...Assignment 2--- White Collar Crime Theories, Law, and Processes Lucas McPherson Professor Dr. Matthew Miko LEG 200 – White Collar Crime in Government, Business, and Labor December 21, 2011. 1. Explain white collar crime in terms of various theories related to criminology and crime. There are several basic theories in which white collar crime can be explained relating to criminology and crime. We must look at several concepts and behaviors and take certain metaphysical, ontological, and epistemological assumption about the ultimate nature of reality and being into consideration. Example, is reality subjective or objective? Is causation simply a human construct, or is it something that can be definitively and objectively established? The latter were two questions to approach some explanation of the theories of white collar crime and the criminological concept of the offenders in this sector. There are the sociological, biogenetic, psychological, and sociogenic explanation to white collar criminology and crime. The most basic theory of criminality states that criminals are different in some fundamental way from non-criminals. Then the nature of the difference must be identified. On a Sociological level the propensity to commit crimes, is shown to vary among various segments of the population or among different organization. The biogenetic explanation of criminality became especially influential in the nineteenth century. This states that criminals...
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...Evaluate Marxist explanations of Crime and Deviance Labelling theory paved the way in understanding how deviance was something defined by social processes. In this way social agencies such as the police defined what was deviant. Marxists took this view even further by examining the power of certain social groups to define deviance and create the laws which secured social conformity. Marxists see crime and deviance as not coming from moral or biological defects but defects within social order. Crime is an inevitable part of capitalism as it stems from social inequalities. Working-class crime is caused by labour exploitation and material misery. Therefore theft is an expression of that exploitation and is a political act of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie. As anything the ruling class defines as being criminal because it’s in their interests to do so. The ruling class will violate laws with impunity while members of the subject classes will be punished. Crime is a reaction to the life conditions of a person’s social class. Crime diverts the working-class’s attention from the exploitation they experience; it contains their resistance. Crime changes from society to society depending on the political and economic structures of society. Crime will persist in capitalist societies because they promote inequality and class conflict, and penal law will expand relative to that inequality and exploitation. Chambliss argues that acts are defined as criminal only when it’s in the...
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...White Collar Crime in Medical Industry Name Institution White Collar Crime in Medical Industry Introduction Background of Research Various crimes take place in different private and public organisations and institutions every day. This research paper will analyse the different white-collar crimes witnessed in the medical industry worldwide. Practitioners involved numerous health practitioners in the dishonest ways of filling irregular and dishonest information about patients for financial gain. The fraud is generated in many ways depending on the level of need and greed at any particular moment. It should therefore be noted that the amount of fraud committed through white-collar crime in health care has risen enormously (Benson, Madensen & Eck, 2009). Billions of dollars are lost through the various unscrupulous health practitioners and their relevant counterparts. The billions of money fall in the hands of a few people and deprive numerous patients the attention and medication required in the process. The public should therefore be alert and report any suspected cases of criminal injustices in the medical industry (Rosoff, Pontell & Tillman, 2012). Problem Statement It is evident that there are various loopholes in the medical industry where financial fraud occurs and fails to be accounted for in the health organisations. The state is aware of the various modes of White Collar crimes taking place in the medical industry. Similarly, the state with the...
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...Extra Credit # 3 SOCI 1301 White-collar crime is a financially motivated, nonviolent crime committed for illegal monetary gain. It is a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation. Deviance, in a sociological context, describes actions or behaviors that violate social norms, including formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime), Conformity on the other hand, is an adherence to social norms. In a conflict perspective, all societies are marked by the conflict of social classes, sometime overt, sometimes hidden, due to unequal distribution of resources - Haves and Have-nots. Those who control the productive property of any society (land, factories, and equipment) use their economic power to dominate other spheres--culture, religion, education, politics, and certainly the criminal justice system. There may be laws that benefit everybody, but mostly the upper-class. From a conflict perspective, the criminal justice system perpetuates inequalities by defining deviant behavior in terms of any behavior that threatens the powerful. Laws in a capitalist system are created to protect the interests of the ruling class. Crimes of Rich and Poor are equal, but poor have greater "recognition". Raiman developed pyrrhic defeat theory arguing that those in power have designed the criminal justice system to fail in order to yield benefits for themselves. Michael Parenti’s You Tube video presents some unbelievable facts like, The department of...
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...What Is Deviance? The word deviance connotes odd or unacceptable behavior, but in the sociological sense of the word, deviance is simply any violation of society’s norms. Deviance can range from something minor, such as a traffic violation, to something major, such as murder. Each society defines what is deviant and what is not, and definitions of deviance differ widely between societies. For example, some societies have much more stringent rules regarding gender roles than we have in the United States, and still other societies’ rules governing gender roles are less stringent than ours. Gender and Deviance In the United States, women who cry in public in response to emotional situations are not generally considered deviant—even women who cry frequently and easily. This view of women has remained relatively constant. Over the past fifty years, however, society’s perception of men who cry has changed. A man who cried publicly in the 1950s would have been considered deviant. Today, men who cry in response to extreme emotional situations are acting within society’s norms. Male politicians cry when announcing defeat, male athletes cry after winning a championship, and male actors cry after winning an award. By today’s standards, none of these men is committing a deviant act. Relativism and Deviance Deviance is a relative issue, and standards for deviance change based on a number of factors, including the following: * Location: A person speaking loudly during a church service...
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...auto industry. Outsourcing is contracting with another company or person to do a particular function. Almost every organization outsources in some way. Typically, the function being outsourced is considered non-core to the business. The outside firms that are providing the outsourcing services are third-party providers, or as they are more commonly called, service providers. Although outsourcing has been around as long as work specialization has existed, in recent history, companies began employing the outsourcing model to carry out narrow functions, such as payroll, billing and data entry. Those processes could be done more efficiently , and therefore more cost-effectively, by other companies with specialized tools and facilities and specially trained personnel. Currently, outsourcing takes many forms. Organizations still hire service providers to handle distinct business processes, such as benefits management. But...
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...Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Analysis Lisa Dupree LAW 421 November 30, 2014 Miriam Gold Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Analysis The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was signed on the 30th day of July in year 2002 by President George W. Bush after passing through the Senate with a unanimous vote and passing through the House of Representatives with a 423-3 vote. When the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was enacted it directly affected CPAs, CPA firms that review public organizations, publicly traded organizations, their employees, their officers, their owners, those who have “more than 10 percent of the outstanding common shares” in a publicly traded company, lawyers who work for publicly traded companies, lawyers who have publicly traded organizations as clients, traders, merchants, financial specialist, and investors who work for publicly traded companies (NYSSCPA, 2014). The SOX act created a five affiliate oversight panel that is “subject to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversight” (NYSSCPA, 2014). The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) was created to investigate, inspect, discipline public accountant firms and also enforce compliance with the SOX act. Registration with the (PCAOB) is mandatory for all CPA firms. Lisa- The Enactment of the SOX Act Kris- SOX and Ethical Decision Making The SOX Act was created by Congress to protect investors and companies from irresponsible accounting practices. The purpose of the SOX Act is to ensure...
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...S E C T I O N II Understanding White-Collar Crime Definitions, Extent, and Consequences S ecti on Hi g h l i g h ts •• •• •• •• •• •• White-Collar Crime: An Evolving Concept Modern Conceptualizations of White-Collar Crime Extent of White-Collar Crime Consequences of White-Collar Crime Public Attitudes About White-Collar Crime Characteristics of White-Collar Offenders A 34 s noted in the introduction, Edwin Sutherland created the concept of white-collar crime more than 70 years ago to draw attention to the fact that crimes are committed by individuals in all social classes. As will be seen in this section, one of the largest difficulties in understanding white-collar crime has centered on an ongoing debate about how to define white-collar crime. After discussing various ways that white-collar crime can be defined, attention will be given to the extent of white-collar crime, the consequences of this illicit behavior, public attitudes about white-collar crime, and patterns describing the characteristics of white-collar offenders. Section II Understanding White-Collar Crime 35 As a backdrop to this discussion, consider the following recent white-collar crimes described in the media: •• A jury convicted [then-Baltimore mayor Sheila] Dixon . . . of embezzling about $500 worth of gift cards donated to the city for needy families. Dixon then pleaded guilty last month to lying about thousands of dollars in gifts from her former boyfriend, a prominent developer...
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...Understanding white collar crime Hazel Croall Open University Press Buckingham · Philadelphia Open University Press Celtic Court 22 Ballmoor Buckingham MK18 1XW email: enquiries@openup.co.uk world wide web: www.openup.co.uk and 325 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA First Published 2001 Copyright © Hazel Croall, 2001 All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1P 0LP. A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 335 20427 9 (pb) 0 335 20428 7 (hb) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Croall, Hazel, 1947– Understanding white collar crime / Hazel Croall. p. cm. — (Crime and justice) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–335–20428–7 — ISBN 0–335–20427–9 (pbk.) 1. White collar crimes. I. Title. II. Crime and justice (Buckingham, England) HV6768 .C755 2001 364.16´8 — dc21 00–050174 Typeset by Type Study, Scarborough Printed in Great Britain by Biddles Limited, Guildford and Kings Lynn chapter ...
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...Business 3172-001 Essay Questions Alena Rodriguez u0702179 Wilson and Loewen have both talked to us about racial hostility and who they think are responsible for the racial discrimination described in their books. Wilson believes that it was the middle and lower class whites who are at fault because they had the most direct competition with the blacks, but more the lower class whites. The motives of the whites were that the blacks were coming in and taking the jobs that they had. The whites would refuse to do a job because the pay was bad, so then the blacks would come in and they were willing to do the job even if they didn’t get paid a lot. “After a brief postwar depression, the economy greatly expanded and northern industries were booming. Immigration laws kept the flow of eastern and southern European immigrants to a mere trickle, thereby forcing the industrialists to tap the industrial reserve of Negroes for unskilled labor” (Wilson 68). In The Mississippi Chinese the Chinese had hostility with the upper class whites. The big problem for the upper class whites was that they felt like if they let one minority into their group, the other minorities would want the same thing and would start making a scene. They think of themselves as exclusive and special and they don’t want anyone else to get the idea that they can be too. “The upper class is more exclusive and more defensive about its position and considers endogamy essential to its continued dominance. Furthermore...
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...Business Plan Outline - 23 Point Checklist For Success If you’re looking for funding for a new or existing business, you need a business plan. Your business plan gives lenders and investors the information they need to determine whether or not they should consider your company. Your business plan outline is the first step in organizing your thoughts. And, when you follow the outline below, you ensure your business plan is in the format that prompts investors and lenders to take action. In the business plan outline below, you will see the ten (10) sections common to business plans, and the twenty-three (23) sub-sections you must complete. Also, to help you out, here is my proven business plan template, that allows you to quickly and easily complete all the sections of your business plan. Section I – Executive Summary 1 – Executive Summary The Executive Summary is the most important part of your business plan. Because if it doesn’t interest readers, they’ll never even get to the rest of your plan. Start your Executive Summary with a brief and concise explanation of what your company does. Next, explain why your company is uniquely qualified to succeed. For example, does your management team have unique competencies? Do you have any patents? Are you the first mover in your market? Does a huge, unmet market opportunity exist? Etc. Finally, include a synopsis of your financial projections in your Executive Summary. Specifically, include your expected revenues, expenses and...
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...Department Greenhead College SCLY 4: Crime and Deviance with Methods in Context Remember: You have to revise everything, because you have no choice on the exam paper. The specification 1 Different theories of crime, deviance, social order and social control * Different definitions of crime, deviance, social order and social control * The distinction between sociological theories of crime and other theories (eg biological, psychological); crime and deviance as socially constructed * Functionalist theories of crime: Durkheim, anomie, collective conscience; Merton’s strain theory; manifest and latent functions; functionalist subcultural theories * Marxist and neo-Marxist theories of crime: classical Marxism, laws reflecting class interests; Neo-Marxism, hegemony, the CCCS studies, critical and new criminology * Interactionist theories of crime: labelling theory, the self-fulfilling prophecy * Feminist theories of crime: patriarchy, male control of women’s lives * Control theory and other contemporary approaches to crime: social bonds, communitarianism, situational prevention; postmodern theories; Foucault on individualisation and surveillance * Realist theories: New Left Realism and Right Realism * The relevance of the various theories to understanding different types of crime, and their implications for social policy. 2 The social distribution of crime and deviance by age, ethnicity, gender, locality and social class, including recent...
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...Department Greenhead College SCLY 4: Crime and Deviance with Methods in Context Remember: You have to revise everything, because you have no choice on the exam paper. The specification 1 Different theories of crime, deviance, social order and social control * Different definitions of crime, deviance, social order and social control * The distinction between sociological theories of crime and other theories (eg biological, psychological); crime and deviance as socially constructed * Functionalist theories of crime: Durkheim, anomie, collective conscience; Merton’s strain theory; manifest and latent functions; functionalist subcultural theories * Marxist and neo-Marxist theories of crime: classical Marxism, laws reflecting class interests; Neo-Marxism, hegemony, the CCCS studies, critical and new criminology * Interactionist theories of crime: labelling theory, the self-fulfilling prophecy * Feminist theories of crime: patriarchy, male control of women’s lives * Control theory and other contemporary approaches to crime: social bonds, communitarianism, situational prevention; postmodern theories; Foucault on individualisation and surveillance * Realist theories: New Left Realism and Right Realism * The relevance of the various theories to understanding different types of crime, and their implications for social policy. 2 The social distribution of crime and deviance by age, ethnicity, gender, locality and social class, including recent...
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...beneficial for the organization and themselves” (p. 4-5). The notorious Enron scandal created a historic impact to the organizational culture and processes of businesses in the United States. The following paragraphs will address organizational behavior theories, which could have predicted Enron’s failure. Furthermore, a comparison of management, leadership, and organizational structures is scrutinized to determine the influence each had on Enron’s failure. Who was ENRON? Enron was founded in 1985 when Kenneth Lay merged Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth creating Enron (CBCNews, 2006). In the early 1990s Kenneth Lay commenced the sale of electricity at reasonable prices. However, Congress deregulated sales of natural gas. As a result, Enron’s earnings increased and became the largest retailer of natural gas. To expand, Enron diversified and incorporated gas pipelines, pulp and paper, broadband services, water, and electricity plants. Furthermore, the deregulation allowed Enron executives full control of the earnings reports. By maintaining control of the earnings reports, executives purposely failed to provide accurate financial reports misleading investors and employees. Executives embezzled funds by moving money from investments to lie to investors, proliferate investments, and attract more investors to the organization (Laws, 2011). Enron executives attained...
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...Functionalism, strain and Subcultural theories Durkheim’s functionalist theory Functionalism – society based on value consensus. Members of society sharing common culture. In order to achieve this, two things needed: - Socialisation – helps ensure individuals share the same norms and values. Shows the way to act. - Social control – rewards for conformity and punishment for deviance. Controls behaviour. Inevitability of crime – functionalists see crime as inevitable and universal. Every society has crime. Two reasons why crime and deviance are in all societies: - No everyone is equally socialized into norms and values. Some are likely to be deviant. - Diversity of lifestyle and values. Different groups have their own subcultures with distinctive norms and values. Some may see deviant acts as normal. > Durkheim says in modern societies there is tendency towards anomie. The rules for behaviour become weaker and less clear-cut. This is because modern societies have a complex division of labour meaning individuals become more different from each other. Crime is more likely. Positive functions of crime – it also performs two positive functions Boundary maintenance - produces a reaction from society, uniting members in disapproval of criminals and reinforcing their commitment to shared norms and values. Adaptation and change – all change starts with an act of deviance. There must be scope to challenge existing norms and values and this will seem deviant in the...
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