...Explain the main reasons why financial markets and financial intermediaries exist. Why are banks special? A bank is a financial intermediary that offers loans and deposits, and payment services. In the past decade the banks have become a very important part of the economy. Banks are financial intermediaries, financial intermediaries and financial markets main role is to provide a system by which funds are transferred and allocated to their most productive opportunities. Banks need money and they get the money from people who invest in the bank and people who save their money in the bank, but the money does not stay in the bank it has to be allocated to people or companies with deficit funds (borrowers). In doing so they increase the economic efficiency by promoting a better distribution of resources. How can the transfer of wealth from surplus units to deficit units occur? There are two ways that the transfer of wealth can happen its either direct finance or indirect finance. Direct finance is the transfer of funds from surplus units to deficit units via financial markets. Indirect finance on the other hand has a different procedure as the transfer of funds does not occur directly from lender to borrowers as the financial intermediaries step in. Why is there a need for financial markets and why do they exist? Financial Market exists in order to facilitate the relations between providers of capital such as savers and investors and users of capital such as companies and...
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...Explain the main reasons why financial markets and financial intermediaries exist. Why are banks special? A bank is a financial intermediary that offers loans and deposits, and payment services. In the past decade the banks have become a very important part of the economy. Banks are financial intermediaries, financial intermediaries and financial markets main role is to provide a system by which funds are transferred and allocated to their most productive opportunities. Banks need money and they get the money from people who invest in the bank and people who save their money in the bank, but the money does not stay in the bank it has to be allocated to people or companies with deficit funds (borrowers). In doing so they increase the economic efficiency by promoting a better distribution of resources. How can the transfer of wealth from surplus units to deficit units occur? There are two ways that the transfer of wealth can happen its either direct finance or indirect finance. Direct finance is the transfer of funds from surplus units to deficit units via financial markets. Indirect finance on the other hand has a different procedure as the transfer of funds does not occur directly from lender to borrowers as the financial intermediaries step in. Why is there a need for financial markets and why do they exist? Financial Market exists in order to facilitate the relations between providers of capital such as savers and investors and users of capital such as companies and...
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...Lecture 2: The nature of financial intermediation: The issue of why financial intermediaries exist is a puzzle for the “complete markets” paradigm of Arrow and Debreu. As we describe in this lecture, the reasons why intermediaries such as banks exist is related to the various market failures which vitiate the complete markets paradigm. In particular, there is the key issue of imperfect information which makes financial institutions such as banks key channels for intermediating between savers and borrowers. We cover the key concepts of liquidity insurance and delegated monitoring in this context Why intermediation? Definition: Intermediate between providers and users of financial capital Besides banks - pension funds, insurance companies, securities firms (differ in terms of assets. liabilities, matching). - But in an Arrow-Debreu “complete markets” world, financing of firms and governments by households occurs via financial markets – no transactions costs, full set of contingent markets, no credit rationing, Pareto optimal allocation and no role for intermediaries - Moreover, (Modigliani-Miller) financial structure is irrelevant as households can construct portfolios offsetting actions of intermediaries and intermediaries cannot add value - Corollary - markets are not strong form efficient or banks would not exist. Banks rather assist market efficiency as their information spills over. Why do intermediaries exist? (1) Transactions costs restricting scope for direct financing...
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...Financial Intermediaries and the Perfect Market Models When a banker starts to study the theory of financial intermediation in order to better understand what he has done during his professional life, he enters a world unknown to him. The world is full of concepts which he did not, or hardly, know before and full of expressions he never used himself: asymmetric information, adverse selection, monitoring, costly state verification, moral hazard and a couple more of the same kind. As it took shape in the last three decades, he gets the uneasy feeling that a growing divergence has emerged between the microeconomic theory of banking. The everyday behavior of bankers according to their business motives are expressed in the language they use. For this assignment, I want to reflect on the merits of the present theory of financial intermediation, on what it does and does not explain from both a practical and theoretical point of view. The theory is impressive by the multitude of applications in the financial world of agency theory and the theory of asymmetric information, of adverse selection and moral hazard. As well as by their relevance for important aspects of the financial intermediation process, as is shown in an ever-growing stream of economic studies. But the study of all these theories leaves the practitioner with the impression that they do not provide a satisfactory answer to the basic question; which forces really drive the financial intermediation process? The current...
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...Contents INTRODUCTION 2 So what is financial intermediation? 2 a) The brokerage function: 2 b) The asset transformation function 2 c) The Risk evaluation and management function 3 Why are financial intermediaries important? 3 THEORIES OF FINCANCIAL INTERMEDIATION 3 Informational Asymmetries 3 Transaction Costs Theory 4 Regulation 4 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 5 Origin of Financial Intermediation 5 EVOLUTION OF FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION 6 THE FUTURE OF FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION 7 TRENDS IN FUTURE FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION 8 Regulation (Deregulation) 8 Revised regulatory framework 8 Revised reporting standards and accounting 8 International Monitoring and Oversight 9 Effects on Insurance 9 Technology 9 New financial innovations 9 Globalization 9 Presence 9 Scale 10 Increased Government involvement 10 IMPLICATIONS 11 CONCLUSION 11 BIBLIOGRAPHY 12 FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION INTRODUCTION Financial Intermediation is a crucial and pervasive feature of all world economies. But as Franklin Allen (2001) observed in his AFA presidential Address, there is a widespread view that financial intermediaries can be ignored because they have no real effect. But this cannot be true, in my opinion, savings-investment process, corporate finance decisions, and consumer portfolio choices cannot be understood without studying financial intermediation. So what is financial intermediation? When talking about financial markets we generally are talking about...
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...theory of financial intermediation by Benston and Smith in 1976. Regarding the theory, there is one fundamental question among others, what is the main reason why financial intermediaries exist? In 1976 there was no clear consensus about the specific role of financial intermediaries and many different approaches existed on the issue how to analyze them in an appropriate way. The primary goal of the authors is to develop a proper framework for the analysis by setting the main focus on transaction costs. Therefore, they take a look at four different aspects: the demand for financial commodities, the production, their pricing altogether with the pricing of additional services and the influence of governmental regulation on financial intermediaries. They start their survey from a contrary point as the other authors did in recent history by defining financial intermediaries as firms which create specialized financial commodities. On the supposition that the individuals’ earnings over time do not enable the achievement of the desired inter-temporal consumption pattern, demand for financial commodities arises. In this case assets held by the consumers serve as a possibility to rearrange their intra- and intertemporal consumption pattern for maximizing their utility. This leads to two key facts. First, utility is based on consumption at different points in time and second, transaction costs occur by acquiring financial commodities. Accordingly, financial intermediaries are able...
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...between a financial asset and a tangible asset. A financial asset is an intangible asset whose value is derived from a contractual claim, such as bank deposits, bonds, and stocks. Financial assets are usually more liquid than other tangible assets, such as commodities or real estate, and may be traded on financial markets. In contrast, a tangible asset is an asset that has a physical form. Tangible assets include both fixed assets, such as machinery, buildings and land, and current assets, such as inventory. 3. Describe the two principle roles of financial assets. The principal economic function of financial assets are: (1) to transfer funds from persons who have surplus funds to those who need funds to invest in tangible assets( e.g. mortgage funds lending to homebuyers); (2) transfer funds in such a way as to redistribute the unavoidable risk associated with the cash flow generated by tangible assets among those seeking and those providing the funds (seekers of funds ask others to share the risks in their undertakings). 4. a. Explain the three factors that have led to the globalization of financial markets. Globalization has led to an expansion and integration of global financial markets. Prior to the 1980’s, the US financial market was the largest in the world but with the advent of new technologies and globalization, many markets have emerged and indeed the majority of them have been integrated to form a global financial hub. The growth of global financial markets...
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...“The role of the financial system in a market economy is to effectively and efficiently move funds from surplus budget units to deficit budget units.” However, in the absence of well-functioning financial intermediaries this transfer of funds may be severely retarded.” Discuss. Within a financial system, surplus and deficit units trade, which facilitates the movement of funds from deficit units to have access to those with the budgeted units. Hence, there is always the incentive to trade. The role of the financial system is also to allow the deferral of expenditure. The question is often asked, how can this exchange of funds take place, one may think of it as a do it yourself project, like selling your house, without a real estate agent, an individual can simply make a profit and cash in on funds without having to pay the middle man. Persons are often of the belief direct financing may be easier than the use of an intermediary, this occurs where ultimate users and ultimate providers of the funds exchange claims directly with each other without the use of the bank, however, it is not as simple as it seems. Many issues may arise that is why there is the need for well-functioning financial intermediaries. Also known as indirect financing this is where institutions pool savings together and investments of those with surplus budgeted units and lend them to persons within deficit units in order to receive a return. Financial intermediaries transform financial assets that are less...
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...2010 |14-1. What are financial markets? What function do they perform? How would an economy be worse off without them? | | |According to T.E. Copeland, J.F. Weston (1988),” a financial market is a mechanism that allows people to easily buy and sell (trade) | | |financial securities (such as stocks and bonds), commodities (such as precious metals or agricultural goods), and other fungible items of | | |value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflect the hypothesis.” Financial market reports prices for each good or product. They | | |exist to allocate supplies of saving from economic units with a surplus to those with a deficient. The economy would be in a worse state if| | |financial markets did not exist, the wealth of the economy depends heavily on them to keep the rate of capital formation high, to keep | | |stock rate from slowing down, to increase inventory and the business activities would have limited funding or no funding without the | | |financial market. | | | | | |14-2. Define in a technical sense what we mean by financial intermediary. Give an example of your definition. | |Financial intermediary is a median between savers...
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...Homework Assignment – Week 1 Chapter 1 1- Why are financial markets important to the health of the economy? Because they channel funds from those who do not have a productive use for them to those who do, thereby resulting in higher economic efficiency. 2- When interest rates rise, how might businesses and consumers change their economic behavior? Businesses would cut investment spending because the cost of financing this spending is now higher, and consumers would be less likely to purchase a house or a car because the cost of financing their purchase is higher. 3- How can a change in interest rates affect the profitability of financial institutions? A change in interest rates affects the cost of acquiring funds for financial institution as well as changes the income on assets such as loans, both of which affect profits. In addition, changes in interest rates affect the price of assets such as stock and bonds that the financial institution owns that can lead to profits or losses. 4- Is everybody worse off when interest rates rise? No. People who borrow to purchase a house or a car are worse off because it costs them more to finance their purchase; however, savers benefit because they can earn higher interest rates on their savings. 5- What effect might a fall in stock prices have on business investment? The lower price for a firm’s shares means that it can raise a smaller amount of funds, and so investment in plant and equipment will fall. 6- What...
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...Homework Assignment – Week 1 Chapter 1 1- Why are financial markets important to the health of the economy? Because they channel funds from those who do not have a productive use for them to those who do, thereby resulting in higher economic efficiency. 2- When interest rates rise, how might businesses and consumers change their economic behavior? Businesses would cut investment spending because the cost of financing this spending is now higher, and consumers would be less likely to purchase a house or a car because the cost of financing their purchase is higher. 3- How can a change in interest rates affect the profitability of financial institutions? A change in interest rates affects the cost of acquiring funds for financial institution as well as changes the income on assets such as loans, both of which affect profits. In addition, changes in interest rates affect the price of assets such as stock and bonds that the financial institution owns that can lead to profits or losses. 4- Is everybody worse off when interest rates rise? No. People who borrow to purchase a house or a car are worse off because it costs them more to finance their purchase; however, savers benefit because they can earn higher interest rates on their savings. 5- What effect might a fall in stock prices have on business investment? The lower price for a firm’s shares means that it can raise a smaller amount of funds, and so investment in plant and equipment will fall. 6- What...
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...Analyse why and how the existence of financial intermediaries (FIs) benefits both ultimate borrowers and lenders? The author will use the following banks: NatWest and HSBC. According to Karna (2006) financial intermediaries are: “Banking and non-banking institutions which performs intermediation between from economic agents with surplus funds (surplus units) to economic agents (deficit units) that would like to utilise those funds”. There are two types: Bank Financial Intermediaries, BFIs (Central banks and Commercial banks) and Non-Bank Financial Intermediaries, NBFIs (insurance companies, mutual trust funds, investment companies, pensions funds, discount houses and bureaux de change). Please find attached in the appendix p11 a table demonstrating the uses and sources of funds from the different types of financial intermediaries Franklin and Santomero (1998) suggested that lenders and borrowers are not able to diversify perfectly and obtain optimal risk sharing. As a consequence, financial intermediaries are needed. According to Buckle and Thompson (1998), FIs and the associated theories exist to solve and/or reduce market imperfections such as different requirements from lenders and borrowers (in terms of size, maturity, liquidity, risk), occurrence of transaction costs, changes in consumers’ consumption and asymmetric information (both adverse selection and moral hazard). According to Bain, the following theories have been developed to explain how financial intermediaries...
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...CHANGING FINANCIAL-SERVICES SECTOR Goal of This Chapter: In this chapter you will learn about the many roles financial service - providers play in the economy today. You will examine how and why the banking industry and the financial services marketplace as a whole is rapidly changing, becoming new and different as we move forward into the future. You will also learn about new and old services offered to the public. Key Topics in This Chapter • Powerful Forces Reshaping the Industry • What Is a Bank? • The Financial System and Competing Financial-Service Institutions • Old and New Services Offered to the Public • Key Trends Affecting All Financial-Service Firms • Appendix: Career Opportunities in Financial Services Chapter Outline I. Introduction: Powerful Forces Reshaping the Industry II. What Is a Bank? A. Defined by the Functions It Serves and the Roles It Play: B. Banks and their Principal Competitors C. Legal Basis of a Bank D. Defined by the Government Agency That Insures Its Deposits III. The Financial System and Competing Financial-Service Institutions A. Roles of financial system B. The competitive challenge for banks C. Leading Competitors with banks • Savings Associations • Credit Unions • Money Market Funds • Mutual Funds • Hedge Funds • Security Brokers and Dealers • Investment Banks • Finance Companies • Financial Holding...
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...Chapter 01 - Why Are Financial Institutions Special? Chapter One Why Are Financial Institutions Special? True/False 1-1 Prior to the financial crisis of 2007-2008, J.P. Morgan Chase was the largest bank holding company in the world and operations in 60 countries. Answer: F 1-2 As of 2009, U.S. FIs held assets totaling over $35 trillion Answer: T 1-3 Financial institutions act as intermediaries between suppliers and demanders of money. Answer: T 1-4 If a household invests in corporate securities and does not supervise how the funds are invested or used by the corporation, the risk of not earning the desired return or not having the funds returned increase. Answer: T 1-5 If not done by FIs, the process of monitoring the actions of borrowers would reduce the attractiveness and increase the risk of investing in corporate debt and equity by individuals. Answer: T 1-6 Failure to monitor the actions of firms in a timely and complete fashion after purchasing securities in that firm exposes the investor to agency costs. Answer: T 1-7 The risk that the sale price of an asset will be less than the purchase price of an asset is called liquidity risk. Answer: F 1-8 Because bank loans have a shorter maturity than most debt contracts, FIs typically exercise less monitoring power and control over the borrower. Answer: F 1-9 FIs typically provide secondary claims to household savers that have inferior liquidity than primary securities of corporations such as equity and bonds. Answer: F 1-10...
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...Chapter One Why Are Financial Intermediaries Special? Chapter Outline Introduction Financial Intermediaries’ Specialness Information Costs • Liquidity and Price Risk • Other Special Services Other Aspects of Specialness The Transmission of Monetary Policy Credit Allocation Intergenerational Wealth Transfers or Time Intermediation Payment Services Denomination Intermediation Specialness and Regulation Safety and Soundness Regulation Monetary Policy Regulation Credit Allocation Regulation Consumer Protection Regulation Investor Protection Regulation Entry Regulation The Changing Dynamics of Specialness • Trends in the United States • Future Trends • Global Issues Summary Solutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems: Chapter One 1. Identify and briefly explain the five risks common to financial institutions. Default or credit risk of assets, interest rate risk caused by maturity mismatches between assets and liabilities, liability withdrawal or liquidity risk, underwriting risk, and operating cost risks. 2. Explain how economic transactions between household savers of funds and corporate users of funds would occur in a world without financial intermediaries (FIs). In a world without FIs the users of corporate funds in the economy would have to approach directly the household savers of funds...
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