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Wilder Sampson

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THE
SCIENCE OF
BIOLOGY

WHAT IS BIOLOGY?
 Literally means “study of life”
 The science that deals with structures, functions, and relationship of living things and their environment.
 A broad science that can be studied in various levels – molecular, cellular, organismal, population, community, or ecosystem

BASIC STRUCTURE OF SCIENCE
 Biology has evolved as a field of science since it was first studied in ancient civilizations
 Science is a process that requires the testing of ideas using evidence gathered from the natural world. Science is iterative in nature and involves critical thinking, careful data collection, rigorous peer review, and the communication of results.
 Science also refers to the body of knowledge produced by scientific investigation.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
 Refers to the working habits of practicing scientist.
 Involves rigorous application of common sense to the study and analysis of data.
 Refers to the model for research developed by Francis Bacon (15611626)

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
a. Observations - lead to questions that require answers. b. Hypothesis - a testable statement proposed to answer a question.

c. Experiments - (often with controls and variables) are devised to test hypotheses.
d. Analysis of the results of an experiment will lead to the hypothesis being accepted or rejected.

SCIENTIFIC REASONING
Inductive Reasoning
 from specific observations to broader generalization & theories.
 “bottom-up” approach
 Ends up developing some general conclusion or theories
Observation - Patterns - Hypothesis - Theory
Deductive Reasoning
 work from a more general to more specific  “top-down” approach
 leads us to test the hypothesis with specific data - confirmation (or not) of our original theories.
Theory – Hypothesis – Observation - Confirmation

What are the outcomes of the
Scientific Method?
Theory
 A hypothesis or set of hypothesis that has yet to be disproved in numerous independent tests and has great explanatory power concerning the natural world.

 Theory status is very powerful in explaining a wide variety of related phenomena. Ex.: Cell Theory, Theory of Evolution

Principle/ Law
 A theory that has withstood the test of time and generally considered statement about nature that may explain a large number of diverse observations. Ex.: Law of Thermodynamics,
Gravitational Law, Newton’s
Law of Motion

Basic and Applied Science
• The only goal of basic science research is to increase the knowledge base of a particular field of study.
• Applied science uses the knowledge base supplied by basic science to devise solutions, often technological, to specific problems.

•The basic science involved in mapping the human genome is leading to applied science techniques that will diagnose and treat genetic diseases.

FIELDS OF STUDY IN BIOLOGY
Taxonomic
Botany
Zoology
Microbiology
Mycology
Bacteriology
Ornithology
Pteridology
Ichthyology
Protozoology

Functional
Anatomy
Physiology
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry
Cytology
Ecology
Genetics
Systematics
Biotechnology

....Why study
BIOLOGY?

The Characteristics of Living Things
1. Cellular & hierarchical organization
 all living things are made up of cells  Living things organize cells at different levels.
 Living things exhibit a high degree of organization from the molecule to cellular level.

The Characteristics of Living Things
2. Reproduction
 a process by which genetic information is passed on from one generation to another.
Organisms produce offspring's which resemble their parents.

Reproduction in Plants

Reproduction in Animals
Asexual
Reproduction

Sexual
Reproduction

The Characteristics of Living Things
3. All based on Universal Genetic Code (DNA)

 Cells have a Genetic Code
 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) carries the genetic code for all organism

The Characteristics of Living Things
4. Growth and Development
 an increase in size & volume by converting food to become part of the body cells. The Characteristics of Living Things
5. Metabolism
 Comprises the biochemical reactions organisms acquire. Organisms use energy to maintain their metabolic processes. Energy are produced when complex organic food are broken down into simple substances through respiration.

The Characteristics of Living Things
6. Nourishment Level
 All living organisms need to feed in order to survive, grow & reproduce.
 Type of organism according to trophic level:

The Characteristics of Living Things
7. Sensitivity/ Irritability
 The ability of the organism to response appropriately against a stimulus.
*stimuli/ stimulus can be the external factors such as light, sound, temperature, pressure, presence of chemical substances, or source of food, that can affect living things.

The Characteristics of Living Things
8. Homeostasis
 Keeping the internal environment of the cell or organism within the ranges required for life.

Stable internal conditions of pH, temperature, water balance, chemical balance, etc.
As a result of numerous chemical reactions taking place inside the cells of living things, metabolic wastes are produced. This wastes must be removed through excretion. The Characteristics of Living Things
9. Adaptation
 the ability to adjust to the changing environment to guarantee the perpetuation of the species.
This may be a gradual or rapid change in body structure or behavior to become better suited to survive in a new environment.

The Characteristics of Living Things
10. Evolution
 the population of organisms change over time or evolve with changing environment.
Natural Selection or “survival of the fittest” is the process that drives evolution.

Organisms with favorable traits are better able to survive & reproduce.

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