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Whistleblowing

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WHISTLEBLOWING
Whistle blowing adalah tindakan seorang pekerja yang memutuskan untuk melapor kepada media, kekuasaan internal atau eksternal tentang hal-hal ilegal dan tidak etis yang terjadi di lingkungan kerja.
Hal ini merupakan isu yang penting dan dapat berdampak buruk, baik kepada individu tersebut maupun organisasi yang dilaporkan (Vinten, 1994). Menurut Vardi dan Wiener (1996), tindakan ini termasuk tindakan menyimpang karena menyalahi aturan inti pekerjaan dalam perusahaan yang harus dipatuhi oleh semua pekerja. Sedangkan menurut Moberg (1997) tindakan ini dikategorikan sebagai pengkhianatan terhadap perusahaan.
Whistle Blowing dalam perusahaan (misalnya atasan) dapat disebut sebagai perilaku menyimpang tipe O jika termotivasi oleh identifikasi perasaan yang kuat terhadap nilai dan misi yang dimiliki perusahaan, dengan kepedulian terhadap kesuksesan perusahaan itu sendiri. Sedangkan tindakan whistle blowing yang bersifat ”pembalasan dendam” dikategorikan sebagai perilaku menyimpang tipe D karena ada usaha untuk menyebabkan suatu bahaya. Sementara itu, beberapa peneliti menganggap whistle blowing sebagai suatu bentuk tindakan kewarganegaraan yang baik (Dworkin & Nera, 1997), harus didorong dan bahkan dianugerahi penghargaan. Namun, whistle blowing biasanya dipandang sebagai perilaku menyimpang. Para atasan menganggapnya sebagai tindakan yang merusak yang kadang berupa langkah pembalasan dendam yang nyata (Near & Miceli, 1986). Para atasan berpendapat bahwa pada saat tindakan yang tidak etis terungkap, maka mereka harus berhadapan dengan pihak intern mereka sendiri. Penelitian Near & Miceli mengungkapkan bahwa whistle blower lebih memilih melakukan aksi balas dendam apabila mereka tidak mendapat dukungan yang mereka inginkan dari atasannya, insiden yang terjadi tergolong serius, dan menggunakan sarana eksternal untuk melaporkan kesalahan yang ada.
Kita dapat mengidentifikasi pola tingkatan dari OMB, yaitu sebuah tindakan tidak pantas yang dilakukan di dalam organisasi/perusahaan dan anggota dalam perusahaan memutuskan untuk menentang norma loyalitas kepada perusahaan dan mengungkapkan tindakan tidak pantas tadi kepada pihak luar. Dampaknya, organisasi/perusahaan akan melakukan tindakan menyimpang lebih jauh dengan mengambil aksi balas dendam kepada whistle blower tadi.
Perilaku whistle blowing berkembang atas beberapa alasan. Pertama, pergerakan dalam perekonomian yang berhubungan dengan peningkatan kualitas pendidikan, keahlian, dan kepedualian sosial dari para pekerja. Kedua, keadaan ekonomi sekarang telah memberi informasi yang intensif dan menjadi penggerak informasi. Ketiga, akses informasi dan kemudahan berpublikasi menuntun whistle blowing sebagai fenomena yang tidak bisa dicegah atas pergeseran perekonomian ini (Rothschild & Miethe, 1999).
Tidaklah mudah untuk memastikan terjadinya whistle blowing. Rothschild & Miethe (1999) mendapatkan informasi yang menarik tentang hal ini. Dengan menngunakan sampel pekerja dewasa di US, ditemukan bahwa 37% dari mereka menemukan tindakan menyimpang di dalam lingkungan kerja mereka dan 62% dari porsi ini melakukan tindakan whistle blowing. Namun hanya 16% yang melaporkan ke pihak eksternal, sisanya hanya melapor kepada pihak internal yang memiliki kuasa lebih tinggi.
Miceli & Nera (1997) memandang whistle blowing sebagai antisocial OB. Antisocial OB adalah tindakan intens yang bersifat membahayakan yang dilakukan anggota organisasi terhadap individu, kelompok, atau organisasi. Untuk perilaku whistle blowing yang diklasifikasikan kedalam golongan ini harus dipastikan tingkat bahaya yang dihasilkan. Perilaku ini sejalan dengan OMB tipe D, yang juga dianggap sebagai aksi balas dendam.
De George (1986) menetapkan tiga kriteria atas whistle blowing yang adil. Pertama organisasi yang dapat menyebabkan bahaya kepada para pekerjanya atau kepada kepentingan publik yang luas. Kedua, kesalahan harus dilaporkan pertama kali kepada pihak internal yang memiliki kekuasaan lebih tinggi, dan ketiga, apabila penyimpangan telah dilaporkan kepada pihak internal yang berwenang namun tidak mendapat hasil, dan bahkan penyimpangan terus berjalan, maka pelaporan penyimpangan kepada pihak eksternal dapat disebut sebagai tindakan kewarganegaraan yang baik.
Menurut James (1984), whistle blower dalam for-profit organization akan dikenakan pemutusan kerja. Mereka juga akan masuk dalam blacklist yang tidak mendapat surat rekomendasi. Sementara itu, dalam non-for-profit organization, whistle blower biasanya dipindahkan, diturunkan posisinya, dan tidak akan mendapat promosi.
Perilaku whistle blowing dapat terjadi sebagai akibat dari penanaman nilai yang kuat atas suatu organisasi, mencakup bagaimana dan apa nilai-nilai serta budaya yang terdapat dalam organisasi tersebut. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengaruh sosial dan budaya organisasi merupakan pengaruh yang kuat terhadap terjadinya whistle blowing.
Berdasar pembagiannya,whistleblowing dapat dibedakan menjadi dua macam, yaitu :

A. Whistleblowing Internal
Whistleblowing internal terjadi ketika seorang atau beberapa orangkaryawan tahu mengenai kecurangan yang dilakukan oleh karyawan lainatau kepala bagiannya kemudian melaporkan kecurangan itu kepada pimpinan perusahaan yang lebih tinggi. Motivasi utama whistleblowing adalah motivasi moral yaitu, demi mencegah kerugian bagi perusahaan.Hanya saja, tidak mudah mengetahui apakah motivasinya baik. Jadi, pemimpin harus bersikap hati-hati dan netral bukan dalam pengertian tidak peduli (indiferent), melainkan serius menanggapinya dan tetap memegang prinsip praduga tak bersalah. Di pihak lain, motivasi si pelapor bisa saja memang baik tapi bisa saja jahat. Dengan sikap seperti ini maka bisa dicegah dua kemungkinan yang sama-sama merugikan. Sikap langsung percaya bisa memperdaya pemimpin ketika ternyata motivasi dasar pelapor itu jahat, dan ternyata laporan itu tidak benar. Sikap tidak tanggap juga bisa merugikan karena bisa saja motivasi pelapor memang baik dan ternyata isi laporan itu benar. B. Whistleblowing Eksternal

Whistleblowing eksternal menyangkut kasus dimana seorang pekerja mengetahui kecurangan yang dilakukan perusahaannya lalu membocorkannya kepada masyarakat karena dia tahu bahwa kecurangan itu akan merugikan masyarakat. Dalam kasus whistleblowing eksternal,keraguan atas loyalitas karyawan jauh lebih kuat dari pada whistleblowing internal. Seringkali semua karyawan dilarang untuk membocorkan kecurangan perusahaan pada pihak luar karena tindakan itu dianggap sebagai tindakan yang bertentangan dengan prinsip loyalitas. Dasar pemikiran dari pernyataan di atas, karyawan itu sudah diberi gaji karena itu ia tidak boleh membocorkan kecurangan perusahaan yang merusak nama baik perusahaan. Seharusnya dasar pemikiran yang benar karyawan tidak ingin perusahaan dituntut, diboikot dan bangkrut, dan karena itulebih baik kecurangan tersebut dibongkar. Semakin lama tindak kecurangan tidak dibongkar, maka dampak negatif terhadap perusahaanakan semakin besar. Sebaliknya karyawan yang berusaha mendiamkannya harus dianggap sebagai tidak loyal, tidak peduli, dan tidak punya komitmen moral terhadap perusahaannya.

Seorang Whistleblower akan mendapatkan 2 macam jasa, yaitu : 1. Jasa sebagai seorang pahlawan bagi orang yang mendapat keuntungan dari tindakan whistleblowing yang dilakukan.Dikatakan pahlawan karena whistleblower menjunjung tinggi nilai moral diatas kepentingan pribadinya.

2. Jasa sebagai seorang pengkhianat bagi organisasi atau oknum yang telah sengaja melakukan tindak kecurangan. Selain itu, dikatakan sebagai seorang pengkhianat karena meng-expose kesalahan.

Whistleblowing tidak akan diproteksi ketika :

a. Tuduhan karyawan tidak relevan atau tidak berdasarkan pada fakta yang ada sehingga tuduhan tersebut merupakan tuduhan yang tidak bertanggungjawab. b. Membuka rahasia badan usaha yang berkaitan dengan rencana untuk pengembangan produk. Hal ini tidak dapat disebut sebagai whistleblowing,tetapi membocorkan rahasia badan usaha. c. Membuka rahasia pribadi seseorang dengan tujuan untuk menjatuhkan nama baik pribadi tersebut.

Faktor-faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan sebelum seseorang melakukan whistleblowing,yaitu:

1. Menguji motif apa yang diinginkan seseorang sebelum melakukan whistleblowing. 2. Harus mencari data, karena whistleblowing harus disertai dengan bukti-bukti atau fakta-fakta yang akurat. 3. Menentukan dugaan secara spesifik. 4. Melakukan konsultasi dengan pengacara terlebih dahulu.

Langkah – langkah untuk mencegah whistleblowing : 1. Mengembangkan prosedur keluhan internal atau pekerja secara efektif. Misalnya dengan menyediakan saluran untuk menampung keluhan internal karyawan. 2. Memberikan sesuatu reward and punishment kepada karyawan.Apabila seorang karyawan memiliki prestasi yang bagus, maka bisadiberi hadiah atau bonus. Namun apabila seorang karyawan melakukan kesalahan, maka bisa diberikan sanksi. 3. Menunjukkan tanggung jawab eksekutif senior dengan cara melakukan investigasi dan mencatat kesalahan. 4. Menindak kegiatan-kegiatan yang ilegal. Apabila diketahui melakukan kesalahan, maka dilakukan eksekusi seperti melakukan pemecatan agar para karyawan menjadi disiplin.

PRO & KONTRA TERKAIT WHISTLEBLOWING

Whistleblowing merupakan fenomena yang marak terjadi di abad 21terhadap ketidakpuasan karyawan terhadap manajemen. Pada awalnya,Whistleblower dianggap sebagai orang yang tidak loyal karena menjatuhkan perusahaannya sendiri atau mengungkapkan keburukan dari perusahaannya.Tetapi seiring berjalan waktu,whistleblowing mulai mendapat pengakuan dari pemerintah. Negara juga memberikan fasilitas perlindungan terhadap pelaku whistleblowing dengan konsekuensi bukti dan fakta akurat berisi kebenaran. Whistleblowing sering disamakan begitu saja dengan membuka rahasia perusahaan, padahal keduanya tidak sama. Rahasia perusahaan adalah sesuatuyang konfidensial dan harus dirahasiakan, dan umumnya tidak menyangkut efek yang merugikan apa pun bagi pihak lain, entah itu masyarakat atau perusahaan lain. Whistleblowing umumnya menyangkut kecurangan tertentu yang merugikan baik perusahaan sendiri maupun pihak lain, dan apabila kecurangan tersebutdibongkar akan mempunyai dampak yang merugikan bagi perusahaan, dampak terkecilnya yaitu dapat merusak nama baik perusahaan tersebut.

HUBUNGAN WHISTLEBLOWER DENGAN INTERNAL AUDITOR

Internal auditor sering kali dipandang sebagai ethical leader dalam suatu bisnis. Ketika ada kasus atau pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan fraud dalam operational perusahaan, pihak manajemen selalu meresponnya dengan memanggil internal auditor untuk mengivestigasi kemungkinan fraud tersebut. Karena memiliki standar profesi yang kuat, yang juga dikenal sebagai kode etik profesi,internal auditor sudah seharusnya menjadi panutan atau contoh dalam melakukan sesuatu yang beretika (ethical leader) dalam bisnis.Pengetahuan dan pemahaman atas kode etik profesi memiliki peran yang jauh lebih besar dari sekedar fungsi internal auditor dalam suatu perusahaan.Banyak perusahaan yang telah berkomitmen untuk menjalankan bisnis dengan memegang prinsip etika, tetapi hal tersebut seringkali tidak bertahan lama. Dalam Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOx), telah ditekankan mengenai pentingnya dalam menerapkan suatu lingkungan yang beretika pada perusahaan dalam menjalankan bisnis. Banyak inisiatif yang juga sudah dilakukan oleh departemen lain, seperti human resource department dan corporate legal. Selain menekankan padalingkungan bisnis yang beretika, perusahaan juga harus menekankan pada kodeetik setiap stakeholder perusahaan, pengakuan pada nilai-nilai bisnis yang dianut oleh perusahaan, dan juga program whistleblower. Konsep dari program whistleblower adalah semua karyawan atau stakeholder lainnya dapat melaporkan suatu kecurangan atau aktivitas yang tidak sesuai dengan kode etik yang berlaku. Program whistleblower ini telah menjadi elemen dari SOx. Internal auditor harus mengerti tentang peran dari whistleblower dan memahami bagaimana aktivitas ini berpengaruh bagi lingkungan pengendalian dalam bisnis.

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...Whistleblowing and Sarbanes-Oxley Due DyKetia Gregg Thomas Payne Jr. Law, Ethics, and Corporate Governance July 25, 2015 Whistleblowing and Sarbanes-Oxley Due If something happens in the organization, for example, a worker is thought to be engaged in illegal activities, then a whistleblower reports on this to the legal institution. As a rule, a whistleblower is an employee, so to encourage him/her to disclose the information and to assure that one is making a right step the Whistleblower Protection Act was adopted (Ethics and corporate social responsibility, 2009). The things whistleblowers do are very serious. One should always remember that such actions may lead to the loss of money and reputation by the company or particular workers. Not everybody is ready to accept these; that is why the whistleblower might be threatened and compelled to leave the working place. The employees have different views on who the whistleblowers are. Some believe them to be disloyal workers, who are ready to betray the organization at any moment; others treat them as a helping hand in the eliciting of truth and putting things right in the company. Corporate governance and whistleblowing are working side by side. Sometimes a malpractice by an employee cannot be reported in an ordinary way. Typically this happens when a problem is related to the person who usually assists the whistleblower or to whom he or she reports to (Ethics and corporate...

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Whistleblowing

...Each day an individual will make a decision that will affect their life in some way. Should I wear the green shirt or the yellow shirt? Should I order a shake or lemonade? Should I wash the car today or wait until tomorrow? These simple decisions often happen without serious thought. Why? Because these decision are not life changing ones. But what happens when the decision is not so easy to make, when it’s life changing. Sometimes a person’s conscious greatly affects one’s decision making, especially when the topic of whistle blowing arises. In this paper, I will discuss and analyze whistle-blowing, where it occurs, the effects of whistle-blowing, whether whistle-blowing is an act of betrayal or public service, the consequences of whistle-blowing, and finally I close my paper with a conclusion. This paper also aims to provide a balanced approach to this topic. Understood correctly whistle-blowing is defined as an informant who exposes wrongdoing within an organization. Whistle-blowing is not about informing in the negative but more so, raises concern about malpractice within an organization. More so, it can also be defined as the release of information by a member (or former member) of an organization where there is evidence of illegal or immoral conduct in the organization, or conduct in the organization that is not in the public interest . The decision and bravery of being prepared to blow the whistle is directly related to the cultural resistance in many organizations...

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Whistleblowing, Is It Ethical?

...Position Paper Whistleblowing, Is it Ethical? Whistleblowing, Is it Ethical? The ethical discussion behind whistleblowing has been debated for decades. With each level of every organization seeing the act of whistleblowing from a different position it has become a topic that all business schools address. The Whistleblowing Helpline defines whistleblowing as “raising a concern about a wrong doing within an organization” (About Whistleblowing). Furthermore, whistleblowing specifically refers to the revealing of concerns about legitimate criminal or unjust acts that present danger to the environment of the organization. Therefore, the whistleblower is the person who has a concern within their organization and is moved to raise that concern to the leadership of their workplace or to an external authority (About Whistleblowing). When done in the right context and for the right reasons whistleblowing is ethically acceptable under both the Utilitarian theory and the Deontological theory of ethics. While the act of whistleblowing is considered ethical under the reasoning of these two theories, the outcome of whistleblowing is not always glorious for the whistleblower. Instead most whistleblowers raise their concerns as a means of creating a better future for the organization, as well as all of its stakeholders. An employee who chooses to be a whistleblower is often times ridiculed and despised within their organization, especially when little or nothing is done about their...

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