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PENGHARGAAN

Alhamdulillah, segala puji ke hadrat Ilahi di atas limpahan rahmatnya dapatlah saya menyiapkan pfojek kajian saya ini. Pada kesempatan ini saya ingin merakamkan setinggi-tinggi penghargaan kepada Cik Hajah Jamilah Binti Ismail selaku pengetua SMK Seri Tanjong yang telah banyak memberikan sokongan moral kepada saya semasa menyiapkan tugasan ini. Begitu juga kepada Puan Tian Chwee Siang Selaku guru bimbingan yang banyak membantu dan membimbing saya dalam menyiapkan tugasan ini amat saya hargai dan sanjungi. Pada kesempatan ini juga saya ingin mengucapkan, terima kasih kepada bapa saya Mohamad Yahya Bin Junid serta Ibu saya Zainab Bt Aini kerana telah banyak membantu saya tidak kira bantuan wang mahupun sokongan moral kepada saya dalam apa-apa sahaja yang saya lakukan. Buat teman-teman seperjuangan saya, terima kasih diucapkan kerana sudi memberi tunjuk ajar dan membantu saya, berkongsi idea serta memberi komitmen yang baik kepada saya. Semoga apa sahaj-apa yang kita lakukan diberkati Tuhan. Akhir sekali, saya ingin mengucapkan terima kasih yang tidak terhingga kepada guru dan semua pihak yang terlibat sama ada secara langsung atau tidak dalam menjayakan tugasan saya ini. Segala budi dan jasa yang kalian hulurkan amat saya hargai.
Sekian, Terima Kasih.

1.0 PENGENALAN

Menurut Wikipidea, Pembakaran terbuka ditakrifkan sebagai "pembakaran sebarang bahan dalam cara yang hasil pembakaran dari pembakaran tersebut dibebaskan secara langsung ke udara sekitar tanpa melalui serombong, pendiang, atau lohong." Secara umumnya, setiap kali anda menyalakan api di luar, anda membuat pembakaran terbuka. Pembakaran salah satu penyebab utama kepada berlakunya pencemaran udara. Pembakaran terbuka kebanyakannya dikesan berlaku di kawasan tapak pelupusan sampah, sisa pepejal di kawasan industri dan tapak pembinaan, sisa perladangan, sisa kebun serta pembakaran di hutan simpan.
Keadaan pencemaran menjadi lebih serius pada musim panas yang berpanjangan kerana ia turut menyumbang kepada masalah jerebu yang menjejaskan kesihatan awam dan mengurangkan jarak penglihatan. Masalah jerebu yang melanda Malaysia pada 1997 menyebabkan hampir seluruh negara seolah-olah diselubungi `asap'. Keadaan jerebu yang berlaku ketika itu amatlah membimbangkan sehingga menyebabkan indeks pencemaran udara (IPU) meningkat sehingga ke paras yang sangat bahaya. Pembakaran terbuka menyebabkan aktiviti harian terganggu dan memberikan kesan buruk kepada kesihatan seperti lelah, bronchitis, alahan, radang paru-paru, sakit mata dan kulit) terutamanya kepada bayi, kanak-kanak, orang tua dan pesakit lelah. Pembakaran terbuka juga menyebabkan jerebu berlaku dan tahap penglihatan yang berkurang. Kesan yang paling ketara yang sedang dibincangkan oleh masyarakat ialah kesan pemanasan global dan penipisan lapisan ozon yang dapat dirasakan oleh seluruh dunia.
Kenaikan suhu bumi ini disebabkan oleh pembebasan gas-gas karbon dioksida dan terkumpul di dalam udara. Gas karbon yang terlalu banyak menyebabkan haba di bimu terperangkap dan akhirnya suhu bumi meningkat dan persekitarannya menjadi panas , ekosistem terganggu, banjir akan berlaku secara kerap dan kejadian alam yang tidak normal akan berlaku. Selalunya, masyarakat membakar sampah sarap, sampah sarap ialah Menurut kajian Suguna (1986), sampah sarap merupakan bahan pepejal yang terhasil dari aktiviti manusia dan ianya dianggap tidak berguna dan boleh dibuang. Sampah sarap juga ditakrifkan sebagai bahan yang dilupuskan kerana ia tidak dapat digunakan ataupun yang tidak diperlukan lagi oleh manusia ataupun tidak mempunyai nilai dari segi ekonomi, yang terhasil dari aktiviti-aktiviti harian manusia (Chamhuri 2000). Selain itu, menurut kajian Plintoff (1976), sampah sarap merupakan bahan-bahan pepejal yang dihasilkan oleh industri, pertanian, perlombongan, perniagaan dan dari domestik.

Mengetahui sumber dan jenis sampah juga komposisi sampah merupakan suatu bahagian yang penting dalam merancang dan melaksanakaan program pengurusan sampah sarap. Secara umum sampah masyarakat terkait dengan gunatanah suatu kawasan. Tchobanoglous mengklasifikasikan sumber sampah adalah berasal dari perumahan, komersial, pejabat, pembinaan, hospital, industri dan pertanian (Tchobanoglous 1993). Sampah sarap ini berbeza dari segi bentuk asal dan kandungan fizikalnya. Sampah boleh dikategorikan kepada dua iaitu sampah domestic dan sampah bukan domestik. Sampah domestic adalah bahan-bahan buangan yang dibuang dari rumah atau dapur. Contohnya ialah pakaian lama atau botol, kertas dan beg plastic, tin aluminium dan juga sisa makanan. Sampah bukan domestik pula ialaha bahan-bahan buangan yang terhasil dari industry tapak pembinaan, pekedai atau pasar dan pejabat. Bahan-bahan buangan ini terdiri daripada berbagai jenis termasuklah sisa jualan, sisa pembungkusan dan sisa daripada proses pengilangan (Ridwan Lubis 1994). Selalunya sampah yang dibakar secara terbuka ialah sampah domestic seperti kertas ataupun palstik. Pembakaran terbuka juga menyebabkan ekologi terganggu, Ekologi adalah cabang sains yang mengkaji habitat dan interaksi di antara benda hidup dengan alam sekitar. Perkataan ini dicipta oleh pakar biologi Jerman dan pengikut Darwin pada tahun 1866 Ernst Haeckel dari perkataan Greek (oikos beerti " rumah" dan logos beerti "sains"). Kini, istilah ekologi ini telah digunakan secara meluas dan merujuk kepada kajian saling hubungan antara organisma dengan persekitaran dan juga saling hubungan di kalangan kumpulan organisma itu sendiri . Masyarakat mengambil jalan mudah dengan hanya membakar sampah – sampah mereka. Mungkin mereka tidak disediakan tong sampah untuk membuang sampah, seperti penduduk di kawasan kampung yang tidak disediakan kemudahan untuk membuang sampah, jadi mereka mengambil jalan mudah dengan membakar sampah. Pihak kerajaan juga mengadakan kempen tentang keburukan pembakaran terbuka, dan mengenakan kompaun yang tinggi kepada seiapa yang membakar sampah secara terbuka. Pihak berkuasa juga haruslah sentiasa memantau tempat-tempat yang selalu menjadi tempat pembakaran mereka dan menasihati tentang meraka keburukan pembakaran secara terbuka agar masyarakat lebih terbuka hati dan sedar tentang keburukan membakar sampah secara terbuka Oleh itu, pengkaji ingin mengetahui secara lebih dalam tentang punca dan kesan pembakaran secara terbuka terhadap kawasan Taman Bukit Rambai. Selain itu, kawasan kajian kerap melakukan aktiviti pembakaran secara terbuka. Di kawasan kajian sering mendapat aduan dari penduduk sekeliling terutaman penduduk kawasan tersebut. Pembakaran secara terbuka boleh mendatangkan pelbagai masalah dan kemudaratan kepada masyarakat setempat.

1.1 OBJEKTIF KAJIAN

Objektif kajian merupakan satu elemen yang sangat penting dalam sesuatu kajian. Oleh itu pengkaji telah menetapkan dua objektif kajian iaitu : a) Mengkaji kekerapan penduduk di Taman Bukit Rambai membuat pembakaran sampah secara terbuka. b) Mengenal pasti kesan-kesan pembakaran terbuka di kawasan Taman Bukit Rambai.

2.0 LOKASI KAJIAN

3.1 Melaka Tengah

Peta 1: Peta Daerah Melaka Tengah Sumber : https://maps.google.com/maps

Peta 1 di atas menunjukkan peta Daerah Melaka tengah. Sebagai sebuah negeri yang kedua terkecil di Semenanjung Malaysia (selepas Perlis), Melaka yang mempunyai 3 daerah iaitu Alor Gajah, Jasin dan Melaka Tengah meliputi keluasan tanah sebanyak 1,650 km persegi (anggaran 1.3 peratus keseluruhan jumlah tanah di Malaysia). Bandar-bandar utama di negeri Melaka ialah Bandar Melaka, Alor Gajah, Masjid Tanah, Jasin, Merlimau, Tampin dan Air Keroh. Menurut Laman Web Rasmi Pejabat Daerah dan Tanah Melaka Tengah, Keluasan Daerah Melaka Tengah ialah 29,917 hektar / 73,927 ekar / 115.5 batu persegi (tidak termasuk tambak laut). Sektor yang menyumbang kepada ekonomi daerah Melaka Tengah ialah pelancongan. Pusat Pelancongan utama Kompleks Sejarah, Bukit St Paul, Pusat Pelancongan Ayer Keroh, Pulau Besar dan Bukit Cina.

2.2 Taman Bukit Rambai

Peta 2 : Taman Bukit Rambai Sumber : https://maps.google.com/maps

Peta 2 dia atas menunjukkan kawasan Taman Bukit Rambai. Terletak kira-kira 15 kilometre daripada Bandar Melaka dan mengambil masa lebih kurang 30 minit untuk sampai ke Bandar Melaka. Penduduk yang berada di taman ini lebih kurang 3500 orang penduduk. Kemudahan yang terdapat di kawasan Taman Bukit Rambai ini seperti kedai runcit, sekolah, perhentian bas, taman permainan, perpustakaan desa dan gelanggan futsal.

Foto 1 : Taman Bukit Rambai Sumber : Kerja Lapangan 2014 Pengkaji memilih kawasan ini untuk melakukan kajian kerana kawasan ini sering dilihat membakar sampah secara terbuka. Selain itu, tempat ini juga berhampiran dengan tempat tinggal pengkaji dan memudahkan lagi pengkaji untuk melakukan kajian . Taman Bukit Rambai ini siap dibina pada tahun 1995 dan terdapat pelbagai kemudahan yang disediakan contohnya seperti sekolah.

3.0 METODOLOGI KAJIAN
Tujuan menyediakan reka bentuk kajian ialah untuk menghubungkan objektif kajian dengan hasil dapatan kajian. Reka bentuk kajian yang digunakan pengkaji ialah persempelan rawak mudah. Kaedah persempelan digunakan untuk mendapatkan maklumat yang tepat dan mudah serta relevan dengan objektif yang ditetapkan. Seterusnya , Kajian ini berbentuk kajian tinjauan. Kajian tinjauan ialah kaedah mengumpul maklumat dengan bertanyakan set soalan kepada satu sampel individu yang dipilih daripada satu populasi yang hendak dikaji menurut Sabitha Marican (2009). Kajian ini adalah bertujuan untuk mengkaji kekerapan penduduk Taman Bukit Rambai membakar sampah.

3.1 Sempel Kajian
Pemilihan sampel untuk kajian ini dilakukan secara rawak mudah yang melibatkan tiga puluh orang penduduk. Menurut Bailey (1984) saiz sampel dikatankan releven sekiranya melibatkan 30 orang responden kerana ini merupakan saiz minimum bagi kajian yang memerlukan 30 responden. Pemilihan responden adalah berdasarkan kesudian dan kelapanagan mereka untuk menjawab boring soal selidik ini.

Antara ciri-ciri yang diambil kira semasa proses pemilihan responden ialah mereka meruapak penduduk di Taman Bukit Rambai. Hal ini disebabkan mereka duduk berhampiran. Selain itu, responden haruslan berusia 15 tahun ke atas, kerana kebanyakan mereka pada usia itu sudah matang dan boleh membuat keputusan sendiri

3.2 Cara Pengumpulan Data Pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam kajian ini ialah melalui pelbagai cara seperti sumber rujukan soal selidik dan pemerhatian. Soal kaji selidik dibentuk untuk mendapatkan pandangan penduduk setempat terhadap pengurusan sisa pepejal di kawasan Taman Rambai Utama. Pengkaji telah menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif dan kualititatif untuk menjalankan kajian. Kajian kuantitatif yang digunakan adalah perpustakaan, rujukan dan pemerhatian. Manakala kaedah kuatitatif yang digunakan pula ialah melalui kajian soal selidik

3.2.1 Soal Selidik
Kaedah soal selidik adalah cara yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan maklumat tentang kekerapan penduduk di Taman Bukit Rambai membakar sampai secara terbuka. Kaedah ini ialah kaedah yang paling popular digunakan para pengkaji untuk mendapatkan data kajian, boring soal selidik ini perlulah bersesuaian dengan objektif kajian yang telah ditetapkan, bahasa yang mudah difahami oleh responden. Rasional menggunakan soala selidik tertutup tertutup ialah untuk mendapatkan jawapan yang berbeza tetapi mudah dibandingkan dan mudah di proses. Borang soal selidik dalam kajian ini terdiri daripada 3 bahagian iaitu bahagian A yang meliputi demografi responden, B kesan dan C punca.

3.2.2 Pemerhatian
Kaedah pemerhatian ialaha alternative dalam pengumpulan maklumat atau data selain sola selidik dan temu bual menurut Rubran (2014) pemerhatian adalah untuk mendapat gambaran sebanar atau secara langsung terhadap perkara yang sedang dikaji pengakaji telah melakukan pemerhatian di kawasan kajian untuk melihat kekerapan penduduk di Taman Bukit Rambai membuat pembakaran sampah secara terbuka dan mengenal pasti kesan-kesan pembakaran terbuka di kawasan Taman Bukit Rambai. Pengkaji telah melakukan pemerhatian selama 8 hari berturut-turut dan secara tidak berturut-turut dari tarikh 25.2.2014 sehingga 3.3.2013. Pemerhatian telah dibuat dari pukul 4 petang hingga 6 petang. Kaedah ini membolehkan pengkaji lebih memahami situasi yang sebenar yang hendak digambarkan oleh responden. Beberapa keeping gambar telah diambil untuk dijadikan bukti.

3.2.3 Temu Bual
Menurut R. Kuberan (2014) temu bual dilakukan untuk mendapatkan maklumat secara langsung dan lebih mendalam tentang sesuatu isu dalam penyelidikan. Kaedah soal selidik adalah cara yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan makluma. Responden diberi masa 5 minit untuk menjawab semua soalan dan pengkaji telah menemu bual seramai 3 orang.

3.2.4 Rujukan Perpustakaan
Pengkaji telah membuat rujukan dari buku majalah , rencana dan internet. Rujukan dibuat untuk mendapatkan maklumat tentang isu yang dikaji dan meksud-maksud istilah tertentu.

3.3 Teknik Penganalisisan Data
Data analisis guna kaedah diskriptif iaitu dalam bentuk kekerapan peratusan dan mengalisis data dilakukan selepas pengkaji memperoleh data dan maklumat melalui soal selidik yang diedarkan kepada reponde. Tahap analisis data dicapai selepas data diperoleh, dikenalpasti, di sunting dan ditukarkan kepada angka. Dalam borang kaji selidik ini, skala liket 5 peringkat yang diasaskan oleh Rensis Likert telah digunakan untuk melihat pendapat tentang melihat punca dan kesan pembakaran secara terbuka di Taman Bukit Rambai. Setiap peringkat penilaian diberi nilai dalam bentuk angka dengan menggunakan skala liket iaitu 5 mewakili sangat setuju, angka 4 setuju , angka 3 kurang pasti,angka 2 tidak setuju dan angka 1 sangat tidak setuju.

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