...1. What does it mean to make an "effective" argument? After watching the “Argument Clinic” video, some concepts that I considered to make an effective argument is to establish definite position through a sequence of intellectual statements. To make an effective argument there must be two viewpoints of the topic. In the book “They Say I Say,” it discuses the importance of engaging in conversation with the people around you especially the people you disagree with. During an effective argument, the write must consider the opposing point of view to be able to make a concrete argument when persuading their writers. On page 3 of the book, the author discusses the importance of listening to others to be able to summarize their views allowing for a response of your own ideas. It is kind of like a back and forth between the two statements. One outward example of an effective argument is a public statement from Dr. Martin Luther King. Dr. King would mention what his critics would states and respond to that creating an effective arguments. On page 8 of the text it states “Many writers use the “they say/I say” format to agree or disagree with others, to challenge standard ways of thinking, and thus to stir up controversy” (8). An effective argument is based off conversations that may be controversial but they allow for writers to experience deep thoughts....
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...At a global scale, human beings, each with an individual identity, contribute to the existing dynamics of this world and human geography. In addition, humans share significant fundamentals that have been established and preserved for several years. According to a NewStatesman article, being human is to ideally embrace the common rights to freedom of speech and assembly as well as peace that are endowed by their Creator (“What Makes Us Human?”). Although these human rights connote the variety of advantages that people enjoy in realizing their value and aspiration, the truths are self-evident, as individuals do maximize their possibility to live based on their desires and coexist with others in harmony. Therefore, humanity appreciates autonomy...
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...What Makes Us Humans There are more than 7 billion humans in this world that ask themselves this questions. Not because we have a heart, money, Human Rights or a pair of eyes do these things make us humans. Nor because we are based on nationalities or religion. There are five qualities that makes us human, humor the fact that we have a mind of our own laughing and loving are signs of being humans (2) imagination our mind is full of imaginations and thoughts everybody has a figure of their own imaginations friend thats does not exist ,(3)rebelliousness us humans has a little crazy alter ego in them, (4) beauty each human is beautiful in there own way may it be a personality. (5) Spirituality humans have a different aspect on religion and...
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...the existence of God, there are numerous teachings and arguments, some more rational than others, the classical arguments being the most well known to all. The claim in all these arguments uses a non-religious approach to logically reason the existence of God, rather than argue on the premise of faith to obtain a rational belief; a belief reasoning as justification. The classical arguments are divided into what is considered empirical and rational arguments, with every individual finding their own reasoning to relate to them. In this essay, I will explore the extent of how the classical arguments can proves God existence, and why some people counter-argue they cannot. The first of the classical arguments being Anselm’s Ontological argument, an argument attempting to prove God’s existence through abstract reasoning alone. The argument is entirely a priori as it does not include real evidence or anything factual, seeking to demonstrate that God exists based on the concept of God alone. The outline of the argument is that because we have an idea of God, an idea of a being which no greater can be thought, therefore God must exist. The argument relates to three concepts: the concept of God, perfection and of existence. The three concepts associate with one another, arguing that perfection is part of the concept of God, and that perfection entails existence, therefore the concept of God entails God’s existence. Anselm’s argument is set on the basis of a conception of God as “that than...
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...could be due to ‘News Values’ which Spencer-Thomas identified; he claimed that News Values are general guidelines and criteria which must be met in order to make a News story seem interesting. One particular News Value is ‘negativity’; this states that News must be negative, as bad news is often seen as more exciting than good news. Due to this, much of the News is very negative and may show society to be much more violent than it really; this is done in order to sell Newspapers and could therefore lead people into thinking that society is violent. Marxist sociologists argue that the mass media, which is controlled by the Bourgeoisie (upper class), intentionally shows negative portrayals of society which make it seem much more violent than it really is. According to Marcuse, this is done in order to distract the audience from the real problems in society, such as inequality and capitalism. This has therefore resulted in media owners and journalists in presenting stories which portray society in a negative light, showing them to be more violent that they really are. Another idea which would support this idea is the Cultural Effects Model. This model suggests that the ruling class (media owners) constantly force their ideology through the media to the public so that the proletariat (working class) will believe that what they see in the News is true and factual; this is called cultural hegemony and by doing this, a false class consciousness is created. The bourgeoisie...
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...Concepts Components of an Argument - Claims Mastery 100% Questions Score: 6/11 1 2 Types of Argument 67% 3 4 6 Components of an Argument Differences Between Inductive and Deductive Arguments 50% 5 7 25% 8 9 10 11 Concept: Components of an Argument - Claims Concepts Components of an Argument - Claims Mastery 100% Questions 1 2 1.When evaluating an argument with unstated premises, which of the following is the most appropriate tactic? A. Find a claim that would make the argument invalid or weak and evaluate the argument as if this claim had been included. Don’t add anything. If the arguer had wanted a claim to be included, he or she would have included it. Evaluate the argument as it stands. B. C. Find a claim that would make the argument valid or strong and evaluate the argument as if this claim had been included. Correct! When you approach an argument without an obvious claim, the best approach is to “give the best read.” It is important to find the best claim to make the argument work. 2.All of the following are reasons that you should include claims that contradict the conclusion when diagramming an argument EXCEPT: A. B. C. It shows that you have considered other sides of the issue and found them wanting. To confuse your audience To bring up an objection, and then give reasons for rejecting it, is more powerful argumentation than to ignore possible objections to your argument. Including counterclaims in your argument helps make you look more credible...
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...analyzing and constructing arguments and a good understanding of the basics of logical reasoning is essential in performing that task. The next 3 lessons will focus on logic and analyzing arguments. In this lesson, you will first be introduced to the laws of logic. These are the first principles for all reasoning. We will then discuss the specialized terminology we use in logic. Finally, we will examine 2 major kinds of logical reasoning: deductive and inductive. We will consider different forms of arguments under each and discuss how to evaluate these arguments. Take note that a large part of this lesson is about learning the terminology for logic. Tasks Read and take notes from chapter 5 of Philosophy: Critically Thinking about Foundational Beliefs, “A Little Logic.” As you read, make sure you understand the following points and questions: * Why are the laws of logic foundational? * The Law of Logic makes discourse possible. If they are not recognized as true, than nothing we claim makes any sense. Therefore, it is important to have a firm grasp of these laws. * List and explain the 3 laws of logic. 1. Noncontradiction – “Something cannot both be and not be at the same time and in the same respect. Expressed symbolically: ~ (P•~P).² It reads, “It is not the case that there can be both P and non-P”. 2. Edcluded Middle – “Something either is or is not, or Pv~P. A thing either exists or it does not; there is no tertian quid (“third what”). 3. Identity...
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...to people, it is good to make your point very clear to yourself first before you can make it clear to anyone else. If you are making a vital point you explain what it is to the people, then after you make your argument. When you start your arguments, you put them in points, and when you start talking you have to elaborate on whatever you are talking about. So that when you are talking to them, they will have a clear understanding of the point you are trying to make. For example if you are going for a debate, the starter of the debate has to explain to everyone what the topic is all about then move to his points and expatiate on what the argument is all about. For example, if you are talking to someone and you do not point put what you are trying to say, people may not understand a thing you are * Being able to read between the lines, seeing behind surfaces, and identifying false or unfair assumption * In most cases people just browse through their books without reading in between the lines of the book. When you mean reading in between lines is when you are looking at a book and you see a word you don’t understand, you look it up so that the book will make good sense as you are reading it. When you are reading book, you have to know the main reason for the book and what the writer is trying to pass across to the readers. For example, when reading a novel, if you are not able to read in between the lines, you will not be able to understand what the novel is really all...
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...title: Task 1: Analyse the question What do you understand by the expression “To what extent do you agree with this claim”? What topic is your question based upon? Explain this topic using your own words. What are the key words in your title? Re-write your title using simple language. What is it asking you to argue? Task 2: Read background information and make notes Topic – definition and background information: Ideas for your essay (which areas of the question are you going to focus on?): Task 3: Define two sides of the argument From your initial reading, you will find that information can be categorised into two different sides of an argument. Make notes on these arguments. One side of the argument The other side of the argument Task 4: Decide on your stance From reading and categorising information about your essay topic, you should now be able to decide on your stance. You should state your stance in the introduction and then use it as your argument throughout the essay. Stance = Task 5: Arguments/Counter-arguments/Refutations Now you have your stance, you can organise your information into supporting arguments and counter-arguments. To make your essay more persuasive, and therefore stronger, you will also need to include refutations (information that makes the counter-arguments weak). In the spaces below, write down one supporting argument for your stance and one counter argument. Then think of a refutation that will...
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...Concepts Components of an Argument - Claims Types of Argument Components of an Argument Differences Between Inductive and Deductive Arguments Mastery 100% 100% 100% 100% Questions 1 2 Score: 11/11 3 4 6 5 11 7 8 9 10 Concept: Components of an Argument - Claims Concepts Components of an Argument - Claims Mastery 100% Questions 1 2 1. When evaluating an argument with unstated premises, which of the following is the most appropriate tactic? A. Find a claim that would make the argument invalid or weak and evaluate the argument as if this claim had been included. B. Don’t add anything. If the arguer had wanted a claim to be included, he or she would have included it. Evaluate the argument as it stands. C. Find a claim that would make the argument valid or strong and evaluate the argument as if this claim had been included. Correct! The correct answer is: C. When you approach an argument without an obvious claim, the best approach is to “give the best read.” It is important to find the best claim to make the argument work. 2. All of the following are reasons that you should include claims that contradict the conclusion when diagramming an argument EXCEPT: A. It shows that you have considered other sides of the issue and found them wanting. B. To confuse your audience C. To bring up an objection, and then give reasons for rejecting it, is more powerful argumentation than to ignore possible objections to your argument. D. Including counterclaims...
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...importance of rhetoric is at the same levels of Heinrich’s. I do believe that rhetoric is key to arguing and even beyond arguing, with getting by in the society in which we live in. I also agree with Heinrich’s idea on not arguing for a win but for a purpose, for a goal. Argument in the future tense will help bring strength to the situation itself. In the book Heinrich uses real life examples, ranging from his personal life, to television, to music, all the way through our history as a country. I noticed that Heinrich doesn’t really state the opposition of his argument, one could assume that if you do not use rhetoric effectively then you will not succeed in our society and that is it. I would also have like to see examples of rhetoric stripped down in a less complex form, for example someone using it that doesn’t really know the depth of it such as Homer Simpson but real life examples. He makes it seem so easy, but is it? Heinrich has been studying it for years and he did provide great facts and great history, but it is not that easy to do effectively unless you fully study and understand it would be my question. Heinrich talks a lot of the people that knew how to work others socially and did so very well, but what about those...
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...need an introduction that introduces your topic, provides relevant background on your topic, and then transitions to your thesis statement. Your thesis should be a two-fold thesis statement. 2. In APA style, it is common to divide a research paper into different sections. These sections can be the arguments you make to prove your thesis. In English 101, you wrote five paragraph essays: an Introduction, three Body Paragraphs, and a Conclusion. The pattern was to have a thesis for which you made three arguments. Each argument was one of the three paragraphs. For English 102, simply take that pattern and expand it. What does that mean? If you have three main arguments to prove your thesis, each argument should be a section of the paper. The pattern is as follows: I. Introduction II. Section I III. Section II IV. Section III V. Conclusion 3. For your outline then, you just need to indicate what the three main arguments are and what arguments you will make in each section. You should also think about what your topic sentences will be for each argument in each section. You should think about what transitions you will need between arguments, and what your closing sentences for...
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...March 6th • • • Make sure to bring a pen to class. The midterm will have 15 multiple-choice questions, and 2 short-answer questions. Make sure to read the whole question before answering. The short-answer questions have multiple parts. Make sure to fully answer every part of the question. The Midterm covers all the material discussed in class so far. What you need to know: Logic • • • You should know what the following are: proposition, argument, premise, conclusion, circular argument, conditional statement, antecedent, consequent. You should be able to give precise definitions of validity and soundness, and be able to evaluate whether an argument is valid or sound. You should be able to recognize the following forms of an argument, and know whether they are valid: Affirming the Antecedent (Modus Ponens), Denying the Consequent (Modus Tollens), Denying the Antecedent, and Affirming the Consequent. Ethics • • • • • • • You should know what the following words mean: ethics, right, wrong, permissible, obligatory, impermissible. You should know the difference between ethics and axiology, and the difference between ethics and law. You should understand: Ethical Relativism, Personal Relativism, and Cultural Relativism. o You should understand the objections to these views that we discussed in class. o You should understand and be able to assess the Cultural Differences Argument and the Provability Argument. You should understand:...
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...ontological argument proves too much: The perfect island does not exist. If two arguments rely on the same (or sufficiently similar) premises and have the same logical form, then if one of those arguments proves the existence of the perfect island, then both arguments are unsound. Gaunilo gives an argument that the perfect island exists, and his argument uses the same logical form and the same (or sufficiently similar) premises as Anselm’s ontological argument. So it follows that Anselm’s ontological argument is unsound. Let us grant that the perfect island argument and the ontological argument have the same logical form and the same (or sufficiently similar) premises....
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...Constructing an Argument Section 1: Big Ideas Many people believe that everything is an argument—every piece of writing, every image you see. That's because every time we write something down—with the possible exception of a private journal entry—we are anticipating that someone else will read or see it, and we hope to achieve some kind of response in that reader or viewer. So even if you are writing a description of your favorite vacation spot, you are probably trying—maybe without even realizing it—to convince your reader that your vacation spot is the most beautiful place in the world. Think about it. When did you read any nonfiction writing that wasn't, finally, trying to persuade you of something in some way? Most rhetoricians—that's people who think about argument and language—agree that there are three basic ways to appeal to an audience. You can appeal to logic. That is, you can lay out your argument in clear, coherent steps, so your reader or listener can see how you get from one conclusion to the next. Or you can appeal to authority. Here you may want to find experts or facts to support your argument—think about Tiger Woods endorsing golf clubs. (Of course, do we also trust Tiger to advise us on buying watches? Not so clear.) Or you can appeal to emotion. Emotional appeals can be extremely powerful, especially when you are able to relate your argument to your readers' values or needs. Most good arguments make use of all three appeals in some way. But...
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