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William Blake: the Chimney Sweeper

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William Blake: The Chimney Sweeper
William Blake has composed two The Chimney Sweeper, both of which reveal the miserable life of the little chimney sweepers in Britain during the Industrial Revolution.
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. --A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens
In the comparison between the virtue and the vice of the epoch of Industrial Revolution, Dickens mainly focuses on its dark side. Like Dickens, in the two poems of The Chimney Sweeper, Blake criticizes the cause of unfair and tragic treatment towards the poor children—their greedy parents, the cruel capitalists, the irresponsible government and the unmindful Church.
In The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Innocence), the symbols of death exist everywhere, from the death of the mother to the name of the little boy—Dacre (dark), to the coffin. All signify the life is desperate. How to rescue them? In Tom Dacre’s dream, the angel shows him that being a good boy of the God will bring him all the joy. When the reality is too dark to find the entrance of the misery, all we have is the belief, which directs us that the death, the Heaven is the only hope. However, this sole hope is indeed not a hope. It’s a poison, paralyzing us, finally we get numb to what happen to us and accept all the unfairness without complain and eagerness to get rid of the sufferings. Religion is useless in this situation, or precisely, the religion that only teaches us to endure is invalid.
While these children don’t have childhood--they enter the adult’s life and confront the cruelty of the society prematurely, they don’t lose all the innocence that they ought to have. When Tom cries because his hair is shaved, the narrator of this poem—another little chimney sweeper comforts him that now that the soot cannot spoil his white hair. When Tom wakes up from his dream, he believes that if he follows the angle’s direction, he will get saved, so he’s “happy & warm” and all the children believe that if “all do their duty, they need not fear harm”. These children are still naïf, which is more poignant.
Compared to the Innocence version, the Experience version of The Chimney Sweeper is much darker, more cynical. In the Innocence version, the poet still adds an angel to guide the poor boy, while in the Experience version, the child is abandoned by his parents, crying among the snow, sympathized by a passer-by instead of getting rescue from the larger institutions. Despite the hard work, Tom Dacre has a beautiful and happy dream while the crying child has a song of woe. This time, in the Experience version, the poet doesn’t count on the religion. He censures the Church explicitly, for they didn’t attempt to change the immorality of the industrial society. The industrialization engulfs the basic morality: parents send their young child to work hard due to the desire for making money; government ignore the exploitation of children labor; the Church neglect its duty of guiding people; finally, nobody is innocent for the sorrow and death of the child, for they focus on “making a Heaven” instead of the tragic happening in their front door.
The children in the Innocence version are so naïf that they don’t blame on anybody, the dying child in the Experience version says his parents “think they have done me no injury ”, which is an accusation of them for leaving him exploited by an unfair industry. The irony is that on one hand, they use their child as a Money Machine, on the other hand, they go to church to pray hypocritically.
Will the passer-by help the dying child? I don’t think so. The poet has lost the faith in the large institutions, how can an individual change the indifference and blindness of the society? Even the passer-by reaches out his hand, what about the other poor chimney sweepers, the other children labors? No one can change the Greed Age.

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