...that are continually replenished by nature—the sun, the wind, water, the Earth’s heat, and plants. Renewable energy technologies turn these fuels into usable forms of energy—most often elec- tricity, but also heat, chemicals, or mechanical power. Why Use Renewable Energy? Today we primarily use fossil fuels to heat and power our homes and fuel our cars. It’s convenient to use coal, oil, and natural gas for meeting our energy needs, but we have a limited supply of these fuels on the Earth. We’re using them much more rapidly than they are being created. Even- tually, they will run out. And because of safety concerns and waste disposal prob- lems, the United States will retire much of its nuclear capacity by 2020. In the mean- time, the nation’s energy needs are expected to grow by 33 percent during the next 20 years. Renewable energy can help fill the gap. Even if we had an unlimited supply of fos- sil fuels, using renewable energy is better for the environment. We often call renew- able energy technologies “clean” or “green” because they produce few if any pollutants. Burning fossil fuels, however, sends greenhouse gases into the atmos- phere, trapping the sun’s heat and con- tributing to global warming. Climate scientists generally agree that the Earth’s average temperature has risen in the past century. If this trend continues, sea levels will rise, and scientists predict that floods, heat waves, droughts, and other extreme weather conditions could occur more often. Other...
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...AN INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT ON GODAVARI BIOREFINERIES LTD. SAKARWADI UNDER GUIDANCE OF MR. SACHIN SASKAR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF BE CHEMICAL DEGREE OF UNIVERSITY OF PUNE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AISSMS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNE -1 2012 – 13 SUBMITED BY |SR.NO |NAME OF STUDENTS | |1. |BADJATE ANIKET | |2. |BORKAR SWAPNIL | |3. |BHAVE VAIBHAV | |4. |KAMBLE ROHIT | |5. |JADHAV ABHISHEK | |6. |DATIR SANJAY | |7. |CHOUDHARI JIGAR ...
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... Prepared for: Dr. A. M. M. Amanat Ullah Khan Professor, Department of Geography and Environment University of Dhaka Prepared by: Ahamed Najeeb Rahman ZR-74 Tasnia Azim Choudhury RH-76 M. Samiul Haque ZR-84 Jidny Rubaiyat Shoummo ZR-85 Zahin Azad Moslem ZR-121 BBA 20th Date of Submission: June 15, 2012 Institute of Business Administration University of Dhaka 2 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 15 June, 2012. Dr. A. M. M. Amanat Ullah Khan Course Instructor Economics of Geography and Environment University of Dhaka Subject: Letter of transmittal for Economics of Geography and Environment course termpaper. Dear Sir, Here is the report which you asked us to submit for the requirement of our undergraduate course- Economics of Geography and Environment (G101). The title of the report is “Clean technology: a greener aspect to development”, which is a descriptive analysis of how Green Technology works and can help the environment. This report has been prepared under your authorization. Without your permission, no part of this report can or will be revealed. This report never has been, and never will be, reproduced for any other IBA course. We sincerely hope that you we were able to fulfil the course requirement successfully through the submission of this report. We have put in our best efforts to contribute towards the successful completion of this report. We hope that you will accept our report and that it will reach your level of expectations. We have tried to make the report as...
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...What did caffeine and ethanol do to the heart rate of Daphnia? Increasing the concentration of ethanol in Daphnia decreases heart rate. Increasing the concentration of caffeine in Daphnia increases heart rate. Independent vs. Dependent Variable Independent Variable: One or more factors that the scientist varies during the experiment. Dependent Variable: A feature that the scientist measures in order to determine if it changed in response to the independent variable. What solutions were used to test for the 4 types of organic molecules? Iodine- Polysaccharide Benedict’s Reagent- Sugar Biuret Test- Protein Brown Paper Test- Lipids Vegetable Oil- Solubility of Lipids What does a positive test look like? -Iodine test for polysaccharide: dark purple/black/blue -Vegetable Oil test for solubility of lipids: 1 layer -Biuret test for protein: violet color -Benedict’s Reagent for sugar: very high concentration/orange-red How do you convert Celsius to Fahrenheit and vise versa? ...
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...application of the environmental science to conserve the natural environment and resources, and to curb the negative impacts of human involvement. The main idea behind green technology is to provide sustainable growth. That is, using resources from the Earth in a renewable fashion. The following report outlines some aspects of green technology and discusses three main ideas: Solar energy, Green Buildings, Biofuels. In the report, it has been discussed how each of these technologies are environmentfriendly, how they are being used globally and what the advantages of use are. Each of these technologies can be used in the everyday life of an individual as a source of energy, as a mode of living and as an alternative source of fuel, which collectively can improve...
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...To be familiar with Ultra Violet Spectrophotometer (UV) and Gas Chromatography (GC) used in chemical analysis UV Abstract In this report, people who consumed tom yum soup suffered from nausea and vomiting due to copper poisoning which was found to leach from a pot into the soup under high heat and acidic condition. It was also suspected that an organic compound was present in the soup which enhanced the absorption of copper in consumer. Hence, as an analytical chemist, we have to use UV to determine the actual concentration of copper standards and blank using external calibration standards. The result of the test solution was measured by comparing it with the calibration of copper. Introduction The goal of this experiment is to obtain the concentration of copper in a known solution. Therefore, in this experiment, we will be using UV to measure the absorbance of the solution. A spectrophotometer is used to measure the amount of light that a sample absorbs. Ultraviolet (UV) light is an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10nm to 400nm and energy from 3eV to 124Ev. With a shorter wavelength as compared to visible light, UV light is able to penetrate more readily through obstacles. Its name came from a spectrum which humans identify as the colour violet. UV light is invisible, but it can be seen indirectly when it makes other substances glows in visible spectrum. Applications By determining the concentration of the copper sample via the spectrometer...
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...Method and theory of 3D micro heat pipe cooling introduction: The traditional heat dissipation method has included different parts, such as Air cooling and Water cooling. When IC chip generate heat in working on a high level, there has to be some methods to reduce heat make sure that the chips will not be damaged. With some theory [Surface area of evaporator, Heat input in Watt act.] there are several advanced method and theory of 3D micro heat pipe cooling. Key word: LPMHP, Tube transfer ,Moore's Law ,Heat-Pipe, Fluids, Cooling rate. Method and theory in experimental A experimental study has been performed to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of looped parallel micro heat pipes of circular geometry having inner diameter of 1.8mm and length of 150mm placed parallel, connected by two U tubes of same diameter at the top and bottom ends. The experimental parameters are condenser inclination angel, heat input and properties of the working fluids. Taking acetone and ethanol as working fluids, heat transfer characteristics are determined experimentally for different condenser inclination angels a different heat input. With the advancement of micro and nanotechnologies, the power densities in the electronic equipments are increasing rapidly. Overheating of integrated circuit(IC),microchip etc. It is very important to facilitate optimum cooling of electronic components in a smaller electronic device because integrated circuit lifetime depends...
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...present. There are eight different types of alternative fuels which are Ethanol, Natural Gas, Propane, Hydrogen, Bio-Diesel, Electricity, Methanol and P-series. All these alternative fuels have different properties, different source used, and different vehicle's used and different impact on the environment and on the world. But one point to be noted is that even though they have different impact on environment, alternative fuels in vehicles can generally reduce harmful pollutants and exhaust emissions. Another interesting fact I found about these fuels in particular is that they can rather be domestically produced and can be derived from renewable resource but the fossil fuels which are being used today such as petroleum and diesel cannot be derived from renewable source. Once these fossil fuels will be extinct alternative fuels are the one which will come to use. I personally think that if even a small majority of the people in the world start using alternative fuels then the pollution and disease will decline and the pressure on fossil fuels, of course, will decrease. The advantages to use alternative fuels are massive. The impact of alternative fuels can have on earth, on people, on so many things is just great. Using alternative fuels can change a lot of things on earth a pollution free place. Here are some possible alternative means of propulsion for road vehicles. 1. Biodiesel 2. Electricity 3. Ethanol 4. Hydrogen 5. Natural Gas 6. Propane BIODIESEL Biodiesel...
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...Lab #1 Recrystallization Robert Stephenson January 23rd, 2008 Purpose: Purify compounds using recrystallization which will consist of two parts: (A) Recrystallize acetanilide from water (simple recrystallization). (B) Recrystallize cinnamic acid from ethanol and water (mixed solvent recrystallization). Introduction: Several methods have been developed over time in order to purify various organic compounds. One of the most basic and effective techniques known is recrystallization. Despite its decreased practice, recrystallization still remains one of the top methods in obtaining scalable amounts of ultra-pure organic materials. This technique essentially relies on the different solubility’s of compounds to be purified in a solvent. The impure material will thus dissolve in a hot solvent, allowing the removal of these impurities through filtration, which will then allow the desired compound to crystallize as it cools. Solvents and solubles are important factors in recrystallization; the substance should have a high solubility at elevated temperatures, and low solubility at low temperatures. Additionally, the solvent should have the capability of dissolving or not dissolving impurities, which will determine the occurrence of filtration. Compared to insoluble impurities, which are filtered once the compound dissolves in the hot solvent, soluble impurities are filtered out in solution as the compound is left behind. In some cases, decolorizing carbon...
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... |Atomic number |Electron Arrangement |Electronegativity |Atomic radius nm |Melting point K |Boiling Point K | |Fluorine |9 |[He]2s22p5 |4.0 |0.071 |53 |85 | |Bromine |35 |[Ar]3d104s24p5 |2.8 |0.114 |266 |332 | Electronegativity - This is a measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons, or electron density towards itself within a covalent bond o This depends on the attraction between the nucleus and bonding electrons in the outer shell, which depends on the balance between the nuclear charge and the distance between the nucleus and the bonding pairs plus the shielding effect of inner shells of electrons Melting and boiling points - Melting and boiling points involve weakening and breaking van der Waals forces only, the covalent bonds in the halogen molecules stay intact o The lower the boiling point the more volatile the element Chemical reactions of the halogens - The oxidising ability of the halogens increases as we go up the group Displacement reactions - Halogens will react with metal halides in solution in such a way that the halide in...
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...(2001) "I'd put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don't have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that." — Thomas Edison, 1931 We cannot create or destroy energy. We can only capture it. The sun provides either directly or indirectly nearly all of the energy available to us. Plants capture solar energy directly through photosynthesis. Fossil fuels contain the energy of sunlight captured hundreds of millions of years ago. Photovoltaic (PV) cells also capture sunlight energy directly. Other energy sources capture the energy of sunlight indirectly. Heat from the sun powers the flowing air and water. We usually capture the kinetic energy of wind and water by using turbines that transfer the energy to an alternator, an electrical generator that produces alternating current. Geothermal energy is different in that it captures flowing heat energy produced by radioactive decay in the earth’s interior. In this chapter we will see that Wind, Water, and Sun (WWS) energy sources are sustainable because they are renewable, clean, safe, and nearly carbon-free. Although they have low energy densities, meaning that they require large areas of land or water to produce energy, they are sufficient to meet the energy needs of the US and many other countries. Perhaps the greatest challenge facing humanity is to transition to WWS energy as rapidly as possible to mitigate AGW. Renewable energy sources are rate-limited: they can flow forever, but only...
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...elephant ? mass of the mouse A. B. C. D. 10–8 10–6 106 108 2. Two identical balls are dropped from a tall building, one a few seconds after the other. Air resistance is not negligible. As the balls fall, the distance between the balls will A. B. C. D. decrease. increase. increase then remain constant. remain constant. 3. Which of the following is always true for an object moving in a straight line at constant speed? A. B. C. D. No forces act on the object. No resultant force acts on the object. The momentum of the object is zero. No work is being done on the object. 2213-6507 – 3 – 4. M13/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/XX Object A of mass m is lifted through a height h. Object B of mass 2m is lifted through a height 4h. The gravitational field is constant over the height interval. What is the ratio work done against gravity on object B ? work done against gravity on object A A. B. C. D. 1 2 4 8 5. A horizontal disc is rotating about a vertical axis through its centre. Points P and Q on the disc are at distances R and 2R respectively from the centre. Q P R 2R The acceleration at P is a. Which of the following is the...
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...What is the form of energy that is present in pizza that we eat? A) Mechanical B) Chemical C) Radiation D) Electrical Which of the following is not a unit of energy? A) Joules B) Meters C) BTU D) Calories What is the energy stored in the bonds that hold molecules together called? A) Chemical B) Kinetic C) Nuclear D) Thermal Which of the following is the process of breaking a large nuclei into two intermediate size nuclei? A) Chemical reaction B) Nuclear fusion C) Nuclear fission D) All of the above A woman moves a box through a distance of 10 m. What is the work done if the force applied is 10N? A) 100 J B) 50 J C) 0 J D) None of the above How many calories is 1 food calorie equivalent to? A) 1,000,000 B) 100 C) 1000 D) 10,000 What property of a small meteor falling from the sky causes a lot of damage when it hits the earth? A) High Kinetic energy B) High heat energy C) High Potential energy D) Explosive Chemical energy What happens to its temperature when a gas is compressed? A) can either increase or decrease B) decreases C) remains the same D) increases Energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called A) Thermal B) Kinetic C) Potential D) Chemical Energy can be created or destroyed. A) True B) False Correct answer(s): False In what direction does thermal energy flow? A) independent of the temperature difference B) From low temperature to high temperature C) From high temperature to low temperature D) in both directions What is the form of energy in a flying airplane...
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...O HO HO OH OH H2C OH O HO HO + HO OH H2O OH CH2OH O HO H + D -Galactose D -Glucose OH α-Lactose: D -Galactose+ D -Glucose Introduction: The Chemistry of Milk Milk is a food of exceptional interest. Not only is milk an excellent food for the very young, but humans have also adapted milk, specifically cow’s milk, as a food substance for persons of all ages. Many specialized milk products like cheese, yogurt, butter, and ice cream are staples of our diet. Milk is probably the most nutritionally-complete food that can be found in nature. This property is important for milk, since it is the only food young mammals consume in the nutritionally significant weeks following birth. Whole milk contains vitamins (principally thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and vitamins A, D, and K), minerals (calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, and trace metals), proteins (which include all the essential amino acids), carbohydrates (chiefly lactose), and lipids (fats). The only important elements in which milk is seriously deficient are iron and Vitamin C. Infants are usually born with a storage supply of iron large enough to meet their needs for several weeks. Vitamin C is easily secured through an orange juice supplement. The average composition of the milk of each of several mammals is summarized in the accompanying table. Average Percentage...
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...NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS CURRICULUM SUPPORT Chemistry A Practical Guide Support Materials [REVISED ADVANCED HIGHER] [pic] The Scottish Qualifications Authority regularly reviews the arrangements for National Qualifications. Users of all NQ support materials, whether published by Education Scotland or others, are reminded that it is their responsibility to check that the support materials correspond to the requirements of the current arrangements. Acknowledgement © Crown copyright 2012. You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ or e-mail: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this document/publication should be sent to us at enquiries@educationscotland.gov.uk. This document is also available from our website at www.educationscotland.gov.uk. Contents Introduction 5 Chemical analysis 6 Qualitative and quantitative analysis 6 Volumetric analysis 6 Gravimetric analysis 14 Colorimetric analysis 17 Organic techniques 22 Introduction 22 Preparation 22 Isolation 24 Purification 29 Identification 33 Percentage yield 37 Errors 39 Accuracy and precision 39 Repeatability and reproducibility...
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