...The Beginning There have been new trends affecting today’s payment methods for long term healthcare services which is making the United States Health Care system ever more complicated. Long term health care today is considered a reimbursement driven industry (Casto, 2006) . The term reimbursement refers to repayment or compensation of health care services (Bowman, 2007). Reimbursement is the process of being repaid for services that have already been given (Casto, 2006). In long term care, services are often provided prior to payment being made. Since patients have already received treatment, the facility, practitioners, and their staff seek reimbursement to cover those expenses such as medications, procedures, and supplies (Bowman, 2007). Generally a physician, health care organization, or practitioner will submit an itemization of services, products, equipment, and supplies that have been rendered (Casto, 2006). This is known as a claim (Casto, 2006). The claim lists the fundamental characteristics of reimbursement such as fees and charges (Casto, 2006). These claims are reimbursed by one of two ways. An institution can be paid by a fixed amount called capitation (Casto, 2006). A capitated amount is what is paid regardless of the number or costs of health care services provided (Bowman, 2007). This often gives providers incentive to lower costs and to focus more on preventive care (Bowman, 2007). Fee for Service is another method of reimbursement. This is paid...
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...INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW TERM PAPER NOVEMBER, 5, 2013 CLIENTS NAME INSTITUTION 1950 WORDS Introduction According to the rules of customary international law (IHL), parties to a conflict need to distinguish between the civilians and combatants and military objective and civilian objectives . It is essential to offer a guide on what might be attacked in order to free the civilian populace from the impacts of hostilities. The most important guide regarding armed conflicts is that the combatants may only attack military objectives . However, despite the right to attack only military objectives, the attack will be illegal if the combatants’ use of force may lead to excessive collateral damage on either the civilians or the civilian objects . In addition, the combatants need to take precautionary measures to ensure they do not harm civilians even if they are attacking lawful targets . In this light, it is important to define military objectives and offer an explanation why there are limitations on the attacks on military objectives. Pursuant to Article 52 (2) of Protocol 1, military objectives need to fulfil two criteria. First, it must be a factor in the military action of the adversary. This is often highlighted by the objects “nature, locality, reason or use”. Secondly, the destruction, capture or neutralization must present a clear military benefit to the combatants. Therefore, an attack on a specific area may be tantamount to a...
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...Attacks On AIS Introduction The more modern technology advances it appears vulnerabilities continuously exist in software used on networks. Hackers or automated information system (AIS) attackers gain access to system networks by manipulating those vulnerabilities. Attackers accomplish this by exploiting operating systems at the root level (Balga, Iftode, & Chen, 2008). Although there are protective measures available, businesses, particularly small businesses, are the most susceptible to these attacks. The following paragraphs will provide an argument based on why businesses are liable for loss when attackers attack their AIS. AIS The assembly of firmware, hardware, and software makes up the automated information system or AIS. It is here where computers store information, such as computations and communications. Businesses and governmental agencies benefit from the use of an AIS. The benefits are time and cost efficient; however, the greater the benefit the greater the risk of attacks. Businesses are losing billions of dollars annually because of these attacks especially when there is no preventive measures in place (Balga, Iftode, & Chen, 2008). Without preventive measures, attackers forge Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses, which causes the victims of the attack to attack other victims. The source of the attack remains unidentifiable. Another type of attack is through user accounts. Networks use authentication information, such as user ID and passwords...
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...Confidence will grow in the lab with certification as well. Once a lab is deemed certified, it must continue to demonstrate quality and adaptability to remain certified. If not, or if the lab suffers any setback or does not abide by the bylaws of the ASCLD, revocation of the certification will occur. Labs that want to be certified should also draft a memo, or justification letter, to the ASCLD and to its management for becoming certified. The memo should state all reasons why the lab is wanting certification, the program it specializes in (type of lab, in other words) and why certification would help the lab. All labs also need testing requirements, such as testing for DNA, using the principles of ASCLD. All labs deal with biological matter, so there has to be safety standards set in order to protect workers from exposure. A good example of this is if someone was exposed to blood collected form a scene or evidence, or a victim. OSHA sets standards and regulations that must be followed, so labs need to have policies in place, and visible to all employees. There are examples of all such a memos...
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...within the government; Providing Public Services, Protect Rights, Promote Rule of Law, Prepare for Common Defence, and Support the Economic System. So, did Rome meet the mark? When it came to providing public services in Rome, the Roman Republic earned an A-. One reason why it earned an A is that they made aqueducts that provided things like indoor plumbing, watered crops, and a sewer system for the citizens. This benefits everyone by them having a water supply in various ways,...
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...MASSIE CASE do any of the witnesses contradict each other, or themselves? Yes, because the main character Thalia claimed that she was raped by 5 men and that it was too dark to even notice their face or the vehicle, because it was too dark it's surprising that she even claimed that the 5 men were local hawaiians instead of 5 white men. What important details are missing, and how might you go about looking for them? Some important details that are missing are DNA to show that she was raped by that ethnic or anyone, beside the fact that she did drink a lot and they caused scenes, and also when she went to go see a UH psychologists and after a session with him the psychologists said that she was a disturbed young lady. What information is missing? There is a bunch of information that is missing like where she was kidnapped, because she doesn't even remember where at because the fact she was walking down a dirt road, A couple witnessed that thalia walked away with another white man, which wasn't her husband. How would you describe the news coverage at the time of the incident? Cite examples. News coverage was huge, because it was a white woman claiming that she had been raped by 5 z local hawaiians and samoans. It was so huge it was known across the nation from hawaii to the e east coast and back. It was on the news...
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...topic is because I feel that it is one of the concepts that affect us the most. Supply and demand is so important that it has laws. Sir Hubert Douglas Henderson spoke of these laws. I. When, at the price ruling, demand exceeds supply, the price tends to rise. Conversely when supply exceeds demand the price tends to fall. II. A rise in price tends, sooner or later, to decrease demand and to increase supply. conversely a fall in price tends, sooner or later, to increase demand and to decrease supply. III. Price tends to the level at which demand is equal to supply. So Sir Hubert states that these three laws are the cornerstone of economic theory. (Henderson ,1922). I think that gas prices are a very good example of this concept. Whenever you see any type of conflict happening in the Middle East where the large oil fields are, the price of oil will rise. An example of this would be when the antigovernment protest began in Lybia, the price oil surged more than 6%. (Rooney, 2011). So this shows that if the supply is short or maybe even perceived to be in short supply, then the demand rises and so does the price of the item. You might have noticed that I said perceived. Even though the item might not be in short supply, if buyers think that the item may be in short supply will cause the price of the item to go up as well. That’s why you see some people being investigated about speculation on the oil price fluctuation. The next topic...
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...world. What started as a nation that was quite isolated became a major global economy, and, along with that economic power and the various foreign policies enacted since the Civil War, found itself also serving another role. This role taken on by the United States was that of the “World Police.” This title of the Policemen of the World was first coined with the Spanish American War, and has led to US involvement in foreign conflicts multiple times. These foreign conflicts include the Korean War and both Operation Desert Storm and Operation Desert Shield among other international events. More recently, the United States has been involved with a number of conflicts in the Middle East, such as the Libyan Civil War and the incidents in Iraq. There has been mixed reception of US involvement in these countries, and, while both the United States and United Nations involvement in the Libyan Civil War and the recent intervention in Iraq are important to the ideals of the Four Freedoms, these incidents also show that US involvement can cause situations to escalate further than they may have without our policing force. Both the United States intervention in Iraq, and involvement in Libya are tied in with the United Nations, and, in the case of Iraq, with the United States War on Terror and previous involvement in Iraq. The intervention in Iraq has become a somewhat heated topic of debate, as it can be seen as the result of the United States’ previous invasion of the country. Recent uprisings...
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...UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS FACULDADE DE LETRAS COMTEMPORARY WOMEN’S WRITING PROF. DR. SANDRA ALMEIDA ANA PAULA RAPOSO Women we know: a biographical critical analysis on Unless by Carol Shields Belo Horizonte 2013 Sumário Introduction 3 Men and Women 4 Writers and Readers 7 Goodness 9 Mothers and Children 10 Referências 13 Women we know: a biographical critical analysis on Unless by Carol Shields Introduction Unless is the last novel written by Carol Shields, before she passed away of breast cancer in 2003. The novel is structured in a first person narrative; the narrator is Reta Winters, a 44-year old writer and translator. Throughout the narrative, the reader follows a linear chain of thoughts by Reta on the central theme of the novel, which is her quest to find out why her daughter Norah decided to drop out of university and live on the street with a sign on her chest written "Goodness". The essay will be developed through research in primary sources – interviews – in order to analyze Carol Shield’s work using mostly, but not only, her own concepts and reflections on Literature, writing and being a writer, and composition process of Unless. Many scholars have made researches on the novel, especially about language resources, metafiction and gender issues. The most cited work is Nora Foster Stovel’s ““Because she is a woman”: Myth and Metafiction in Carol Shield’s Unless”. By investigating her compositional...
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...world. What started as a nation that was quite isolated became a major global economy, and, along with that economic power and the various foreign policies enacted since the Civil War, found itself also serving another role. This role taken on by the United States was that of the “World Police.” This title of the Policemen of the World was first coined with the Spanish American War, and has led to US involvement in foreign conflicts multiple times. These foreign conflicts include the Korean War and both Operation Desert Storm and Operation Desert Shield among other international events. More recently, the United States has been involved with a number of conflicts in the Middle East, such as the Libyan Civil War and the incidents in Iraq.There has been mixed reception of US involvement in these countries, and, while both the United States and United Nations involvement in the Libyan Civil War and the recent intervention in Iraq are important to the ideals of the Four Freedoms, these incidents also show that US involvement can cause situations to escalate further than they may have without our policing force. Both the United States intervention in Iraq, and involvement in Libya are tied in with the United Nations, and, in the case of Iraq, with the United States War on Terror and previous involvement in Iraq. The intervention in Iraq has become a somewhat heated topic of debate, as it can be seen as the result of the United States’ previous invasion of the country. Recent uprisings...
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...Which of the Bill of Rights is most important to you and why? The Bill of Rights was written for the American people for two reasons. The first was to pacify Anti-Federalist’s fears of an overwhelmingly powerful central government provided by the Constitution. The second reason was to protect the freedoms secured by the Americans after their war for independence. Without a Bill of Rights, the people feared that the government would have the power to oppress and to control everything. In my opinion, the First Amendment is the most important. By taking each letter in the word first, I will explain why the First Amendment is important to me. F-freedom; The First Amendment states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. This is quite possibly the amendment that makes the United States the democratic and orderly country that it is. The choice of freedom to say and listen to whatever one wants is the ultimate independence. I-immeasurable; the importance of the First Amendment can't be measured. The freedoms and liberties it gives me are too great to mark with a value. This part of the Bill of Rights allows me to have a voice in the country I live in. R-requisite; The First Amendment is requisite, or absolutely needed. It sets boundaries that give the people...
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...Empire Blue Cross Blue Shield: Non-profit to profit status INTRODUCTION Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield was one of the most popular and respected insurers of last resort in the United States of America. The fact that this insurance organization was a non-profit company enabled it to offer highly subsidized health insurance covers to the New York population; this greatly benefited low income earners who could not afford to pay the hefty insurance premiums charged by other for-profit organizations in New York. However, on 26th September 1996, Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield made an official announcement that it was planning to convert from a non-profit organization to a fully-fledged for-profit company. This meant that the huge number of New Yorkers who had obtained individual health insurance cover from Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield would have to seek alternatives which would more or less expose them to greater health risks. (Robinson, 2003) The only subscribers who wouldn’t be affected by Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield conversion were the 850 policy holders who had permanent disability. This marked the start of an extensive legal, community and political tussle pitting the various stakeholders who had different kinds of interests in Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield. Experts argued that this conversion plan was a reflection...
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...Executive Summary Under the Management of Jeffrey H. Brotman, Costco Wholesale Corporation remains as one of the largest wholesaler retail in the world. Tech-Shield should consider the option of making an investment to Costco Wholesale Corporation due to the company’s effective business strategy, financial success, and reputable corporate policies. Costco's 5 year financial history has shown the increasing growth of the company. Costco has significant profit margin of 1.5% to 2%, showing that they are still growing and will become even more successful in the years to come. Costco continues to gain more loyal customers by attracting them on low priced goods and excellent customer service. Costco plays a very important role in the economy by creating jobs and opening up 30 new warehouses in 8 different countries from the year of 2012 to 2013. With more than 70 million members and employees, Costco prides their company to provide their customers quality products for the best price, ability to take care of their employers and customers, and to reward shareholders. Introduction Costco currently remains as the nation’s largest wholesale operator with 462 warehouses in the United States. In the year off 2013, Costco has over 71.2 million cardholders and 185,207 workers while profiting over 105.2 billion dollars in revenue. Wal-mart offers 100,000 items as divergent to 40,000 items at most grocery stores. However, Costco offers 10,000 items because they are able to order larger...
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...Parties: United States of America: The Plaintiff is the United States which says that the Sherman Antitrust Act has been violated by the defendants. Hilton Hotels Corporation: A defendant that allegedly agreed with other hotels to give preferential treatment to suppliers who paid assessments while decreasing purchases from those companies who refused. Along with its co-defendant, it is accused of bringing the combined economic power of the hotels against the suppliers who failed to pay. Western International Hotels Co.: Another defendant that was accused of violating the Sherman Act’s provisions with its refusals to deal with the unreasonable restraints on trade. Facts: In Portland, Oregon, representatives of hotels, restaurants and other business entities organized an association to attract potential conventions to their respective city. While at the convention, members were asked to make contributions equal to one percent of their sales in order to help finance. To help bolster their collections, hotel members, including the defendant Hilton Hotel Corp., agrees to give preferential treatment to the suppliers who paid their assessments. But for those who did not pay, actions were set in motion to help decrease the purchases from those particular suppliers. Procedure: The court found that the evidence was clearly sufficient to establish that the defendant hotels agreed to prefer suppliers who paid contributions over those who did not. The primary purpose and direct...
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...years. Successful commercialization of pharmaceutical products depends on maximizing the time available for product sales before generic products entered the market. Market protection opportunities that have the greatest impact on the life cycle of the product include patents, data exclusivity, patent term litigation, and extensions associated with pediatric indications for the drug (Goodman, 2008). Drug companies, their competitors which include other pharmaceutical companies, as well as generic companies understand this, thus enabling the drug companies to maximize product sales and royalties for many years (Goodman, 2008). These factors along with a declining economy, new healthcare regulations, political influences, changes in patent law, a change of the mentality from profits first, science secondary has lead to the decline in profits for the pharmaceutical industry. Although late adaptors to the “change”, unlike the banking and retail industries, pharmaceutical have been impacted as well and in order to stay competitive must make some serious changes (Goodman, 2008). Merck & Co., Inc is one of the top-tier drug makers. This corporation faces the multiple issues and challenges pertinent to pharmaceutical industry. This paper provides an overview of existing change models in within the framework...
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