...individually by me. I did not receive nor did I give unauthorized assistance during the taking of this exam. ____________________________ Student Name ************************************************************************ 1. (8pts) Is the atmospheric “greenhouse effect” bad for us and for our planet? Explain your answer. The greenhouse effect allows the sun’s radiation to get to Earth and absorbs some of the infrared radiation from Earth. Without the greenhouse effect, we would release too much infrared energy which would cause our planet to freeze. Greenhouse gases actually occur naturally and they are good for us and the planet because they are responsible for keeping the Earth warm enough to sustain life. 2. (8pts) Draw the atmosphere’s vertical temperature profile from the surface to about 75 miles high. Clearly label the different layers and the boundaries between the layers. (Be sure to properly label the axes of your graph). 3. (9pts) Discuss three different types of “apparent temperature”. (Do not give three examples of the same type of apparent temperature). For each type, explain why the “how-it-feels” temperature differs from the actual air temperature. 1. Due to the serious effects on your health that weather can have on a person, the Heat Index was developed. The heat index takes into account air temperature and relative humidity to determine the apparent temperature of what it feels like outside. This differs from the actual air temperature as it can feel hotter outside...
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...strongest forces. Lead to solids with high melting temperatures. NaCl, mp = 800 oC MgO, mp = 2800 oC Intermolecular Attractions Coulomb’s Law Force ~ (n+)(n-)/d2 Distance - twice the distance = 1/4 the force Charge on the Ion Magnitude of the dipole Composition - Solids and Liquids are closer so composition has greater role in attractive forces Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Water is highly polar and can interact with positive ions to give hydrated ions in water. Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Water is highly polar and can interact with positive ions to give hydrated ions in water. Dissolving Ionic Solids Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Many metal ions are hydrated. It is the reason metal salts dissolve in water. Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Attraction between ions and dipole depends on ion charge and ion-dipole distance. Measured by DHhydration for Mn+ + H2O --> [M(H2O)x]n+ Solvation (aka hydration) Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Attraction between ions and dipole depends on ion charge and ion-dipole distance. Measured by DH for Mn+ + H2O --> [M(H2O)x]n+ Consider the following Explain why...
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...Copyright Copyright© 2013 University of Namibia. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publishers. Edited and Published by the Unit for Professional Development University of Namibia, Windhoek Date next revision: 2018 Unit for Continuing Professional Development University of Namibia Private Bag 13245 Pioneers Park Windhoek Namibia Tel: +264 61 206 4671 Fax: +264 61 206 3521 E-mail: cpd@unam.na Website: www.unam.cpd.na Acknowledgements The Unit for Continuing Professional Development wishes to thank those below for their contribution to this support guide: Ms Alina Hambelela Angula Mr Simson Shaakumeni Ms. Laetitia Willemse Ms. Agatha Lewin Mr Simson Shaakumeni Author Content Editor(s) Instructional Designer Technical Care of Template Quality Controller Water Contents About this support guide 1 How this support guide is structured ................................................................................. 1 Course overview 3 Welcome to Water (Natural Science and Health Education) ............................................ 3 Water (Natural Science and Health Education)—is this course for you? ......................... 3 Study skills ........................................................................................................................
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...EARTH PERSPECTIVES The biological and geological future of the Earth can be extrapolated based upon the estimated effects of several long-term influences. These include the chemistry at the Earth's surface, the rate of cooling of the planet's interior, the gravitational interactions with other objects in the Solar System, and a steady increase in the Sun's luminosity. An uncertain factor in this extrapolation is the ongoing influence of technology introduced by humans, such as geoengineering, which could cause significant changes to the planet. The current biotic crisis is being caused by technology and the effects may last for up to five million years. In turn, technology may result in the extinction of humanity, leaving the planet to gradually return to a slower evolutionary pace resulting solely from long-term natural processes. Hawking: How Humankind Will Survive the Future Listen, people of Earth: Everything's going to be fine. All we have to do is survive another century or two without self-destructing as a species. Then we'll get off this rock, spread throughout space, and everything will be all right. If this is not your idea of "optimism," then you are not Stephen Hawking. The esteemed physicist garnered headlines, and some eye-rolls, after telling Big Think last week that humanity needs to leave the Earth in the future or face extinction. As The Atlantic noted: He's not knocking climate scientists' attempts to figure things out on Earth-he's just thinking long...
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...Homeostasis Homeostasis is a process of where our body has to be able to control certain things such as body temperature and the water level so that they don’t change, therefore it is when it keeps things the same. It is how the body keeps the conditions inside, and some scientists refer to it as a constant internal environment; two examples of this is: • Keeping the body temperature at 37 degrees, • The amount of water in our body. Our bodies are always making adjustments to be able to carry out normal bodily functions, but fortunately for us the adjustments are done automatically, if this wasn’t the case then we would all be very busy and would regulate our internal environment very frequently. Homeostasis is controlled by the Automatic nervous system and the Endocrine system (hormones). Negative feedback system Homeostasis is quite often referred to as the negative feedback, which means that the system is able to take suitable action to maintain the constant environment. The main responsibility of homeostasis is that it has to maintain constant levels of many body functions e.g. body temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and also blood sugar levels. Body temperature The term used for monitoring the body temperature is called thermoregulation. An adult’s body temperature is usually close to 37 degrees. There are temperature detectors in the skin and the internal organs monitor it and feedback to the hypothalamus in the brain to take the correct action when the temperature...
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...The effect of temperature stress on dairy cows J. Praks When environmental temperatures move out of the thermoneutral zone (or comfort zone) dairy cattle begin to experience either heat stress or cold stress. Either stress requires the cow to increase the amount of energy used to maintain the body temperature and there is less energy available to produce milk. Thermoneutral zone is the range of environmental temperatures where normal body temperature is maintained and heat production is at the basal level. The ranges of thermoneutral zone are from lower critical temperature (LCT) to upper critical temperature (UCT). LCT is the environmental temperature at which an animal needs to increase metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature. UCT is the environmental temperature at which the animal increases heat production as a consequence of a rise in body temperature resulting for inadequate evaporative heat loss (Yousef, 1985). Thermoneutral zone depends on the age, breed, feed intake, diet composition, previous state of temperature acclimatization, production, housing and stall conditions, tissue (fat, skin) insulation and external (coat) insulation, and the behaviour of the animal. UCT is given as 25-26 ºC , LCT as a range from -16 to -37 ºC for dairy cows (Berman et al., 1985; Hamada, 1971). LCT for newborn calves is 10 ºC in dry and draught-free environment. LCT decreases to 0 ºC by the time the calf is 1 month old. Temperature-humidity index (THI) could be...
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...resources that are non-renewable Capitalistic Societies is where companies of individuals produce goods or a product which provide services that are sold based on supply and demand. Centrally planned economies are resources that are used in distribution, enforced and decision made by the U.S. Government. The central planned and capitalistic societies will put a strain on the environment at an increasing rate, as the overall wealth of society increases and the population numbers rise and both rely on the government’s response. The United States is a much wealthier country and will use far more resources than a poorer country with a much larger population. Capitalistic and centrally planned societies tend to approach resource...
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...the differences between water and alcohol 1. you could try burning. alcohol is extremely flammable, whereas water will put out a fire 2. alcohol has a smell, water does not. 3. alcohol will evaporate quickly, water will just sit. 4. pH test, water will be neutral, alcohol will be acidic. 5. you could dye one of them with food coloring and mix them. the alcohol will be the one on the top, because alcohol is less dense than water. 2. Water: molecular mass of 18.015, density of 1 g/cm³ at 4°C, refractive index of 1.3330, solid form less dense than the liquid form, amphoteric properties, boiling point of 100°C at atmospheric pressure, not flammable. Alcohol: molecular mass of 46.07, density of 0.789 g/cm³, refractive index of 1.36242, solid denser than the liquid, slightly more acidic than water, boiling point of 78°C at atmospheric pressure, highly flammable Water (along with life) is what sets our planet apart from our neighbors and it is the topic of this chapter. The hydrosphere is the watery part of the Earth, but this is a little misleading since it gives the impression that there is one place where water occurs. Instead, water is everywhere, or nearly so. Water is present in the atmosphere, in the form of vapor, liquid, and solid. It is tied up in rocks, locked away in the crystal lattices of minerals that make up rocks; it occurs in the innumerable small pore spaces of rocks, from the surface to depths greater than 5 km. Water is also tied up in living...
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...object is heated, it will absorb heat energy and the temperature will increase. When an object is cooled, it will release heat energy and the temperature will decrease. (c) Thermal Two objects are in thermal contact when heat energy contact can be transferred between them. (d)Heat transfer When two objects with different degrees of hotness come into thermal contact, heat energy is transferred between the two objects. (e) Mechanism of Thermal Equilibrium Energy is transferred at a faster rate from the hotter object to the colder object. Energy is also transferred from the colder object to the hotter one, but at a slower rate. There is a net flow of energy from the hotter object to the colder object. (f) Thermal When two objects are in thermal equilibrium, there is Equilibrium no net flow of heat between them. Two objects in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature 60 The hotter object cools down while the colder object warms up . After some time, energy is transferred at the same rate between the two objects. There is no net heat transfer between the objects. The two objects are said to be in thermal equilibrium. Example of thermal equilibrium A wet towel is placed on the forehead of a person who has high fever. Initially the temperature of the cloth is lower than the body temperature of the person. Heat energy is transferred from the forehead to the towel until thermal equilibrium is reached. The towel is rinsed in tap water and the procedure is repeated. In this...
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...sudden and rapid movement of one block of rock slipping past another along fractures in Earth’s crust called faults * Know the difference between the focus and epicenter of an earthquake. Which is located at the source of the earthquake? Which is located on the surface of the earth directly above the source? --Focus=Earthquakes tend to occur along preexisting faults where internal stresses have caused the crustal rocks to rupture or break into two or more units. The location where slippage begins is called the hypocenter, or focus. --Epicenter=The point on Earth’s surface directly above the hypocenter * Understand the concept of elastic rebound. What is it? How are earthquakes produced via elastic rebound? * --Elastic rebound=At some point, the stress along the fault overcomes the frictional resistance, and slip initiates. Slippage allows the deformed ( bent) rock to “ snap back” to its original, stress- free, shape; a series of earthquake waves radiate as it slides. Reid termed the “ spring-ing back” elastic rebound because the rock behaves elastically, much like a stretched rubber band does when it is released. * Know the three basic types of seismic waves (i.e., P waves, S waves, and surface waves). What is the particle motion in each type of wave (e.g., particles move parallel to the direction of travel in P waves)? Which type of wave travels the fastest? Which type of wave is the slowest? Which type of wave arrives first at a seismic station? Which type of wave...
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...different electrical devices. The start of the sankey diagram shows the total energy going into the device. The diagram then splits off into different sized arrows to represent the other energy transfers that take place, the bigger the arrow the larger the energy. The energy entering the device must equal the energy leaving the device. To know how good a device is at transferring energy you need to be able to calculate the efficiency. To do that you need to use the following equation (which will be given in the exam) OR So for the above example the answer would be Efficiency= 10100=0.1 The closer the efficiency is to 1 the more useful energy the device is transferring. So for the light bulb example we got an efficiency of 0.1, so the light bulb isn’t very good and transferring useful energy. Sample question 2 Kinetic theory Most matter or substances can be classed as being solids, liquids or gases. Solids: They have the least amount of energy are arranged in a pattern. They vibrate around fixed positions Liquids: The particles are closely packed together but can move about freely over one another. Gases: They have the most amount of energy and move around at high speeds and...
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...the environment. So I will explain the normal functioning of water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycle to start things off. Water plays many different roles on the Earth. Some is at the poles in ice caps, and some is in the snow and glaciers at the tops of high mountains. Some is in lakes and streams, and some is underground. Some is vapor in the atmosphere. But most of the water on Earth is in the oceans. Water is always on the move! The Sun’s energy causes water to evaporate from oceans and lakes into the atmosphere (Saundry). Plants and animals...
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...33-36 1. How do customers judge the quality of a supermarket? Customers judge the quality of a supermarket in a variety of ways depending on what they are looking for within that supermarket. Some of the customer’s judgments could be based on the following factors: * Did the customer get what they came for, was inventory correctly maintained to avoid shortages or out of stock items * Customer service, were the employees that the customer interacted with helpful, knowledgeable, and courteous to the customer * Pricing, is Wegman’s price competitive when compared to other supermarket prices in the area * Quality, does the quality of Wegman’s products meet or exceed the customers’ expectations * Product diversity, is this a one stop shopping experience for the customer. Can the customer get everything that they need from Wegman’s? Convenience is a major factor in today’s society. (pharmacy, photo, card shop, video rental, coffee shop, floral shop, grocery, dry cleaning, salad bar, café, and a fisherman’s whaft) * Layout, is the layout of the 100,000 square foot store customer friendly so that things are sorted and easily located throughout the store * Location, is the store conveniently located where it will be easily accessible to the greatest amount of customers * Hours of operation, is the store operating at a time that is most appealing to customers, is the store open earlier or later than its competition 2. Indicate how and why each of these...
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...PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM VEGETABLE OIL USING LYE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ishu Bala Thakur bearing Registration no. 10804787 has completed her capstone project titled, “Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oil using Lye ” under my guidance and supervision. To the best of my knowledge, the present work is the result of her original investigation and study. No part of the dissertation has ever been submitted for any other degree at any University. The dissertation is fit for submission and the partial fulfillment of the conditions for the award of ......................... Signature and Name of the Research Supervisor: Miss Sugandha Bhatia Designation: School: Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punjab. Date : DECLARATION I, Ishu Bala Thakur , student of B.Tech (Hons.) Biotech under Department of Lovely Faculty Of Technology and Sciences of Lovely Professional University, Punjab, hereby declare that all the information furnished in this capstone project report is based on my own intensive research and is genuine. This report does not, to the best of my knowledge, contain part of my work which has been submitted for the award of my degree either of this university or any other university without proper citation. Date : ...
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...ANALYSIS OF FOOD PRODUCTS FOOD SCIENCE 581 Instructor Prof. D. Julian McClements Room 238, Chenoweth Lab Tel: 545 1019 Email: mcclements@foodsci.umass.edu Course Description Food products are analyzed for a variety of reasons, e.g., compliance with legal and labeling requirements, assessment of product quality, determination of nutritive value, detection of adulteration, research and development. The lectures will cover the basic principles of analytical procedures and techniques commonly used to provide information about the chemical composition, structure and physical properties of food materials. The aim of the laboratory classes is to give students experience in performing food analysis experiments, analyzing data and reporting their findings. In addition, students are expected to work in teams on a special project where they will identify and critically assess the most appropriate analytical methods for analyzing the properties of a particular food product. [4 Credits]. Textbooks * Introduction to Food Analysis. S.S. Nielsen, 1998. Aspen Publishers - The best general overview of food analysis techniques currently available. (Required). * Food Analysis: Theory and Practice. Y. Pomeranz and C.E. Meloan, Chapman and Hall - General overview of food analysis techniques (Useful) * Food Analysis: Principles and Techniques. D.W. Gruenwedel and J.R. Whitaker, Marcel Dekker - General overview of food analysis techniques (Useful) * Analytical Chemistry of Foods...
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