...theory, label how these codes are instilled within the United States Bill of Rights, recognize how these principles show within the criminal justice system and security organizations of present, and lastly define independence in regards to personal rights and proper principles, and commitments. “A social contract is a voluntary agreement in which mutual benefit occurs between and for individuals, groups, government or a community as a whole. According to Locke, the State of Nature, the natural condition of mankind, is a state of perfect and complete liberty to conduct one's life as one best sees fit, free from the interference of others (Kelly, Martin. (2012)).” This doesn’t mean that it is a state of authorization: a citizen isn’t free to do whatever they wish, even if you feel it’s in your best interest. The State of Nature, while a state where there isn’t any civil power or regime to penalize individuals for indiscretions against any types of law, is not any type of state with any morals. The State of Nature is viewed as civilization prior to politics but not pre-moral. “Persons are assumed to be equal to one another...
Words: 1582 - Pages: 7
... Do we have an obligation to obey the laws of the state? Why? Are we being legitimately coerced? But we agreed Morally right thing to do Political obligation is the obligation to obey the law because it is the law because there is some independent moral justification for doing what this or that law requires We could argue that we shouldn’t drive recklessly, because it endangers the lives of other people (moral) It is different from arguing that we shouldn’t drive recklessly because it is against the law. Political obligation is whether we have a general obligation to obey the law, or just an obligation to obey this law or that law? Why do we have this obligation? Some argue that it is rational to obey the law But is it? Consider this We take individuals to be free and equal. ...
Words: 1121 - Pages: 5
...responsibilities constitute CSR; Economic, Legal, Ethical and Philanthropic. These four categories or components of CSR are commonly depicted as a pyramid . Economic Responsibilities A company's first responsibility is its economical responsibility. As such, its principal role is to produce goods and services that consumers needed and wanted and to make an acceptable profit in the process. A company needs to be primarily concerned with turning a profit. This is for the simple fact that if a company does not make money, it cannot stay afloat, employees will lose jobs and the company will be unable to take care of its social responsibilities. At some point the idea of the profit motive got transformed into a notion of maximum profits, and this has been an enduring value ever since. All other business responsibilities are predicated upon the economic responsibility of the firm, because without it the others become moot considerations. The table below shows the components of economical responsibilities | Components of Economical responsibility | 1. | It is important to perform in a manner consistent with maximizing earnings per share | 2. | It is important to be committed to being as profitable as possible | 3. | It is important to maintain a strong competitive position | 4. | It is important to maintain a high level of operating efficiency | 5. | It is important that a successful firm be defined as one that is consistently profitable | Legal Responsibilities A company's legal...
Words: 1039 - Pages: 5
...Carroll, Archie B. The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders, Business Horizons, July-August 1991 For the better part of 30 years now, corporate executives have struggled with the issue of the firm’s responsibility to its society. Early on it was argued by some that the corporation' sole responsibility was to provide a maximum financial return to s shareholders. It became quickly apparent to everyone, however, that this pursuit of financial gain had to rake place within the laws of the land. Though social activist groups and others throughout the 1960s advocated a broader notion of corporate responsibility, it was not until the significant social legislation of the early 1970s that this message became indelibly clear as a result of the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Consumer Product Safety" Commission (CPSC). These new governmental bodies established that national public policy now officially recognized the environment. employees, and consumers to be significant and legitimate stakeholders of business. From that time on, corporate executives have had to wrestle with how they balance their commitments to the corporation' owners with their s obligations to an ever-broadening group of stakeholders who claim both legal and ethical rights. This article will explore the nature...
Words: 6244 - Pages: 25
...R outledge Revision: Questions & Answers Jurisprudence 2011–2012 Each Routledge Q&A contains approximately 50 questions on topics commonly found on exam papers, with answer plans and comprehensive suggested answers. Each book also offers valuable advice as to how to approach and tackle exam questions and how to focus your revision effectively. New Aim Higher and Common Pitfalls boxes will also help you to identify how to go that little bit further in order to get the very best marks and highlight areas of confusion. And now there are further opportunities to hone and perfect your exam technique online. New editions publishing in 2011: Civil Liberties & Human Rights Commercial Law Company Law Constitutional & Administrative Law Contract Law Criminal Law Employment Law English Legal System Routledge Q&A series Equity & Trusts European Union Law Evidence Family Law Jurisprudence Land Law Medical Law Torts For a full listing, visit http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/revision R outledge Revision: Questions & Answers Jurisprudence 2011–2012 David Brooke Senior Lecturer in Law and Module Leader in Jurisprudence at Leeds Metropolitan University Fifth edition published 2011 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the U S A and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011...
Words: 105136 - Pages: 421
...Political Obligation First published Tue Apr 17, 2007; substantive revision Fri Apr 30, 2010 To have a political obligation is to have a moral duty to obey the laws of one's country or state. On that point there is almost complete agreement among political philosophers. But how does one acquire such an obligation, and how many people have really done what is necessary to acquire it? Or is political obligation more a matter of being than of doing — that is, of simply being a member of the country or state in question? To those questions many answers have been given, and none now commands widespread assent. Indeed, a number of contemporary political philosophers deny that a satisfactory theory of political obligation either has been or can be devised. Others, however, continue to believe that there is a solution to what is commonly called “the problem of political obligation,” and they are presently engaged in lively debate not only with the skeptics but also with one another on the question of which theory, if any, provides the solution to the problem. Whether political obligation is the central or fundamental problem of political philosophy, as some have maintained (e.g., McPherson), may well be doubted. There is no doubt, however, that the history of political thought is replete with attempts to provide a satisfactory account of political obligation, from the time of Socrates to the present. These attempts have become increasingly sophisticated in recent years, but they have...
Words: 12818 - Pages: 52
...society. The superiority that human beings try to achieve over nature and other living things is the result of the social bond among human beings. If such bond is a requirement for the survival of human beings, then what should be the pattern of social interaction that exist among human beings is closely related with the subject matter of civics. In this regard civics is considered as a subject field which is mainly concerned with teaching citizens as to how they can live harmonious and peaceful life with other citizens and as to how they can resolve conflicts peacefully among them selves. The other basic nature of human being is the political view of philosophy by Plato that, “Man is a political animal”, which means no human being can escape from the deeds of politics and its dayto-day life is either directly or indirectly affected by it. For this reason human beings have to know the workings of politics, institutions that affect their day to day life, norms, principles and laws which are set in motion by politicians to govern their societies and above all the duties and rights that they have in the political community in which they are leading their life. So, civics tries to make them familiar with such and other concepts that make them active and awarded citizens. Civics as a branch of social science deals with the right and responsibilities of...
Words: 43853 - Pages: 176
..."You must never be fearful of what you are doing when it is right." Spoken elegantly in the words of a leading historical figure in Civil Disobedience, Rosa Parks perfectly captures the meaning, integrity, and even necessity of nonviolent rebellion in situations of legal and social injustice. It is not only the right, but the moral duty of the people in a free society to stand up to the law if it violates the God-given rights of its people. If the citizens of a free society are never to protest legislation that oppresses them, how can such a society even be considered free? People of a free society have the ability and the obligation to stand up for their beliefs through nonviolent means. It is an obligation because we are conscious beings...
Words: 800 - Pages: 4
...Strategic CSR, Abstract Reviews the development of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) concept and its four components: economic, legal, ethical, and altruistic duties. Discusses different perspectives on the proper role of business in society, from profit making to community service provider. Suggests that much of the confusion and controversy over CSR stem from a failure to distinguish its ethical, altruistic, and strategic forms of CSR. On the basis of a thorough examination of the arguments for and against altruistic CSR, concurs with Milton Friedman that altruistic CSR is not a legitimate role of business. Proposes that ethical CSR, grounded in the concept of ethical duties and responsibilities, is mandatory. Concludes that strategic CSR is good for business and society. Advises that marketing take a lead role in strategic CSR activities. Notes difficulties in CSR practice and offers suggestions for marketers in planning for strategic CSR and academic researchers in further clarifying the boundaries of strategic CSR. Introduction It is no news that today’s business organizations are expected to exhibit ethical behavior and moral management. However, over the past half century the bar has been steadily raised. Now, not only are firms expected to be virtuous, they are being called to practice “social responsibility” or “corporate citizenship”(Carroll 2000, p. 187), accepting some...
Words: 20025 - Pages: 81
...In Sophocles’ Antigone the protagonist’s actions are justified through the principles of civil disobedience due to the utilization of direct action, the opposition to the government structure, and the willingness to give up natural rights as exhibited in Henry David Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience” and Martin Luther King’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail.” Antigone’s actions are mainly plausible through the direct action in which she exploits to bring justice to her deceased brother. After Antigone buries Polynecies the guard describes the direct action as “The corpse- someone hath just given it burial, and gone away,- after sprinkling thirsty dust on the flesh, with such other rites as piety enjoins” (Sophocles 10). Antigone decides to...
Words: 557 - Pages: 3
...conclusion will be given based on the discussion. There is no universally accepted definition of administrative law, but rationally it may be held to cover the organization, powers, duties, and functions of public authorities of all kinds engaged in administration; their relations with one another and with citizens and nongovernmental bodies; legal methods of controlling public administration; and the rights and liabilities of officials. In other words, administrative law is the body of law that governs the activities of administrative agencies of government. Government agency action can include rulemaking, adjudication, or the enforcement of a specific regulatory agenda. Administrative law is considered a branch of public law. As a body of law, administrative law deals with the decision-making of administrative units of government (for example, tribunals, boards or commissions) that are part of a national regulatory scheme in such areas as police law, international trade, manufacturing, the environment, taxation, broadcasting, immigration and transport. Administrative law expanded greatly during the twentieth century, as legislative bodies worldwide created more government agencies to regulate the social, economic and political spheres of human interaction (Cooper, 1990). The law relating to public health, education, housing, and other public services could logically be regarded as part of the corpus of administrative law; but because of its sheer bulk it is usually considered...
Words: 1252 - Pages: 6
...The Moral Compass nd understand moral theory. In fact, you have a moral philosophy – but you may not think of it that way. Every time you have a conversation about what someone “should” or “ought” to do, you doing moral philosophy. Your moral converations may be very personal – whether you should return the five dollars extra change the clerk gave you at the video store – or very broad – whether national security is more important than personal freedom. Whatever your moral conversations are about, it is likely there is a body of literature that would be useful in clarifying your thoughts on the issue. It may be a good idea for you to read a basic textbook on moral philosophy to review or familiarize yourself with the way philosophers have thought about some of the moral issues that almost everyone encounters. It is especially useful to be familiar with the terms and concepts of moral philosophy so you can express your views precisely and intelligently. Some of the major moral theories are briefly summarized in the Primer of Moral Theory that follows. You will find most of them are discussed in more detail in any basic moral philosophy text, although you may find them listed under slightly different titles. As you consider each theory, use the “Where Do I Stand” box to mark your position on it. Include a brief explanation of the reasons for your position. The purpose of this exercise is for you to decide for yourself what moral theories and standpoints make the most sense to...
Words: 16176 - Pages: 65
...group has about what is right/wrong, good/evil. * Business Ethics concentrates on moral standards as they apply to business policies, institutions, and behaviour * Corporate Social Responsibility refers specifically to a description and moral evaluation of the impact than an organization has on society * Ethics can be a business constraint “ethics costs” but also an advantage “ethics pays” 1970 – 1985: Rise of business ethics (academia) 1985 – 1995: Ethics into firms 1995 – 2000: Internationalization 2000 – 2012: Corporate Scandals and government regulation * Ethics Scandal Costs: Fines, lawsuits, prison, investor losses, bankruptcies, unemployment, and increased regulation * Market Morality: Will everyone invest their money as agreed or will greed effect them? * Parable of the Sandhu Ethics vs. the law Unclear over moral responsibility Easier to say what is morally right than to do it * Employees value health and safety ethics Consumers value product safety Shareholders want return on investment Need to look at environment * Macroenvironment: social, economic, political, technological factors * Our society is pluralistic in nature * Pluralism: there is diffusion of power among society’s many groups and organizations Decentralization and diversity of power * Strengths of Pluralism: prevents power concentration; maximizes freedom; diversified loyalties; provides safeguards; disperses individual allegiances. Has a set...
Words: 8968 - Pages: 36
...Assignment 2: Incorporating Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development into the Justice System Alichia Dunaway Strayer University Ethics and Leadership in Criminal Justice CRJ 220 Professor Judy Tompkins August 16, 2015 Abstract The perception of justice is an affiliation that exists between the citizens and the state. Justice means that the state treats every person equally and seeks to find resolution in disputes. This resolution is found on the basis of the detailed facts and is compared to intent criteria, rather than a biased determination. It is based upon the civil rights and duty of individual persons, particularly law enforcement officers. Law enforcement officers employ the concept of justice occasionally, but they are not constantly fair. Law enforcement officers make mistakes just like any other human being. Justice in law enforcement includes an extensive array of recruits and agencies. This includes victim services, the police, department of corrections, crime prevention, the probation and parole departments, and the court system. In order for law enforcement to uphold a general clarity of justice, officers are obliged to have power over the moral capability to legally enforce laws, as well as to continue with admiration that is articulated by the department and its operation. Also, justice includes officers that respect and uphold the rights of citizens. A potion they shall accept on and off the job. Additionally, officers must arrest suspects contained...
Words: 1336 - Pages: 6
...the different stake holders Dr. DoRight has to deal with on a day-to-day basis as the President of the “Universal Human Care Hospital.” I will also give comparisons and contrasts concerning conflicts of interest that could arise among both the internal as well external stakeholders. I will attempt to explain whether or not Dr. DoRight has fulfilled his ethical duty with his reporting of the illegal procedures that have taken place. I will also give examples of the deontology and utilitarianism principles and apply them to this case. Businessdictionary.com defines stakeholder as “a person, group or organization that has an interest or concern in an organization. Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organizations actions, objectives and policies.” In order to determine who the possible stakeholders in any situation may be you should ask questions such as who will be affected. Who holds an official position in relation to the situation? Or who has been involved in a similar situation? External stakeholders are those who are not directly associated to the organization, however, they can be influenced or in a situation to manipulate activities within the association. Although no ownership exists, they may still be impacted by any decisions, actions or just the overall performance of the hospital. External stakeholders may include competing hospitals, the 20,000 patients, suppliers, the government, and numerous community organizations and the corporations that Dr...
Words: 1309 - Pages: 6
