...Good morning/afternoon teachers and students we are here today at the HSC Study Day to discover and analyse the ideas and characters which are always centralised in films. Centralised in a matter of "Distinctive characters and ideas are at the heart of every film". Furthermore the film “Witness” directed by Peter Weir delves into the concept of the themes and characters. In Peter Weir’s western showdown the metamorphose of clashing cultures are highlighted through his use of a variety of cinematic techniques. The cascading use of lighting and sound in the “Barn Dancing Scene” is used to symbolise the romantic tension between Book and Rachel. Through angling the camera of the car and upper mid shots of both Book and Rachel when they are inside the car and as they exit the vehicle, Weir zooms into Rachel’s face which is comprised with shock followed by a smile. By doing this Weir is able to manifest the notion of romantic tension between his two characters by confronting his audience with a situation that demonstrates Book’s growing fondness of Rachel. The use of soft and ever-present sounds is utilised to demonstrate the innocence of his characters emotions. Furthermore by applying these techniques the audience is pulled into a world which exacerbates the social regulations that may prohibit the growing relationship between Book and Rachel. This has a profound impact on the audience the rigid culture clash becomes ever more evident which Weir does purposely to expose his intentions...
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...this topic. As Dalton indicates, the security profession can continue to suffer frustration and a lack of customer trust to the extent this area is not properly addressed. Describe the Expert Witness Trap, i.e. cause, problems generated, and how to prevent it. In litigation, we typically assume that there are two types of witnesses: the fact witness who has direct knowledge of the issues in the case and the expert witness who will use his/her specialized knowledge, skill and experience to assist the judge and the jury to understand the evidence. Most of the time these two witnesses are changed into an expert in a particular field who has first hand knowledge or involvement in the basic facts. This type of witness is called the expert witness. Calling in an expert witness can have pros and cons for the organization. The expert witness can be held in favor of the security manager but in the end the expert witness works for the courts. I think the key to deterrence of loss from the Expert Witness Trap is to first have the credentials and awareness to decrease or exclude the need for one in the first place. The experts should remained focused in various areas of the job and be able to easily communicate their education, experience and abilities. Then, when an expert witness is required, the Security Manager should be able to carefully review a pool of experts, interview them and eventually select ones that are appropriate for their situations. It is critical that such...
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...Witness of a Road Accident In a city like Bombay, which has more than four hundred thousand vehicles and a few million pedestrians on the roads, many accidents take place every day. But tragic as and accident is, involving loss of life. Things are made worse by the fact that every accident is followed by time-consuming and expensive lawsuits. The polish are handicapped in this matter by the fact that very few people come forward as witnesses. They are either afraid of getting involved or simply indifferent. Let me tell you about the time my friend Nick and I witnessed a road accident and got involved. We were on our way one evening to the beach and for this purpose we had to walk down through crowded market. It was winter and foggy weather. Suddenly we heard the squeal of brakes and saw a car, clearly out of control, skidding on the road. The young man who was driving the vehicle was struggling with the steering wheel but the car was moving sideways towards market. We saw the car smash straight into a cyclist who was coming from the market and flung against a lamppost. He fell unconscious on the pavement and was bleeding profusely from a gash above the forehead. Nick ran in search of a policeman and to phone for an ambulance while I tried to render some first-aid to the bleeding man. Meanwhile a large crowd had collected round the victim of the accident and the car. The driver was pulled out and the public began to beat him up. Fortunately for him...
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...(1974) studied eyewitness testimony and investigated how EWT can be distorted. Loftus and Zanni (1975) also looked at leading questions. Loftus and Zanni (1975) showed participants a film of a car accident, then asked them either ‘did you see the broken headlight?’ or ‘did you see a broken headlight?’ there was no broken headlight, but 7% of those asked about ‘a’ broken headlight claimed they saw one, compared to 17% in the group asked about the accuracy of people’s memories of an event. The accuracy of eyewitness testimony is affected by many factors as well as leading questions, there are other factors that can affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. The age of the witness can affect the accuracy of recall, Valentine and Coxon (1997) studied this and it showed that the age of the witness can have an effect on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Anxiety can also affect focus. Psychologists tend to believe that small increases in anxiety and arousal may increase the accuracy of memory, but high levels have a negative...
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...There are many weaknesses and problems with the EWT used in this trial: firstly, at the first interview there was some inconsistency in the group’s descriptions of the robber (2 said he had brown hair and 2 said he had blonde hair), this shows a problem with the EWT used in the trial as clearly straight after the event (the eye witnesses memories of the event would have been the clearest as it had just happened), however as they were interviewed in a group all 4 members of the group heard what the others had to say about the event- subsequently two of the witnesses changed what they said and thus all four claimed he had blonde hair. This is a clear problem with the testimony used in the trial as as all the witnesses were interviewed at the event in a group and due to social desirability and conformity they changed their remembrance of the event- therefore what they said in court may have not been an accurate account of what they think they actually saw. Weapon focus may also have had an effect in this case and this would have also caused a problem with the EWT used as the criminal used a weapon, and as that weapon is a threat to these people’s lives then they would have focussed on that weapon, and as a result this would have distorted what they remembered about the rest of the event (i.e. what the criminal looked like) which makes the EWT used invalid. The police in the investigation did also lead the witnesses to a desired answer as in the third interview they showed them...
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...Outline and Evaluate Research Into the Affect of Anxiety On the Accuracy of Eye Witness Testimony (6+6) Eyewitness Testimony refers to witnesses who are asked to give testimonies in court or police interviews to particular crimes. Eyewitness Testimony consists of : the eyewitness encoding the information they have witnessed the very second it happened, making sure they are describing the order of the events and the people involved. It also consists of the witness retaining information for a period of time (this can be a very long time) and finally it consists of the witness retrieving the information whilst they are in court. Eyewitness Testimony does have real life applicability as many people through DNA and false witnesses are sent to prison for crimes they did not commit therefore it is important to fully understand EWT to avoid innocent people being wrongfully punished. Eye witness testimonies are affected by a number of factors, but the one that I am going to focus on is anxiety. Many different laboratory studies and some ‘real life’ studies have generally shown recall is less accurate in people who have witnessed particularly distressing or anxiety filled situations. The weapon focus effect was created by Loftus (1979), she asked participants to sit outside a laboratory where they thought they were waiting to participate in an experiment, but they were actually already in it. As they were 'waiting', they heard a discussion between two people inside the laboratory...
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...Outline and evaluate the different levels of accuracy of different types of witness Eyewitness testimony (EWT) refers to an account given by people of an event they have witnessed; it is an important area of research in cognitive psychology and human memory. Juries tend to pay close attention to EWT and generally find it a reliable source of information. However, research into this area has found that EWT can be affected by many psychological factors: anxiety, age, reconstructive memory and consequences. Anxiety is almost always associated with real life crime. Deffenbacher (1989) theorized the ‘Inverted U-theory’ stating that low levels of anxiety cause cognitive performance (memory) to also be relatively low. As the anxiety increases, so does the cognitive performance until optimum level. Any further anxiety produces a rapid drop in the performance. Therefore, it can be predicted that stressful incidents leads to witnesses having inaccurate recall due to their high anxiety levels. Research support for this theory and its relevance EWT can be found in a field experiment carried out by Peters (1988). Loftus (1979) aimed to see whether anxiety in EWT affected later identification. An experimental and control group were tested upon in which the control group overheard a low-key discussion in a lab about an equipment failure. A person then emerged from the laboratory holding a pen in grease covered hands. Next, the experimental group overheard a heated and hostile debate...
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...Poole et al used a variety of children aged 3-8 yrs. old and showed them a science demonstration followed by listening to a story which contained information on the demonstration as well as extra added material. Once questioned about the demonstration, the results showed that the children tended to mix information between the story and demonstration. In a follow up, they were questioned as to where they got this information and children who were older tended to do better than the children who were younger. Poole et al concluded that younger children would make for poorer witnesses as they struggled with “source recognition”. Rhodes et al used individuals from 3 different age groups (18-25; 35-45 and 55-78). They were shown 24 photographs which was representative of the three different age groups and asked to rate them for attractiveness. After that they were shown 48 photographs, 24 of which had been previously seen and 24 that acted as ‘distractors’. The results found out that young and middle aged participants were significantly more accurate than their older participants however, all age groups were most accurate in identifying pictures from their own age group. These findings fits in with the “differential experience hypothesis” which suggests that we are more able to identify people of our own age or of similar ethnic group. Therefore, the lack of experience with other age groups would result in a greater own-age bias. Similarly, the perceptual learning hypothesis suggests...
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...Eye witness testimony is the ability of people remembering the details of events, such as accidents and crimes which they themselves have observed. The accuracy of eye witness testimony can be affected by factors such as misleading information, leading questions, post-event discussion and anxiety. Loftus and Palmer investigated how the language (leading questions) used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory. 45 students were shown 7 films of different traffic accidents. After each film the participants were given a questionnaire which asked them to describe the accident and then answer a series of specific questions about it. There was one critical. This question was ‘About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?’ One group of participants were given this question. The other five groups were given the verbs smashed, collided, bumped or contacted in place of the word hit. The mean speed estimate was calculated for each group. The group given the word ‘smashed’ estimated a higher speed than the other groups (about 41 mph). The group given the word ‘contacted’ estimated the lowest speed (about 30 mph). This suggests that memory is easily distorted by questioning technique and information acquired after the event can merge with original memory causing inaccurate memory. This may not be valid because the participants may not have taken the task seriously as they knew it was not real (lacks ecological validity) and there was little to no consent given by participants...
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...IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF _____________________________ COUNTY, MISSOURI Judge or Division: Case Number: Plaintiff(s): Person Subpoenaed: Address: Plaintiff’s Attorney: Address: vs. Defendant(s): Requesting Party: Pltfs Attny Pltf Def Attny Def Address (of party checked above): Telephone: Defendant’s Attorney: (Date File Stamp) Address: Telephone: Telephone: Subpoena Order to Appear/Produce Documents/Give Depositions The State of Missouri to :___________________________________________________(person subpoenaed). You are commanded: to contact _____________________________________(name) at _____________________________(telephone) who will advise of time and place appearance is required. to appear at ____________________________________________________________________________________ on _______________________________________(date), at __________________________(time). to testify on behalf of ____________________________________________________________________________ . to give depositions. to bring the following: ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ (Attach additional sheet if necessary.) (Seal) __________________________________________ Date Issued ___________________________________________________ Clerk/Deputy Clerk Return/Affidavit I certify that...
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...Eyewitness testimony and its credibility has always been a staple of controversy in court cases. Let's take a minute to think back the last time you were in a local retail store. Now ask yourself, are you able to describe the person who was ahead of you in the line? How many details can you really remember about that person? Now how accurate do you think that your description was? Today we are going to investigate just how accurate people's observations are in everyday life. Objective: The purpose of this project today is to determine whether eyewitness account credible and reliable enough to be used as evidence in criminal investigations. We are going to do this by determining witness recollection, gender of suspect, distance away from suspect and date and time affect the accuracy of witness accounts. . Introduction: Eyewitness accounts are always under scrutiny whether in the courtroom, by police and even scientists. In most eyewitness identification the processes typically involve selecting an alleged perpetrator from a police lineup or sketches. After selecting a suspect a formal statement is using made confirming the identification of the subject. Usually the times in which you are asked to give a statement range anywhere from a day to a few days later. Within this time frame ,ask yourself how accurately are you able to recollect what really happened or what someone really looked like. The reason that so many people also acceptance of eyewitness accounts may stem...
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...lJustice Denied First off, one of the main things that went wrong during the case was that the police chief threatened both of the witness into testifying that they saw Marshall murder Sandy Seale, instructed both witness on what to say in court, wrote up a fake statement and then made the witness sign it. This was the major reason that the jurors found Donald guilty. Another thing that went wrong during the case was that they disregarded two witnesses statement because one of them was too young and the other one had mental issues. The first witness that came to tell the police that Roy Ebsary committed the murder was Jimmy MacNeil; however, the police did not believe him as he has bad medical history of mental illness. The second witness who came to report the true killer was the murderer’s daughter, Donna Ebsary. She said that she saw Roy washing the knife and talking to Jimmy MacNeil about the murder. But, the police did not believe her because she was too young. The last thing that went wrong during the case is that they failed to do a proper reinvestigation in 1971. In 1971 they did not interview all of the appropriate witness such as Maynard Chant and John Pratico. They just believed the statements that the police chief, which led them to come up with the same conclusion as the jury. After being imprisoned for 11 years, another witness told the cops that they saw another man stab Seale. In addition, many of the previous statements targeting Marshall were withdrawn...
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...CALIFORNIA ADVANCE HEALTH CARE DIRECTIVE Including Power of Attorney for Health Care Imprint / MRN NOTE: The document meets legal requirements for most Californians, but might not be appropriate in special circumstances. If you might have special needs, consult an attorney. PART 1: APPOINTING AN AGENT TO MAKE HEALTH CARE DECISIONS NOTE: You should discuss your wishes in detail with your designated agent(s) My name is:_____________________________________ Date of Birth:________________ My address is:_______________________________________________________________ In this document I appoint an agent. That agent will make health care decisions for me in the future, if and when I no longer have the mental capacity to make my own health care decisions. Optional: I want my agent to make my health care decisions now, even though I currently have the mental capacity to make my own health care decisions. _______ (Do not initial here if you want to continue making your own health decisions for as long as you are able.) The following persons cannot be selected as your agent or alternate agent: • Your primary physician • An employee of the health care institution or residential care facility where you receive care (unless you are related to that person or you are co-workers). PRIMARY AGENT: Agent’s Name: ___________________________________________________ Address:___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ (Phone...
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...Key Terms and Concepts Accident-analysis report is defined as a report that is completed when the accident in questions is serious. This analysis report requires special skills and should be undertaken only by an individual with those skills. The term also means at any of the following circumstances result from the accident in question: death, loss of consciousness, professional medical, etc. (Goetsch, p.166). Accident investigation is defined as an investigation its purpose is to collect facts not to find fault. The term also means a determination of all the events that led to an accident including understanding causal relationships between events (Goetsch, p.166). Accident report is defined as a report that’s completed when the accident in question represents only a minor incident. The term also means to record the findings of an accident investigation, the cause or causes of an accident, and recommendations for corrective action (Goetsch, p.165). Accident scene is defined as an area where the accident happened that is usually blocked off by barriers or heavy yellow tape. The term also means the area where an accident occurred (Goetsch, p.169). Causes is defined as the primary focus. Personal beliefs and feelings, decision to work unsafely, mismatch or overload are some common causes of accidents. The term also means a person or thing that acts, happens, or exists in such a way that some specific thing happens as a result (Goetsch, p.166). Decision to...
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...GUIDELINES FOR DISCIPLINARY PROCEDURE - CONTENTS Chapter 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Item Discipline and Indiscipline Acts of Misconduct Report of Misconduct Flow-chart of Disciplinary Proceedings Preliminary Enquiry Principles of Natural Justice Charge-sheet Suspension Domestic Enquiry Penalties Appeal and Review Annexures Page No. 96 97 98 99 102 103 104 107 109 117 122 123-153 Policy Manual CHAPTER-1 DISCIPLINE AND INDISCIPLINE 1.1 Discipline means orderly behaviour - It means voluntary and willing compliance of rules and regulations and instructions and also development of right habits of conduct in work with others at the work-place. Why do we want Discipline? (a) Discipline is essential in any organisation for improving the employee morale as well as to increase the productivity which is the ultimate goal of any organisation. Discipline is of utmost importance for harmonious working with a view to achieve Company’s objectives. It is moral responsibility of the employer not to allow the minority of employees who are indisciplined to affect the life of majority. 1.2 (b) (c) 1.3 How does Indiscipline arise? In most of the cases, indiscipline of a worker is the expression of his reaction to his environment. Usually the causes of indiscipline are : (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Lack of awareness of Company’s rules and regulations; False promises made by superiors; Absence of any procedure to handle grievances; No action taken when required; Personal...
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