...As James Madison wrote in Federalist No. 51, “If men were angels, no government would be necessary.” But men are not angels and governments are necessary to maintain security and to secure rights; therefore, the constitution was created. The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It was created on September 17, 1787 and ratified June 21, 1788. The first three articles describe the rules and separate powers of the three branches of government. A legislature: bicameral congress, an executive branch led by the President and a federal judiciary, or judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court. The purpose of the Constitution is to protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. John Locke had said this in the declaration of independence but was changed in the constitution. The Federalist Papers were written and published in 1787 -- 1788 in several New York State newspapers to persuade New York voters to ratify the constitution. In total, the Federalist Papers consist of 85 essays telling how this new government would operate and why this type of government was the best choice for the United States of America. All of the essays were signed "Publius" and the actual authors of some are under dispute, but the general consensus is that Alexander Hamilton wrote 52, James Madison wrote 28, and John Jay wrote the remaining five. The federalist papers today are a great way for people to understand the United States...
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...Midterm Essay of Mills and Dahl The representations in political science about aspects of political theory and such subjects like representation or group action are relevant to the understanding of the current political atmosphere in the United States today. Their relevance to political science becomes important in understanding the mechanisms of equal representation or the function of the government because political thinkers such as C. Wright Mills or Robert Dahl wrote and discusses the aspects of who governs, who is represented, and who rules in a democracy like the United States. While C. Wright Mills and Robert Dahl worked off the ideas of one another, they also maintained different ideas in the sense of such subjects. Applied to the current political scene today, their philosophies provide a unique understanding of who governs as well as give their respects to the ideas of the Founding Fathers. What lasting philosophies of these two men provide in context to the state of current events? Author R. Hofsteadter published a book entitled The Founding Fathers: An Age of Realism and the contents of the the publication argued that the Founding Fathers of the United States held a particular view of their fellow man, one in which shaped their thinking and ultimately, the writing of the Constitution. Hofsteadter argues that the Founding Fathers of the country held a rather negative view of their fellow countryman. Such view made an impact of the writing of the Constitution and...
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...John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington, better known as our founding fathers wrote the constitution for the United States. One very crucial part which determines the fate of a country is its leadership. Upon great contemplation our founding fathers set up some requirements for our would-be presidents. According to Article II Section I Clause V of the constitution...
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...what is in their best collective interest. This is precisely the nature of politics and democracy, and neither one is always fair. In a world where interest groups and lobbies have tremendous sway and influence over those in power, and when media reporting of the issues lacks fairness and accuracy, it should be the citizen's duty and responsibility to ensure that they are politically aware and civically engaged. This paper will argue that an informed citizenry is necessary to the proper functioning of the American political system. Decreasing levels of political knowledge amongst citizens and the manipulation of the facts by the media obfuscate the important issues that affect the public good, while preventing democracy from flourishing. As James...
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...Senior Research Project: Is the right to bear arms ethical? Lucas Van Duyn Senior Seminar: Business Ethics Dr. Jewe July 31, 2012 Introduction to the Project: In the United States, research into firearms and violent crime is fraught with difficulties, associated with limited data on gun ownership and use, firearms markets, and aggregation of crime data. Research studies into gun violence have primarily taken one of two approaches: case-control studies and social ecology. Gun ownership is usually determined through surveys, proxy variables, and sometimes with production and import figures. In statistical analysis of homicides and other types of crime, which are rare events, these data tend to have poison distributions, which also presents methodological challenges to researchers. (Just Facts, 2010) Americans own an estimated 270 million firearms, approximately 90 guns for every 100 people. In 2009, guns took the lives of 31,347 Americans in homicides, suicides and unintentional shootings. This is the equivalent of more than 85 deaths each day and more than three deaths each hour. 66,769 Americans were treated in hospital emergency departments for non-fatal gunshot wounds in 2009. Firearms were the third-leading cause of injury-related deaths nationwide in 2009, following poisoning and motor vehicle accidents. Between 1955 and 1975, the Vietnam War killed over 58,000 American soldiers – less than the number of civilians killed with guns in the U.S. in an average...
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...Since we aren t talking about something objective like E=MC2, these definition are of course subject to my interpretation. The oldest model is fascism which contends that all truth is just a matter of opinion thus we cannot really know anything useful. With this base premise, governments are free to do whatever they deem necessary. There are no limits. The most extreme example of fascism is Nazi Germany. The core of fascism is so simple and can be so deceptively seductive, thus it is usually found weaving its way through other schools of thought, particularly in challenging times. At the end of WWII, the ultimate May 21st, 2010 consequence of this model was made heartbreakingly clear, but remnants of it can still be seen today as political...
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...Journalism and Society (MMC 911) Individual project Aisha Ahmed Objectivity in American journalism is a myth: A case study of CNN reports Introduction According to Kevin Carson 2012, the customary ideal objectivity in journalism, otherwise termed as ‘she’ said, ‘he’ said and ‘stenography’ in modern day media practice can be trace to Walter Lippmann. Lippmann’s opinion of the government and society is that, substantial questions are best in the hands of professionals with exposure to scientific understanding, which guard them against stereotypes as well as emotional symbols governing public discuss. (Carson). The question on the existence of an ideal journalistic objective has opened the ground for debate over the years. To some scholars, a standard of objectivity exist, while others have argued that the term is a complete myth. However, there are scholars, who believe that instead of objectivity, journalist should strive for fairness and accuracy in reporting, (neutrality). From a personal perspective, and in agreement with the second school above, objectivity as journalistic ethic is a mere fiction. In fact, it is a plot to disengage and cripple the traditional obligation of journalist to educate its readers, and...
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...porous. Often, this is done in the name of security. One position states that assuring the security of a citizenry requires the loss of some personal privacy. Critics argue that the two are not inexorably linked but rather governments and corporations are excusing security as a means to gain greater degrees of personal information. Proposer: Mr Neil C Livingstone Believes that assuring the security of a citizenry requires the loss of some personal privacy The great novelist John Steinbeck once observed, "We spend our time searching for security, and hate it when we get it."1 Thus is our conundrum in the wake of the 9/11 attacks on New York and Washington which traumatised this nation and many of our friends and allies around the globe. Today we face unprecedented security risks to our lives and the fragile infrastructures we depend on to sustain our livelihoods and well-being. Our enemies are far more sophisticated than the stereotype of a bearded jihadist toting an AK-47 hunkered down in the mountains of Pakistan or Afghanistan, an illiterate and superstitious Luddite eager to impose the nostrums and doctrines of the 7th century on the modern world. In reality, many jihadists are technologically sophisticated and linked together by the Internet, which they use to download information on our vulnerabilities and assist them in the design and construction of explosive devices and even chemical, biological and radiological weapons. And, as a Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations...
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...Federal Government Exam 1 Review: The first exam will consist of questions generated from the following review sheet. Make sure you understand each of these topics before proceeding to the test. The exam will be timed so you will not have the ability to peruse your notes or retake the exam. The exam itself will consist of 30 multiple choice questions and you will have 35 minutes to complete the exam. Federalism: The Basic elements of a Federal system of government (i.e. how is it structured/how power is shared) • Layers of gov • Equal power • Distinct powers Powers of the federal government: delegated powers, implied powers (necessary and proper clause), and concurrent powers. • Delegated Powers: (expressed/enumerated powers) powers given to the federal government directly by the constitution. Some most important delegated powers are: the authority to tax, regulated interstate commerce, authority to declare war, and grants the president role of commander and chief of the military • Implied Powers: Powers not expressed in the constitution, but that can be inferred. “Necessary and proper clause” • Concurrent powers: powers shared by both levels of government. Ex: Taxes, roads, elections, commerce, establishing courts and a judicial system • Reserved powers: powers not assigned by the constitution to the national government but left to the states or the people. Guaranteed by the 10th amendment. Include “police power”-health and public...
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.................. 1 I. PRECEDENT, ORIGINALISM, AND THE CONSTITUTION ................................................... 4 A. B. C. II. A. B. C. D. E. F. The Supposed Conflict Between Originalism and Precedent ............................ 5 A Short History of Precedent ............................................................................... 7 The Consistency of Originalism and Precedent ............................................... 21 The Supermajoritarian Theory of Constitutional Originalism........................ 28 The Relative Benefits of Original Meaning and Precedent ............................. 29 Precedent Rules .................................................................................................. 34 Factors Relevant to Beneficial Precedent Rules .............................................. 41 The Contrast with Other Approaches to Precedent ......................................... 44 Applying the Approach to Previous Supreme Court Overruling Decisions ... 48 THE NORMATIVE THEORY OF PRECEDENT .................................................................. 27 CONCLUSION...
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...|[pic] |Syllabus | | |College of Humanities | | |HIS/115 | | |U.S. History to 1865 | Copyright © 2011, 2009, 2008 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides an overview of the social, political, economic, and global events that have shaped the American scene from colonial times through the Civil War period. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class...
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...Six Sigma is a set of tools and techniques/strategies for process improvement originally developed by Motorola in 1981.[1][2] Six Sigma became well known after Jack Welch made it a central focus of his business strategy at General Electric in 1995,[3] and today it is used in different sectors of industry.[4] Six Sigma seeks to improve the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing the causes of defects (errors) and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes.[5] It uses a set of quality management methods, including statistical methods, and creates a special infrastructure of people within the organization ("Champions", "Black Belts", "Green Belts", "Yellow Belts", etc.) who are experts in the methods.[5] Each Six Sigma project carried out within an organization follows a defined sequence of steps and has quantified value targets, for example; process cycle time reduction, customer satisfaction, reduction in pollution, cost reduction and/or profit increase.[5] The term Six Sigma originated from terminology associated with manufacturing, specifically terms associated with statistical modeling of manufacturing processes. The maturity of a manufacturing process can be described by a sigma rating indicating its yield or the percentage of defect-free products it creates. A six sigma process is one in which 99.99966% of the products manufactured are statistically expected to be free of defects (3.4 defects per million), although, as discussed below...
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...wiL1084x_fm_i-xxiv_1.indd Page i 1/10/11 7:53:00 PM user-f499 /Users/user-f499/Desktop/Temp Work/Don't Delete Job/MHBR231:Wild:203 Managerial Accounting John J. Wild University of Wisconsin at Madison Ken W. Shaw University of Missouri at Columbia 3 rd edition wiL1084x_fm_i-xxiv_1.indd Page ii 1/10/11 9:14:31 PM user-f499 /Users/user-f499/Desktop/Temp Work/Don't Delete Job/MHBR231:Wild:203 To my students and family, especially Kimberly, Jonathan, Stephanie, and Trevor. To my wife Linda and children, Erin, Emily, and Jacob. MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright 2012, 2010, 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-0-07-811084-9 MHID 0-07-811084-X Vice president and editor-in-chief: Brent Gordon Editorial director: Stewart Mattson Publisher: Tim...
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...coverage. Why doesn’t the United States have universal health coverage? There have been repeated attempts by many different legislators over the past 150 years to introduce some form of universal health coverage to this country; and given the successive failures, it seems crucial to investigate early American history to uncover the origins of this steadfast resistance to universal health coverage; and gain an understanding of the impact those early citizens have had from the time of the Constitution on down through subsequent generations in their quest to keep universal health care off the legislative table. Despite the fact that the Constitution does not explicitly provide for universal healthcare, and there has been constant resistance to any attempts to bring it in, during the period 1900 - 1920, it seemed likely universal health coverage would pass into law – then at the last moment it failed. In the period between 1902 and 1965, 19 attempts were made to push universal health care coverage into legislation; and before this paper moves on to examine the role of social, political and commercial interests in these failures, it is important to consider the role of early American history in molding 19th and 20th century American attitudes towards resistance of federal governmental dictates of any kind – including universal health coverage. METHODS The sources used in this paper are a mixture of Primary and Secondary research. The starting point for locating relevant information...
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...Noam Chomsky on Anarchism, Marxism & Hope for the Future The following are excerpts of an interview with Noam Chomsky published in Issue 2 of Red & Black Revolution. RBR can be contacted at Red & Black Revolution, PO Box 1528, Dublin 8, Ireland. The interview was conducted in May 1995 by Kevin Doyle. RBR:First off, Noam, for quite a time now you've been an advocate for the anarchist idea. Many people are familiar with the introduction you wrote in 1970 to Daniel Guerin's Anarchism, but more recently, for instance in the film Manufacturing Consent, you took the opportunity to highlight again the potential of anarchism and the anarchist idea. What is it that attracts you to anarchism? CHOMSKY: I was attracted to anarchism as a young teenager, as soon as I began to think about the world beyond a pretty narrow range, and haven't seen much reason to revise those early attitudes since. I think it only makes sense to seek out and identify structures of authority, hierarchy, and domination in every aspect of life, and to challenge them; unless a justification for them can be given, they are illegitimate, and should be dismantled, to increase the scope of human freedom. That includes political power, ownership and management, relations among men and women, parents and children, our control over the fate of future generations (the basic moral imperative behind the environmental movement, in my view), and much else. Naturally this means a challenge to the huge institutions of coercion...
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