...The Future of Criminal Justice University Of Phoenix Foundations of Criminal Justice April 19, 2010 The Future of Criminal Justice Terrorism has never been in the States; only in third world countries. Since 9/11-2001 is has been a reality and ongoing nightmare and hit close to home. The attack on the World Trade Centers in New York was a wakeup call. United States has been on high alert ever since, waiting for the next possible Terrorists attack. This paper will explain why terrorism is a law enforcement concern as well as how terrorism is considered a crime. At last the paper will state some recommendations that the American Criminal Justice should do, to better prepare for future crimes. Why is terrorism a law enforcement concern? In the Criminal Justice System law enforcement is one of the agencies that are dedicated to enforcing the laws as well as maintaining order, and control crime within the community. Law Enforcement police officers are the most visible representative of the government in American society; therefore police agencies are responsible for a wide variety of services (Fagin, 2005). Some of those responsibilities include traffic enforcement, accident investigation, patrol and first response to incidents, property crime investigation, violent crime investigation as well as investigating deaths and murders (Fagin, 2005). In other words law enforcement agencies are the ones that physically interact with the community...
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...RUNNING HEAD: TERRORIST AND ASSASSINS Effie Cane ENG 122 Sophie Sills February 25, 2013 There is so much that we do not know or understand about terrorism and assassins. Many things that we may never figure out. This is a subject that I never worried about until that grave day on 9/11. This is when it all really hit me. I was 20 years old and I can remember RUNNING HEAD: TERRORIST AND ASSASSINS someone running into my college course screaming, “They have killed them. They flew the planes into the tower. Oh my God1” From that day on I knew that terrorism was real and we had all been affect. It has become one of the scariest things in American life. A lot of us are left wondering when, how, and why after a terrorist attack. It is my belief that most attacks are because of religious beliefs. I also belief that the affects that these attacks have on our society can be over whelming and devastating. It can cause people to loose love ones and suffer for the rest of their lives. In this paper I will attempt to understand what is going on in the mind of a person who commits such acts. I will also take a good look into the lives of the many people that they affect. Even though terrorism and assassination is not something that we worry about on a daily basis, the fact remains that it is very much real and can become a threat at any time. (Mueller 2006) I found this evident while reading an article written in September/October 2006 by John...
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...Airlines Boeing 767 had crashed into one of the Twin Towers in New York. People thought it was just an accident and maybe a malfunction until a second plane crashed into the other tower. The second plane was a Boeing 767 United Airlines Flight 175 had made a sharp turn to the South tower. People started to evacuate the streets of New York because they didn’t know if there would be another attack. This wasn’t over. There was another plane that was hijacked that had crashed into the Pentagon and another one that some passengers had fought some of the hijackers which later crashed into a farm field. George Washington had spent a day going back and forth between places until he was able to come on TV and had said, “Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve” (George W. Busch History). Today there is a memorial for 9/11 with twin reflecting pools which was the size of the buildings foundation and has names of every person who had died inscribed in the panels. In Little Brother the bridge bombing didn’t seem as bad as 9/11. There was still deaths and had left people scared for who these terrorist are and had left Marcus, an innocent teen who was into technology, accused of setting off these bombs. Marcus and his friends were surprised by an encounter of the Department of Homeland Security because they had thought they were the terrorists, “I barely had time to register them before those rifles were pointed...
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...the pursuit of political aims there are people out there who terrorize based on one’s religion or beliefs. Terrorism is happening all around the world most of the time it is reported on television and everyone is affected by it. There has always been war on terrorism which has been happening for a while and it seems that terrorist only get more radical with their leaders being brought down. It feels as if there will never be peace and that there will always be terrorist stack on innocent people. There are parts of the world who have heavier terrorist activity than others and the reason for these heavy activities vary in what part of the world it is happening. An example of heavy terrorism would be in the Middle East there are many different groups that terrorize for people not having the same views as them. There is a group called Hamas “their goal is the destruction of the state of Israel. In the 1990s, they bombarded Israel with suicide bombings.”( Sven Pöhle / nm) One of the longest lasting feuds has been between the Palestinians and the Israelis they have been fighting for a piece of land that the Palestinians believe belongs to them. They have been fighting for years now and the Palestinians keep attacking the Israelis in order to get them to leave. Every site of a terrorist act leaves the same mark no matter where it happens in the world which is sadness, anger, and death nothing good comes out of terrorist acts yet there are people who believe if they keep doing them something...
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...is terrorism and why is it a part of our global society? Terrorism is often the result of some type of social or economic injustice, such as poverty, the unemployment rate, government-imposed restrictions on individual freedoms, and a lack of order or morality. For most Americans, the words “terrorist” or “terrorism,” instantly triggers a flashbulb memory of where they were when the Twin Towers fell on that fateful day, September 11, 2001. Many people continue to struggle with the notion that there are groups out there, brought together by their unanimous hatred for Americans. The 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center and Pentagon is arguably the most disastrous act of terrorism of all time, forcing Americans and the rest of the world to see the threat of terrorism in a new light (Borum, 2003). The 20th and 21st centuries saw new developments in technology that may have changed the game of terrorism, however, extremist ideology and justification of violence, is not a new political strategy (“Terrorism in the,”). Rebel groups have been establishing roots and sprouting up all over the world since the beginning of human history (*CITE #3). The formation of such groups has occurred across centuries, but the term “terrorism” wasn’t coined until the 18th century, during the French Revolution’s Reign of Terror. Revolutionary officials—referred to as terrorists—and their subordinates, enforced the policies of “The Terror,” but the first recognized terrorist organization was...
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...Since the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York city and Washington D.C. there has been a growing trend of islamophobia in the U.S. as more and more Americans are beginning to view people who follow the faith of Islam to be either a terrorist themselves or a terrorist sympathizer. In more recent years other acts of terror have grabbed the public’s attention such as the Boston Marathon bombings, as well as the attacks on the Charlie Hebdo magazine in Paris France. Some Americans now feel that the U.S. government should start keeping surveillance on Muslim communities. The main driving force behind this growing anti-Muslim way of thinking is the fearmongering, ratings-seeking agendas of 24 hour television news companies. Cable news networks like CNN, Fox News, MSNBC, as well as many others have over the years developed a negative bias in the way that they represent the Muslim community. Discrimination of Muslims in T.V. news cycles are harmful because it can cause potential conflicts between Muslim and non-Muslim Americans, it projects the idea that Muslim is synonymous with the word terrorist, and can lead to the marginalization of an entire ethnic group. Islamophobia is a term used to describe the close-minded prejudice against Muslims and is also defined as deep hatred of Islam and Muslims. Islamophobia has existed in the United States for decades prior to September 11, 2001, and is believed to go as far back as the 1930s as the more and more Muslims began to emigrate...
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...Abstract This paper will explain many things about the Animal Liberation Front, including its operational goals; why it is a threat to the United States of America; what actions led to the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation declaring it a terrorist organization; what other countries consider it a terrorist organization and why; how it acts like a terrorist organization instead of a peaceful eco-movement; and what can be done to halt or reduce this threat in the future. The Animal Liberation Front is a terrorist group for many reasons, ranging from their operational structure to their belief system. For example, they adopted the classic clandestine cell structure in order to reduce the risk of all of the cells being compromised if one person is picked up (Shorn, 2009). This allows the members of the Animal Liberation Front to continue their operations and reduce their operational risks slightly while still maintaining security. The Animal Liberation Front originally became a threat to the United States in 1976, when it claimed its’ first firebombing, and it has only grown since then. The firebombing and the hundreds of other actions that followed it plainly show that they are a terrorist organization by their targets and how they attack those targets. The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) has also claimed credit for causing millions of dollars in damage in the United States alone (Bourne, 2003). The targets of the ALF have also begun to mutate and become more...
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...of these actions can range from terrorism, rioting, civil war, police brutality, and capital punishment. Terrorism is a political violence act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim. The terrorist’s strategy is to commit acts of violence that draws the attention of the public, the government, and the world to their cause. The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest attention, choosing targets that symbolize what they oppose. The United States Department of Defense defines terrorism as “the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.” There are two types of terrorism; initially, there is domestic terrorism which are acts of terrorism that are committed by those who are located in and operate from the state and international terrorism which is a type of terrorism which includes acts of terror committed by individuals affiliated with foreign countries. In the 1960s and 1970s domestic terrorism increased in the United States. Groups known as the Black Panthers and other groups constantly caused problems with authorities. An example of international terrorism was when the Islamic terrorist group Al-Qaeda coordinated four terrorist attacks to the United States on September 11, 2001. Terrorism is a one-sided...
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...Do you believe that the establishment of terrorism as a crime that can be committed domestically has changed policing? How? Why? Provide examples. Yes, I believe so. How- by the passing of patriotic act by the congress Why in order to respond to terrorist attacks the act allowed federal officials to trace and intercept communication that might be useful in prevention of terrorist attack. In addition, the powers to reorganization of counter terrorism policing and increase of police powers. Another reason as to why it has brought change is by bringing about the restructuring of local police and the federal state agencies, and new refocusing of resources (Riley & Hoffman, 1995). Moreover, by the standardization of methods of enacting new laws and use of electronic gadget to trace terrorism activities, the reason being to respond to domestic terrorism. Lastly is by creation of the homeland security by the United State congress. Why or the reason for the creation of this department is to integrate all existing agencies, and ensure the United State nation security (online Source:http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/structure/) Example more focus has been concentrated on domestic terrorism, the FBI for example, assigned out of its 27000 agents, 4000 agents to counter terrorism activities. Another example is the Naturalization service and immigration, which reorganizes in order to expand enforcement duties. Have the number of victims of racial profiling increased over the last decade...
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...Process of Becoming Involved in Terrorist Activities HLSS154 29 March 2015 Introduction What pushes one to want to participate in terrorist activities and what are the determining factors? Terrorist profiling, for the most part, focuses on racial or ethnic stereotypes rather than specific psychological or behavioral profiling local to fundamentalists or nationalist terrorists. However, as it is well known around the world and especially in the United States, not all Muslims or Arabs are terrorist. With that being said there has to be other factors that come into play that construct the conditions that turn some individuals to terrorism. Why is it that certain individuals cross that line into terrorism? Do they all have psychological or behavioral traits that are common in nature? Is there a specific terrorist personality? And can the building of terrorist profiles assist authorities in identifying terrorists? (Hudson, 1999, p.14) This report will list some of the psychological and behavioral factors of individuals, as noted by professionals in the field today, of terrorism. It will also discuss these factors within the prominent terror group al Qaeda, models of terrorist motivations, and psychological factors that are common in individuals that disengage from terrorism. Psychological and Behavioral Factors of Radicalization To a lot of people understanding why and how an individual could become a terrorist or get involved in terrorist activities is a difficult...
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...changes in its laws and due to advancements in surveillance technologies. Together, the unfolding revelations opened a window into the growth of government surveillance that began under the Bush administration after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, and has clearly been embraced and even expanded under the Obama administration. In 2007, the United States National Security Agency (NSA) even launched the PRISM program. The NSA can use these PRISM requests to target communications that were encrypted when they traveled across the internet backbone, to focus on stored data that telecommunication filtering systems discarded earlier, and to get data that is easier to handle, among other things. However, just because we are able to do something it is not always the best decision to do so. For instance, is it wise or even ethical for the government to use this level of surveillance on its citizens in its CHIAO 1 broad unrestricted searches for terrorists. Let examine the ethics governmental monitoring from the perspective of a variety of ethical models such as the Social Contract model, Kantian model and the Act Utilitarian model. First, the ethics of governmental monitoring from a social contract perspective. The social contract theory states that rational people will agree to accept those moral rules that will mutually benefit all in the society on the condition that others will agree to follow those rules as well. In order to examine, if...
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...dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima killing over 150,000 people and (along with the later bombing of Nagasaki) effectively caused the Japanese to surrender. This tactic is highly polarized in the international community; on one side, it is considered to be justified and the only action for the United States to take, and on the other side, it is considered to be a barbaric act of terrorism perpetrated by the U.S. military. In the essay, Hiroshima by John Berger, the author correctly argues that the bombings were terroristic acts that are fundamentally evil; however, he is incorrect that they are unjustifiable. To diagnose whether the bombings were acts of terrorism, one must be able to understand the definition and criteria of one such act. A commonly accepted definition of terrorism is an act that includes the premeditated use of violence by an organized group against non-combatants to achieve political ends. Berger’s argument includes all the criteria in that definition so the bombing must be terrorist acts. Berger begins his argument by describing all the violence caused by the bombs. Throughout the essay, he quotes passages from Unforgettable Fire, a book containing drawings and descriptions from the survivors of Hiroshima, detailing their accounts, showing the death and destruction caused by the bomb; he calls them “images of hell” (317). The descriptions outline scenes of people who were “burned and swollen all over from the effects of the A-bomb,” whose...
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...The social aspect of terrorism goes very deep for the terrorist especially those in the middle-eastern countries. The social view addresses the in-group/out-group bias as well as the fundamental attribution error. The in-group/out-group bias refers to the tendency for individuals to identify themselves as a particular group, placing all others in opposing groups. In the case of terrorism, a trained terrorist may think they are good and righteous, but all others (including those that do not practice their cultural norms or religious expectations) are among the out-group. By defining themselves as an in -groups, it makes it easier for an individual to act out against those they consider a out-group member. The creations of in and out groups are fabricated at a young age. In the case of countries known for frequent acts of terrorism, their society teaches their inhabitants to hate out-groups, defining them as targets of destruction. Taylor & Horgan (2006) describe this phenomenon as “the incremental process through which youngsters become committed insiders of counter-culture youth groups” (p. 581). To be more basic in explanation, societal pressure and norms create terrorists. The old adage, “it takes a village to raise a child,” is true when it comes to making a terrorist. The social attitude of that community becomes a part of who ever lives in that area and therefore, sets the way they think. Another perspective is the view of Behaviorism. The Behavioral view...
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...appear to be the curse of our modern society. Turn on any television and world news will be reporting on an act of terror or its consequences. Prime examples of this include the destruction of the World Trade Centre, the bombing of the Underground system in London, the Mumbai nightclub bombings to name but a few of the more prominent events over the last decade. These acts have crystallized the focus of public attention to ensure that the topic of terrorism will remain high on the global political agenda for many years to come. However, terrorism is not a new phenomenon. On a global scale, terrorism has been alive and well for many decades. What has changed is the emergence of the global financial market and the modus operendi of the modern day terrorist groups. A terrorist act of sinking a crude oil carrier in the Straits of Hormuz for example, could have a direct impact on the price of crude oil and petroleum on the world market, to say nothing of shipping carrier prices and maritime insurance. Like ripples in a pond, the act would have far reaching consequences. Quantifying terrorism has now become an important tool both for the financial sectors 9who use it predominantly for insurance based risk analysis and also for government bodies who could use it for spotting emerging trends in terrorism and therefore investing in anti and counter terror procedures. So why might it be difficult to quantify terrorism? This paper attempts to answer that question. It looks at the early...
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...have continued to use the computer to commit crimes; this has greatly fascinated people and evoked a mixed feeling of admiration and fear. This phenomenon has seen sophisticated and unprecedented increase recently and has called for quick response in providing laws that would protect the cyber space and its users. The level of sophistication has gone high to the point of using the system to commit murder and other havoc. The first recorded cyber murder committed in the United States seven years ago according to the Indian Express, January, 2002 “has to do with an underworld don in hospital to undergo a minor surgery. His rival goon hired a computer expert who altered his prescriptions through hacking the hospital’s computer system. He was administered the altered prescription by an innocent nurse, this resulted in the death of the patient”[i] This work seeks to define the concept of cyber-crime, identify reasons for cyber-crime, how it can be eradicated, look at those involved and the reasons for their involvement, we would look at how best to detect a criminal mail and in conclusion, proffer recommendations that would help in checking the increasing rate of cyber-crimes and criminals. WHAT IS CYBER – CRIME? Cyber-crime by definition is any harmful act committed from or against a computer or network, it differs according to McConnell International, “from most terrestrial crimes in four ways: they are easy to learn how to commit, they require few resources relative...
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