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Wireless Networks- Antennas

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ΕΡΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΟ ΑΣΥΡΜΑΤΩΝ ΖΕΥΞΕΩΝ

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Επίδραση της μορφολογίας του εδάφους στη διάδοση Η/Μ κυμάτων |
ΟΜΑΔΑ 8

ΗΜΕΡΟΜΗΝΙΑ ΔΙΕΞΑΓΩΓΗΣ: 01/04/13

Εκτέλεση Άσκησης
Μέρος 1Ο
1. Δημιουργούμε ένα ηλεκτρονικό έργο.
2. Eισάγουμε το διανυσματικό αρχείο δικτύου Lab_exercise_over_clutter.EWF.
3. Ενεργοποιούμε μόνο τα δύο από τα τρία υπάρχοντα κέντρα δικτύου και συγκεκριμένα τα Muela και Subcentral electrical.
4. Σ’ αυτή την φάση της άσκησης ρυθμίζουμε τις παραμέτρους της παλέτας ώστε να εμφανίζεται μόνο η κάλυψη για υπηρεσία σταθερής λήψης(fixed reception), για την οποία η ελάχιστη απαιτούμενη ένταση πεδίου είναι =48dBμV/m.
5. Η κοινή κάλυψη των κέντρων εκπομπής είναι η εξής:

Εικόνα 1 : Κοινή κάλυψη Μuela και Subcentral electrica για =48dBμV/m
6. Χρησιμοποιώντας το φίλτρο για να απομονώσουμε τις αστικές περιοχές(map – filter – Road/Roof Filter) έχουμε:

Εικόνα 2 : Κοινή κάλυψη Μuela και Subcentral electrica για =48dBμV/m
Παρατηρούμε ότι έχουμε πολύ καλή κάλυψη στην πόλη Teruel καθώς και στα περίχωρα αυτής.Έτσι οι κάτοικοί της που έχουν κεραίες σταθερής λήψης θα βλέπουν τηλεόραση χωρίς πρόβλημα.
7. Επαναλαμβάνουμε την διαδικασία για portable reception, δεδομένου ότι η ελάχιστη απαιτούμενη τιμή της έντασης του πεδίου =72dBμV/m. Αντίστοιχα έχουμε και τις εξής απεικονήσεις :

Εικόνα 3 : Κοινή κάλυψη Μuela και Subcentral electrica για =72dBμV/m

Εικόνα 4 : Κοινή κάλυψη Μuela και Subcentral electrica για =72dBμV/m
Σ’ αυτήν την περίπτωση παρατηρούμε ότι δεν έχουμε επαρκή κάλυψη ούτε στην πόλη αλλά ούτε και στα προάστιά της.
8. Σε μια περιοχή (pixel), όπου το πεδίο δεν είναι επαρκές για την κάλυψη , παρουσιάζονται τα προβλήματα της διάδοσης στη συγκεκριμένη περιοχή κάνοντας χρήση της μηκοτομής.

Εικόνα 5 : Μηκοτομή

Η τιμή της έντασης του πεδίου παρατηρούμε ότι βρίσκεται κοντά στα 59 dBμV/m, τιμή που είναι χαμηλότερη από την ελάχιστη =72dBμV/m και επιβεβαιώνει ότι το σημείο δεν έχει επαρκή κάλυψη.

Μέρος 2ο
1. Σ’ αυτό τον μέρος της άσκησης ρυθμίζουμε ξανά τις παραμέτρους της παλέτας ώστε να εμφανίζεται η κάλυψη μόνο για υπηρεσία σταθερής λήψης (fixed reception) , για την οποία όπως και πριν η ελάχιστη απαιτούμενη ένταση πεδίου είναι =48dBμV/m.
2-3. Απενεργοποιούμε το κέντρο εκπομπής Muela και ενεργοποιούμε το κέντρο εκπομπής San Abdon κρατώντας το υπάρχον κέντρο εκποπμής Subcentral electrica.
4. Εφαρμόζοντας το ειδικό φίτρο ώστε να παραμείνουν μόνο οι αστικές περιοχές και τα προάστια εξάγουμε εξής εικόνες :

Εικόνα 6 : Κοινή κάλυψη San abdon και Subcentral electrica για =48dBμV/m

Εικόνα 7: Κοινή κάλυψη San abdon και Subcentral electrica για =48dBμV/m
5. Παρατηρούμε ότι στην περίπτωση αυτών των δυο σταθμών έχουμε αρκετά καλή κάλυψη της πόλης και σχετικά ικανοποιητική λήψη στα προάστια.

Μέρος 3ο
1. Σ’ αυτό το μέρος της άσκησης εισάγουμε το διανυσματικό αρχείο δικτύου που περιέχει τα αποτελέσματα των προσομοιώσεων πάνω από το έδαφος Lab_exercise_over_ground.EWF.
2. Ενεργοποιούμε τα κέντρα εκπομπής Muela και Subcentral electrica.
3. Ρυθμίζουμε τις παραμέτρους της παλέτας ώστε να εμφανιστεί η κάλυψη για φορητή σταθερή λήψη(portable reception).Η ελάχιστη απαιτούμενη ένταση πεδίου στην περίπτωσή μας είναι =48dBμV/m, διότι τώρα το σημείο λήψης είναι σε χαμηλό ύψος. 4. Παρατίθενται τα αποτέλεσμα της κοινής κάλυψης των κέντρων εκπομπής χωρίς και με φίλτρο απομόνωσης των αστικών περιοχών.

Εικόνα 8 : Κοινή κάλυψη San abdon και Subcentral electrica για =48dBμV/m,χωρίς φίλτρο. Εικόνα 9: Κοινή κάλυψη San abdon και Subcentral electrica για =48dBμV/m,με φίλτρο.
5. Παρατηρούμε ότι η κάλυψη των δυο κέντρων εκπομπής είναι πολύ μικρή ακόμα και μέσα στην πόλη.
6. Σε μια περιοχή (pixel), όπου το πεδίο δεν είναι επαρκές για την κάλυψη, παρουσιάζονται τα προβλήματα της διάδοσης στη συγκεκριμένη περιοχή, κάνοντας χρήση της μηκοτομής.

Εικόνα 10 : Μηκοτομή
Παρατηρούμε ότι η ένταση της ακτινοβολίας (πράσινη γραμμή) είναι κοντά στα 20 dBμV/m, τιμή που είναι χαμηλότερη σε σχέση με την .

ΕΡΩΤΗΣΕΙΣ
1)Σχολιάστε τα αποτελέσματα των επιμέρους τμημάτων της άσκησης.
Παρατηρούμε ότι ανεξάρτητα από τον συνδυασμό των κέντρων εκπομπής που χρησιμοποιούμε, στην σταθερή λήψη έχουμε πολύ καλή κάλυψη. Αντίθετα για την φορητή λήψη δεν έχουμε κάλυψη εντός της πόλης αλλά υπάρχει μικρή κάλυψη στα βορειοδυτικά προάστια.
2)Γιατί πέραν του εμποδίου (π.χ. βουνό) το ηλεκτρικό πεδίο δε μηδενίζεται;
Κατά την διάδοση του Η/Μ κύματος, εμφανίζονται φαινόμενα όπως η διάθλαση, η περίθλαση , η σκέδαση κ.ο.κ. Συγκεκριμένα όταν παρεμβάλλεται ένα αδιαπέραστο αντικείμενο (περίθλαση), τότε στο εμπόδιο επάγονται ρεύματα και γίνεται πηγή δευτερογενούς πεδίου. Στην περίπτωση που το Η/Μ κύμα προσπίπτει σε αντικείμενα με μεγάλες διαστάσεις ως προς το μήκος κύματος (π.χ. κτίρια), εμφανίζεται το φαινόμενο της ανάκλασης, ενώ σε αντικείμενα με ίσες ή μικρότερες διαστάσεις, έχουμε σκέδαση.
3)Για ποίο λόγο απαιτείται η χρήση του clutter στη σταθερή λήψη;
Η χρήση του clutter απαιτείται επειδή προσομοιώνει τον περιβάλλοντα χώρο. Το λογισμικό υπολογίζει τις επιδράσεις που έχουν στο κύμα τα εμπόδια που υπάρχουν( π.χ. μορφολογία του εδάφους, κτίρια ).Μ’ αυτές τις πληροφορίες που συλλέγουμε η ανάλυσή μας γίνεται ακριβέστερη.
4) Ποίο από τα κέντρα εκπομπής Muela και San Abdon επιλέγετε για την κάλυψη της πόλης; Ισχύει το ίδιο και για την κάλυψη της ευρύτερης περιοχής; Σχολιάστε τα υπέρ και τα κατά της διατήρησης ενός υπάρχοντος κέντρου ή της δημιουργίας ενός νέου και τεκμηριώστε τις απαντήσεις σας με απεικονίσεις προσομοιώσεων.
Το κέντρο εκπομπής Muela έχει ισχύ 1500*107 W.Η κάλυψη δικτύου στην πόλη, που οφείλεται καθαρά και μόνο σ’ αυτό το κέντρο, απεικονίζεται παρακάτω :

Εικόνα 11 : Κάλυψη του κέντρου εκπομπής Muela σε αρχείο δικτύου over clutter

Εικόνα 12 : Κάλυψη του κέντρου εκπομπής Muela σε αρχείο δικτύου over ground

Το κέντρο εκπομπής San Abdon έχει ισχύ 200*107W και η κάλυψη του απεικονίζεται στις παρακάτω εικόνες :

Εικόνα 13 Κάλυψη του κέντρου εκπομπής San Abdon σε αρχείο δικτύου over clutter

Εικόνα 14 : Κάλυψη του κέντρου εκπομπής San Abdon σε αρχείο δικτύου over ground

Παρατηρούμε ότι το κέντρο εκπομπής Muela έχει μεγάλη κάλυψη και στην πόλη αλλά και στα προάστια. Αντίθετα το κέντρο εκπομπής San Abdon έχει επαρκή κάλυψη στην πόλη αλλά ανεπαρκή στα προάστια και συγκεκριμένα στα νοτιοδυτικά.
Η απόφαση για την αντικατάσταση ή όχι του κέντρου Muela από το κέντρο San Abdon,απαιτεί την εξέταση πολλών παραγόντων που ξεφεύγουν από την συγκεκριμένη αναφορά. Παρόλα αυτά εάν το μοναδικό μας κριτήριο ήταν το κέρδος μας παρατηρώντας την ισχύ του κάθε κέντρου θα μπορούσαμε να διαλέξουμε αν αντικαταστήσουμε το κέντρο Muela καθώς έχει πολύ μεγαλύτερη ισχύ, συνεπώς πολύ μεγαλύτερο κόστος. Βέβαια και σ’ αυτήν την περίπτωση πιθανόν να έχει ζημία καθώς δεν υπάρχει κάλυψη δικτύου σε κάποια προάστια, με αποτέλεσμα να υπάρχει μείωση της ζήτησης της προσφερόμενης υπηρεσίας.
5) Σχολιάστε τις διαφοροποιήσεις ανάμεσα στις προσομοίωσης φορητής λήψης πάνω από το clutter και πάνω από το έδαφος. Που οφείλονται ;Τεκμηριώστε τις απαντήσεις σας με την χρήση των μηκοτομών που αποθηκεύσατε.
Παρατηρώντας τις εικόνες 5 και 10 συμπεραίνουμε ότι στην φορητή λήψη πάνω από το έδαφος έχουμε πολύ μεγάλες απώλειες αφού μ’ αυτήν την ανάλυση υπολογίζουμε τις απώλειες καθώς το σήμα περνά μέσα από τα εμπόδια. Στην περίπτωση προσομοίωσης πάνω από το clutter η ανάλυση γίνεται υποθέτοντας πως το σήμα περνά από ύψος 10m πάνω από το έδαφος.
6) Στην περίπτωση που ο δέκτης φορητής λήψης έχει εσωτερική κεραία με ενισχυτή που έχουν συνολικό κέρδος 20 dB πώς διαφοροποιούνται τα αποτελέσματα των προσομοιώσεων; Απεικονίστε τις προσομοίωσης έντασης πεδίου χρησιμοποιώντας το κατάλληλο φίλτρο για να απομονώσετε την πόλη Teruel, καθώς και την παλέτα χρωματισμού που χρησιμοποιήσατε. Χρησιμοποιήστε όποια μέθοδο προσομοίωσης φορητής λήψης επιθυμείτε.
Έχοντας στην διάθεσή μας ενισχυτές που αφαιρούν στο σήμα μας 20 dB, η ελάχιστη απαιτούμενη ένταση για το overclutter είναι =52dBμV/m, ενώ για overground είναι =28dBμV/m. Οι απεικονίσεις είναι οι εξής :

Εικόνα 15 : Κάλυψη σε αρχείο δικτύου over clutter,χωρίς φίλτρο.

Εικόνα 16 : Κάλυψη σε αρχείο δικτύου over clutter,με φίλτρο.

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