...Application for migration to Australia by a partner Form 47SP The Department of Immigration and Border Protection (the department) acknowledges that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are the traditional custodians of the Australian land. About this application form Complete this form if you wish to apply for a: • Partner visa in Australia (subclass 820/801) • Partner visa outside Australia (subclass 309/100) • Prospective Marriage visa outside Australia (subclass 300). For the purpose of this application: • Partner means your spouse or de facto partner (including same-sex partners) • Fiancé(e) refers to the person you intend to marry. This is usually your sponsor, or sponsoring partner. If you are applying outside Australia, you will be applying to migrate. If you are applying in Australia, you will be applying for permanent residence. In this form, the term ‘migrate’ covers both. Before completing this form, you should read the detailed requirements in booklet 1, Partner Migration, which is available from the department’s website www.immi.gov.au/allforms/ Further information on partner category migration is also available from www.immi.gov.au/migrants/ or you can contact the department’s enquiry line (see information box on page 5). Life in Australia – Australian values The Australian Government encourages people to gain an understanding of Australia, its people and their way of life, before applying for a visa to live in Australia. This includes understanding...
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...Introduction Understanding of the economic growth process and it connection to institutions is highly important for explaining why certain countries are less developed than the other ones. Economic growth is defined as “An increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared from one period of time to another. Economic growth can be measured in nominal terms, which include inflation, or in real terms, which are adjusted for inflation. For comparing one country's economic growth to another, GDP or GNP per capita should be used as these take into account population differences between countries. (http://www.investopedia.com/). The role of institutions in economic growth was first proposed in writings of Adam Smith in 1776. Later in 1993 Douglass North received a Nobel Prize for his work on connection between institutions and economic growth. By studying history, analyzing data and statistics we can see that high quality institution have positive effect on economic growth and therefore on income in a long and short runs. In order to prove it we are going to find out what economic institutions are, why they are matte, what are the reasons behind different institutions in different countries and finally support it with historical facts. 1 Links between economic growth and economic institution What are institutions? The term “Economic institutions” can be defined in mach different way and have multiple meanings. On the one hand North (1990, p...
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...Sponsorship for a child to migrate to Australia Form 40CH Important – Please read this information carefully before you complete this application. Once you have completed this application we strongly advise that you keep a copy for your records. Before you fill in this form you should read booklet 2, Child Migration, which is available from the Department of Immigration and Citizenship (the department) website www.immi.gov.au/allforms/. If you are satisfied that you are eligible to sponsor the child, you should continue reading these instructions. If the child is under 18 years of age If the child is in Australia, and you are in Australia, you should complete this form and lodge it together with the completed visa application form (form 47CH), plus all relevant documentation, on the behalf of the child at the nearest office of the department in Australia. If the child is outside Australia, you should complete this form and arrange for it to be lodged together with the completed visa application form (form 47CH), plus relevant documentation, on behalf of the child at the nearest office of the department. Applications for children outside Australia must be lodged at an office of the department outside Australia. However, for Adoption (subclass 102) visa applications, the applications must be lodged outside Australia at the department’s office responsible for visa applications from the country where the child was, or is in the process of being, adopted. You, or the child’s...
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...the leader of their parties due to fact that they are the person that the public sees the most. As a result they have been key representatives of their party in order to get their message across in the shortest possible amount of time. Due to the Prime Minister and the Opposition Leader being identified as the leader the achievements and failures of their political party fall heavily upon them. Thus many political spectators are seeing the “presidentialisation” of Australian politics. According to R.A.W. Rhodes, John Wanna & Patrick Weller, ‘Presidentialism occurs when there is a shift of political power resources and autonomy to the benefit of individual leaders...corresponding loss to such collective actors as cabinet”. Within Australia we are currently seeing the reverse of this. Prime Minister Julia Gillard’s’ is...
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...Review of Review of Economics and Institutions ISSN 2038-1379 DOI10.5202/rei.v1i2.1 ECONOMICS and INSTITUTIONS Vol. 1 – No. 2, Fall 2010 – Article 1 www.rei.unipg.it The Role of Institutions in Growth and Development Massachusetts Institute of Technology Daron Acemoglu Harvard University and Weatherhead Center for International Affairs James Robinson Abstract: In this paper we argue that the main determinant of differences in prosperity across countries are differences in economic institutions. To solve the problem of development will entail reforming these institutions. Unfortunately, this is difficult because economic institutions are collective choices that are the outcome of a political process. The economic institutions of a society depend on the nature of political institutions and the distribution of political power in society. As yet, we only have a highly preliminary understanding of the factors that lead a society into a political equilibrium which supports good economic institutions. However, it is clear that it is the political nature of an institutional equilibrium that makes it very difficult to reform economic institutions. We illustrate this with a series of pitfalls of institutional reforms. Our analysis reveals challenges for those who would wish to solve the problem of development and poverty. That such challenges exist is hardly surprising and we believe that the main reason for such challenges is the forces we have outlined...
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...Harmonization of the Auditor’s Report Jagdish S. Gangolly State University of New York at Albany Mohamed E. Hussein University of Connecticut Gim S. Seow University of Connecticut October 14, 1996 Revised, January 31, 1997 Revised, September 9, 1998 We acknowledge the use of foreign annual reports at Harvard University’s Baker Library, and the many hours that our research assistant K. Tam spent there. We would like to thank N. Barsky, M. Bongiovanni, T. Clausen, D. Dekadjevi, Y. Eisler, R. Fermin, F. Kapmeier, and H. Lee for their help with data collection, analyses, and translations into the English language. We are also grateful to the two anonymous referees and participants at the AAA/KPMG Peat Marwick International Accounting Research Conference and the accounting workshop at the University of Connecticut for their valuable comments and suggestions. Harmonization of the Auditor’s Report 1. Introduction The globalization of capital markets and the growth of international capital flows have heightened the significance of cross-national comprehension of corporate financial reports as well as the associated audit reports. The accounting literature is replete with assessments of the harmonization efforts and the international differences in the financial accounting area (Nair and Frank, 1981; Evans and Taylor, 1982; McKinnon and Janell, 1984; Doupnick and Taylor, 1985; Nobes, 1987; Archer, et. al., 1989; and Guenther and Hussein, 1995). However, there have been...
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...Magnusson, J & Bygstad, B 2013, ‘Why I act differently: studying patterns of legitimation among CIOs through motive talk.’ Information Technology & People, vol. 26, Iss 3. IT governance has become the de facto norm system for Chief Information Officers (CIO) in the organizational environment. As the importance of norms increases it has become necessary to study how CIOs legitimate incompliance with these norms. This academic journal focusses on the study of the legitimation of norm incompliance by CIOs in Swedish organizations. The authors, Johan Magnusson(University of Gothenburg and Norwegian School of IT, Gothenburg, Sweden) and Bendik Bygstad(Norwegian School of IT, Oslo, Norway) attempt to construct a picture of how CIOs relate to norms. In order to encompass a healthy study group for statistical accuracy, the authors focused their study on eighteen CIOs in large organizations. The organizations chosen were recognised by the industry for their excellent IT governance. Norm compliance is important for CIOs as they strive for recognition in the organizational hierarchy. For most CIOs, it is important to be viewed as an important member of the organizational management team at large. This need for recognition stems from the expectation that the position of CIO is a possible qualifier for significant roles such as the Chief Executive Officer of the organization. In the eyes of the CIO good judgement and quick decision making are paramount factors for success. The goal of...
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...Different countries have different output despite whether the accountant follow a set of rules. This is because, even though accountant follows a set of rules, there are still possibilities that the set of rules does not covers every aspects in detail. This had led to room for professional judgements. It will be based on accountant’s judgement. The differences is not only between countries but it could differ within the country as well especially for Multinational enterprises (MNEs) it could be complicated as it involved different countries. MNEs can be defined as companies who offer products or services internationally. For instance, company XYZ’s headquarter is in Malaysia while its branch is in China. The existence of MNEs can be explained by Dunning’s eclectic paradigm. Firstly because the companies can gain access to assets that will gives them competitive advantages over local firms. Secondly due to the extent to which relative transaction cost make it appropriate for the companies to use such advantages themselves instead of to license or franchise to other firm and lastly, the existence of MNEs because of relevant cost and the government policies that encourage companies to perform production in other countries. MNEs can be classified into three groups: resource-seeking, market-seeking and efficiency-seeking. Resource-seeking is the search of resources in other country. While companies with market-seeking, they tend to establish subsidiaries. Those subsidiaries play...
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...stream Form 1419 About this form Visa validity Important – Please read this information carefully before you complete your application. Once you have completed your application we strongly advise that you keep a copy for your records. This visa generally allows stays of 3 or 6 months in Australia, although a stay of up to 12 months can be granted. However, the visa period is determined on a case by case basis and may be less than the period you requested. A stay beyond 12 months is ONLY granted where ‘exceptional circumstances exist’. All relevant questions on this form should be answered and any requested information attached. The Department of Immigration and Border Protection (the department) may decide your application on the basis of the information provided on your application. A visa may be granted for a single entry or multiple entries within a specified period. Generally, this visa allows people to enter Australia within 12 months from the date of grant. Conditions for a Visitor visa to Australia All forms are available from the department’s website www.immi.gov.au/allforms/ Who should use this form? Use this form to apply for a Visitor visa – Tourist stream to visit or remain in Australia for tourism or other recreational activities (holiday, sightseeing, social or recreational reasons or to visit relatives or friends). If you intend to: • visit Australia to visit family members, and you have a family member who is...
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...Introduction to International Law Does Taiwan qualify as a state under International law? Apply the factual criteria to this and elaborate on the role of recognition by other states. What does this case study contribute to the debate around the nature of International law? ------------------------------------------------- Lecturer: Natalie ------------------------------------------------- Author: Rofhiwa Ramahala ------------------------------------------------- Tutorial Group: 4 ------------------------------------------------- Due Date: 7th March 2016 Introduction Two separate statements made by two high profiled Chinese government officials in 1999 threw the question of Taiwan sovereignty into question. The first statement originated from then President of the government of the Republic of China (or “ROC”) Lee Teng-hui on Taiwan on July 10, 1999 during an interview with a reporter. In the interview he stated that the relationship between China and Taiwan is one of a “special state-to-state relationship”. While in the second statement a spokesperson of the People’s Republic of China (or “PRC”) after a severe earthquake struck Taiwan. The United Nation office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs attempted to send a disaster management team to Taiwan, however then Secretary General Kofi Annan was informed that the U.N. had to ask the government of the PRC for permission to dispatch an aid team to Taiwan. Mr. Annan thus coined the statement of “the Taiwan Province of...
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...Recognition of gay and lesbian marriage and pluralism Word Count: 2024 What does pluralism reveal about the recognition of gay and lesbian marriage? What are the strengths and limitations of this theory in understanding the recognition of gay and lesbian marriage? Power overlaps between interest and political groups and as a result, political decision-making is reached through negotiation and compromise (Manley 1983). Indeed, when examining the progressive debate concerning the legal recognition of same-sex relationships in Australia, the perception that power is bartered through interest groups becomes highly plausible through the lens of classical pluralist theory. There are competing visions of diversity in Australia, and behind the main positions; supportive, neutral, and opposing, there are a multitude of perspectives underlying these umbrella groupings. For some in the community, the concept of gay and lesbian marriage is controversial, and its complexities raise fundamental social, religious, moral and political questions. In analyzing how power has operated in this situation, I will apply classical pluralism to converse sides of the moral argument to reveal how Australian attitudes have changed over time in a progressively consensual political environment. For this issue, the strengths of pluralism lie in its empirical nature; it is an observable and comprehensive view of understanding how power operates in society, with regard to a multitude of perspectives and...
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...today: the difficulty, arising from product range diversity, of segmenting its customers and maintaining long-term relationships with key customers; second, the obstacles of obtaining long-term business contracts from big multinationals; and third, how do the firms evaluate the relationship quality of their key customers? McDonnell Douglas, Peugeot and Japanese retailer Yaohan are all fighting for higher market shares in China because they are shaken down by the Government’s policy swings and railroaded into bad partnerships with key customers who mainly squeeze for advanced technology (Clifford et al., 1997). Many companies receive a big percentage of their sales from relatively few customers. Key account management has been increasingly important in international markets. Key account programs differ considerably across countries and firms, but all organizations have to decide how to identify their own major accounts and how to organize for effective relationship building with them. The purpose of this article is to assist organizations to determine the positioning of their major customer relationships so as to formulate key account relationship marketing strategies and implement them effectively in China and other Asian countries. This article describes a key account relationship model with an empirical survey on the measurement components of the model. The findings of the study are to test the practical value of the model. Then, conclusions about the research questions are given...
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...process. Important – Please read this information carefully before you complete your application. Once you have completed your application we strongly advise that you keep a copy for your records. There are 10 steps in the citizenship application process. Step 1 Eligibility – ensure that you meet the eligibility criteria Step 2 Residence requirement – check that you meet the residence requirement Step 3 Read the citizenship test resource book Australian Citizenship: Our Common Bond for the information you need to prepare for the citizenship test Step 4 Original documents – gather your original documents and have copies certified Step 5 Complete your application form Step 6 Lodge your application form with your nearest office of the Department of Immigration and Citizenship (the department) 1300t Step 1 – Eligibility You should use this form if you meet the general eligibility criteria for Australian citizenship, that is, you: • are aged 18 years or over and under 60 • are a migrant who is a permanent resident • satisfy the residence requirement (see Step 2) • are likely to reside, or to continue to reside, in Australia or to maintain a close and continuing association with Australia, and • are of good character. The Citizenship Wizard on the citizenship website can help you check your eligibility. New Zealand citizens Special eligibility conditions apply for New Zealand citizens who arrived in Australia before 26...
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...Lec 6: Ch 10 (the role of company directors and other officers and the means by which they are appointed and removed); main focus is on the directors * ‘officer’ and ‘director’ definition- s9, p200 (Morley v ASIC). * ‘director’- a) appointed director regardless of the name given to their position; b) not validly appointed director but acts in position or; c) not validly appointed but the directors of the company are accustomed to act in accordance with the person’s instructions and wishes; person in a) OR b) is de facto director, within c) is a shadow director * Statutory duties, including the duty to act with reasonable care and diligence and the duty to act in the best interests of the company * Statutory requirement for all companies to have at least one director; PTY company must have at least one, with one ordinarily residing in Australia (s201A(1)); public companies must have at least 3, with at least 2 in Aus (s201A(2)) * Directors’ role: manage or supervise the management; for companies that rely on the replaceable rules as their internal governance rules, s198A provides that “the business of a company is to be managed by or under the direction of the directors’” * Company secretary: public companies must have at least one company secretary (s204A(2)) be 18yo and have at least one residing in Aus; PTY company may have one but is not required to appoint one (s204A(1)); secretary is appointed by directors; responsibilities include record-keeping...
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... MAT: 62282 ACADEMIC YEAR 2013/2014 Contents Introduction 5 Chapter 1 7 1. History of exchange rate regimes: 7 1.1 Gold Standard System (1880-1914): 7 1.2 Interim instability (1914-1944): 7 1.3 Bretton woods system (1946-1971). 8 Figure1.World Trade (1929-33).............................................................................................9 1.4 Par Value system: 9 2. Classification of Exchange Rate Regimes: 10 2.1 De facto Classification (1998-2009) 11 Diagram1. De Facto Classification of Foreign Exchange Regimes (Nov 1998 – Jan 2009).......12 2.2 Revised De Facto Classification System (2009 January to Present): 15 Table1. Shares of Classifications Using the 1998 and 2009 Systems. 16 2.3 Revised Classification System Definitions: 17 Hard pegs: 17 Soft pegs: 18 Floating arrangements: 19 Residual: 20 2.4 De facto Classification of Exchange Rate Arrangements and Monetary Policy Frameworks-2014 20 Table2. Monetary Policy Frame work ...................................................................................................22 Chapter 2........................................................................................................................................................25 WTO (World Trade Organization): 25...
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