. II. Title. HM1033.H43 2007 302'.13—dc22 2006046467 www.atrandom.com Designed by Stephanie Huntwork v1.0 To Dad, for driving an old tan Chevette while putting us through college. To Mom, for making us breakfast every day for eighteen years. Each. C O N T E N T S INTRODUCTION WHAT STICKS? 3 Kidney heist. Movie popcorn. Sticky = understandable, memorable, and effective in changing thought or behavior. Halloween candy. Six principles: SUCCESs. The villain: Curse of Knowledge. It’s hard to be a tapper. Creativity starts with templates. CHAPTER 1 SIMPLE 25 Commander’s Intent. THE low-fare airline. Burying the lead and the inverted pyramid. It’s the...
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...Library and Information Center Management Recent Titles in Library and Information Science Text Series Library and Information Center Management, Sixth Edition Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran United States Government Information: Policies and Sources Peter Hernon, Harold C. Relyea, Robert E. Dugan, and Joan F. Cheverie Library Information Systems: From Library Automation to Distributed Information Access Solutions Thomas R. Kochtanek and Joseph R. Matthews The Complete Guide to Acquisitions Management Frances C. Wilkinson and Linda K. Lewis Organization of Information, Second Edition Arlene G. Taylor The School Library Media Manager, Third Edition Blanche Woolls Basic Research Methods for Librarians Ronald R. Powell and Lynn Silipigni Connoway Library of Congress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Tenth Edition Arlene G. Taylor LIbRaRy and InfoRMaTIon CenTeR ManageMenT Seventh Edition Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran Library and Information Science Text Series Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stueart, Robert D. Library and information...
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