...INTRODUCTION: The concept of worker participation represents a popular theme in the analysis of the world of work among scholars in the fields of Industrial Sociology, Industrial Relations as well as management. It refers to any arrangement which is designed to involve low cadre employees (workers) in the important decision making within the workplace. This implies that rather than saddling only a group within the enterprise (for instance, management) with the responsibility of making decisions, all those who are to be affected by these decisions (including the workers) would be involved in its formulation and implementation. The concept of the workers participation in management is considered as a mechanism where workers have a say in the decision making process of an enterprise formally. It crystallizes the concept of Industrial Democracy and indicates an attempt on the part of an employer to build employees in to a team, which work towards the realization of a common objective. The concept can also be understood in terms of a new approach to industry and society in which people want to be interested with the taking of decisions which have direct bearing on them. Mac Gregor (1960) contends that worker participation consists basically in creating opportunity under suitable conditions for people to influence decisions which affect them. It is a special case of delegation in which the subordinate gain greater control, greater freedom of choice with respect to bridging...
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...and modern freeze dry coffee factory in Colombia, located at an elevation of 1360m and with an average temperature of 26®c. The descriptive study was based on all twenty four (24) workers performing tasks inside three cold stores. All the workers were male and the participation research was voluntary. The informed consent to participate in the study. The participants completed a standardized questionnaire on paid work time. One of the researchers explained the questionnaire individually to each worker. The response required anonomosity and no company officer was present in the dissemination and completion of the questionnaire. The specific symptoms inquired in the questionnaire were about pain, ache or discomfort in specified body parts during the preceding year and during the seven (7) days thereafter. The questionnaire also inquired whether the symptoms suffered prevented the individual from doing his normal routine of work. This included demographic items such as age and gender, ethnicity as well as questions on the number of years spent on the job and their medical history. Health questionnaire about cold experience (See Appendix). For the detection of cold-related health problems, the health check questionnaire for subjects exposed to cold and applied individually to each exposed worker. (See Appendix). A wind speed testing and air temperature...
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...Participation: A theoretical context Introduction Theories of community participation have received considerable academic attention particularly since the early 1990’s but have been a source of debate since at least the 1960s. This paper is intended to provide a brief overview of some of the most prominent theories which have been put forward as a means of understanding and appraising participation structures and practices. It has been prepared in order to provide a theoretical context within which the appropriateness of different approaches to community participation in rural transport in Wiltshire can be assessed. The note begins by providing a simple definition of participation. Two of the more prominent frameworks for community participation are then summarised and explored. In recognition that such frameworks represent simplifications of a far more complex reality, a number of these complexities are then explored, namely: • dimensions of power; • issues of process and capacity; and • the nature of ‘community’. The note concludes by describing an evaluation tool for community participation, which has sought to address many of these complexities. 1. A definition of participation For the purposes of this note a useful definition of public or community participation is that adopted by Stoker (1997) for ‘political participation’ (following Parry et al, 1992): members of the public ‘taking part in any of the processes of formulation, passage and implementation of public...
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...An in-class activity I would have my students participate in would a warm-up activity for the beginning of the class period. Some of the reasons that I would have my students do a warm-up activity are that it helps get the students to start thinking about the subject and begin to focus on it. This will help the students make their transition mentally from their last class to my class. I would also use the warm-up as a way to set the tone for the upcoming lesson, like a building block to get their thought process going in the right direction for the day. Most importantly, I would use the warm-up to allow myself to assess the student’s attitude and ability for the day to help me determine the best way for to form groups for other activities for the day. A behavioral expectation that I would have for my students for the warm-up activity is that they would have their materials (ex. Pencil and paper) out on their desk ready to begin the warm-up after the bell rings. Another behavioral expectation I would have of my students for the warm-up activity that before they begin the activity, they take time to reflect on the prompts I gave them for the assignment and begin to work quietly and individually. An evaluation method I would use to ensure that my students have an understanding of my behavioral expectations is to have a poster up on my wall that is a reminder of the classroom expectations and pointed out to the students who are not working on the warm-up. The classroom expectations...
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...Outline and evaluate one or more explanations of why people obey. One of the main reasons that people obey is the feeling of relinquishing personal responsibility. During the course of Milgram’s experiment, many participants enquired about responsibility; who would be to blame if any harm came to the learner? In many cases, informing the participant that the experimenter was completely responsible was reassurance enough to encourage the participants to continue with the deadly electric shocks. In many cases, where harm has come to someone as a result of obedience, the perpetrators have justified their actions by the lack of responsibility. The participants most likely to obey are those who feel they have relinquished personal responsibility to an authoritative figure, and obedience levels are often diminished when the rate of personal responsibility has increased. It has also been suggested that obedience levels drop radically when participants are informed that they must accept full responsibility for their actions. One way that we can prove that this is the case, is by looking at variations of Milgram’s experiment. In the initial experiment, the ‘teacher’ could not see the pain that they were supposedly inflicting on the ‘learner,’ only hear them. They felt responsible when they heard the cries of anguish, but as the experimenter had accepted responsibility, many people continued administering the shocks. However, in a similar experiment where the ‘learner’ was in the room...
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...David M. Williams, Shira Dunsiger, Joseph T. Ciccolo, Beth A. Lewis, Anna E. Albrecht, and Bess H. Marcus Psychol Sport Exerc. 2008 May ; 9(3): 231–245. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.04.002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2390920/pdf/nihms42341.pdf The purpose of the study was to see if there is a connection between a person’s emotional response to moderate physical exertion and their likelihood of that person continuing to be an active person later. The study was conducted using mostly white female participants who were considered to be sedentary. They were given a grading scale by which to quantitatively express their personal sensation as well as their level of perceived exertion. The participants were placed on a treadmill and worked until their heart rate was 65% of the target rate for each participant according to age. They were then surveyed 6 and 12 months later. The study found that participant who had a positive response to the original bout of physical activity were more likely to be physically active 6 and 12 months later. The authors acknowledged many limitations of this study such as small sample size and the use of age predicted heart rate expectations. The use of a survey may lead to sketchy results also. The results and the discussion were consistent due to the fact that the authors made no wide spread claims resulting from the data acquired during this study. This study implies to me that if physical activity was more fun and less suffering...
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...LEARNING TEAM CHARTER – TEAM “C” |Course Title |Critical Thinking | | | | | | | | | | | Team Members/Contact Information |Name | |Phone | |Time zone and | |Email | | | | | |Availability During the Week | | | |Sonia Thompson | |434-917-3212 | |Eastern time zone/mon and wed anytime/other days before | |sgrimmt@yahoo.com | | | | | |3pm and after 10 pm | | | |Jenny R. Jackson | |770-254-1703 | |Pacific Time Zone/ Monday thru Friday 4 P.M. to 10:00 P.M.| |jrj3615@yahoo.com | |James Patton | |412-609-3980 | |Eastern always available | |Jpatton.412@gmail.com | | | | | | ...
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...representative shall be in language understandable to the subject or the representative. No informed consent, whether oral or written, may include any exculpatory language through which the subject or the representative is made to waive or appear to waive any of the subject's legal rights, or releases or appears to release the investigator, the sponsor, the institution or its agents from liability for negligence. (a) Basic elements of informed consent. Except as provided in paragraph (c) or (d) of this section, in seeking informed consent the following information shall be provided to each subject: (1) A statement that the study involves research, an explanation of the purposes of the research and the expected duration of the subject's participation, a description of the procedures to be followed, and identification of any procedures which are experimental; (2) A description of any reasonably foreseeable risks or discomforts to the subject; (3) A description of any benefits to the subject or to others which may reasonably be expected from the research; (4) A disclosure of appropriate alternative procedures or courses of treatment, if any, that might be advantageous to the subject; (5) A statement describing the extent, if any, to which confidentiality of records identifying the subject...
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...work: • We should work together as a team to deliver the assignment and utilize the strengths of each other. • Make sure that we are unified in the final product. • Be open and willing to do one’s part Weekly Meetings: • A weekly meeting should be held so that the defining of roles for each assignment can be done. • We should meet weekly once in the begging of assignment no later than Wednesday to define roles, assigning a team lead and assignment delivery structure. • Stay in contact with team members via forum or email at least 3 times weekly. • Communicate fairness issues openly and professionally Exceptions: • Team lead and team member should be notified immediately if there is any expectation in attendance and participation. • Each of us pulls our own weight and notifies the team if and when you cannot participate for whatever reason. Conflict Resolution: • We should clearly define conflict resolution in case of any team member not cooperating and does not follow roles and responsibility. • Communicate directly with the team member not contributing. •...
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...Issue in the implication of the concept of tabarru’ Tabarru’ is derived from the word tabarra’a which carries the meaning of contribution, gift, donation or charity. In technical sense, it is a unilateral declaration of intent, which is a contract with a particular nature in Islamic commercial law. Tabarru is basically to give a favor to the recipient without any specific consideration in return. Unlike the exchange contract, this type of contract is valid and enforceable in Islamic commercial law even without consideration. According to Dusuki at el., (2012), the definition of Tabarru’ is essentially a contribution or donation which entails no return but rather a reward from Allah alone. By the definition, we identified to important pillars which is the intention to perform Tabarru and the absence of counter-value. If any or both of the two are absent it is not considered as Tabarru’. The Prophet (s.a.w) said: “He who retracts his hibah is like the one who swallows what he vomits”. Thus, it makes it forbidden to retract the gift on whatever grounds or even to benefit from it in one way or other. Thus, the concept of Tabarru’ seems to apply that when the moment of a donor gives out his asset as Tabarru, he relinquishes his ownership to the second party who now takes full ownership and possession of the property or asset. However, the current practice in modified Wakalah model states that a donor or a participant can still be entitling to claim in the case of misfortune. Thus...
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...Relationship formation Reward/need satisfaction theory suggests that we become attracted to people who evoke positive feelings as they provide direct reinforcement through operant conditioning. If the presence of an individual leads to a positive outcome, they will be perceived as more attractive. We are thus more likely to repeat these behaviours towards that individual, leading to the formation of a relationship. We also become attracted to people who are associated with positive events through classical conditioning. People who are associated with these positive events acquire positive value, increasing our attraction to them. For a relationship to commence & succeed, positive feelings should outweigh negative feelings. Griffitt & Guay provided support for the idea that we like some individuals because they provide direct reinforcement. Participants were evaluated on a creative task by an experimenter & were then asked how much they like the experimenter. The rating was highest when the participant was highly evaluated (i.e. rewarded) by the experimenter, showing that direct reinforcement can lead to attraction. The same study also supported the role of indirect reinforcement (association with positive events). Participants of the study had to rate an onlooker as well as an experimenter. The onlooker was also more highly rated when the participant had been positively evaluated by the experimenter, as the onlooker was associated with this positive event...
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...LEARNING TEAM CHARTER – TEAM “X” |Course Title |BIS/221 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND SYSTEMS | | | | | | | | | | | Team Members/Contact Information |Name | |Phone | |Time zone and | |Email | | | | | |Availability During the Week | | | |Kristine Henry | |920-566-5800 | |Central Time; After 5 Thurs-Sat | |Henry_kristine@hotmail.com | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ...
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...Method Participants Young adults (10 woman, 10 men, Mage = 20 years, age range 18-22 years) were recruited by posting flyers in the student union of Carthage College campus. Older adults (10 woman, 10 men, Mage = 60 years, age range 58-62 years) were recruited by an add posted in a local newspaper. Test subjects for the study were randomly selected from volunteers whom had shown interest using the lottery method. Selection included assigning each volunteer (divided by groups of age and gender) a unique number. From there the numbers were placed in a hat and four trials of selection were used for five members of a certain age group and gender. Two control groups were made using equal amount of participants from each gender (same age group). The control group did not have transcranial stimulation applied (independent variable) during the experiment. The experimental group only differed in the fact that participants received transcranial stimulation. Materials The stimuli were generated using an Asus M32AD computer. The software used was provided by Brain Workshop called “Dual N-back game”. The software displayed the stimuli on an Asus 22-in color monitor. Participants were placed one meter away from the monitor and were fitted with a chin rest to aid in stabilizing their head. Procedure Volunteers who had been chosen as test subjects were asked to review a participant information letter. After ensuring that the participants were aware of the research requirements, they...
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...The Declaration of Helsinki and the Nuremberg code state that in order to obtain for participation in an experiment or research study we have to provide sufficient information in understandable language in order for patients to make an informed judgement about participation. The main goal is to ensure the key components of the informed consent are delivered appropriately, but most importantly that the basic ethical principles of Autonomy, Beneficence and Justice are consistently applied. Robert Veacth presents in his article important questions about the circumstances in which we consider unacceptable the fact that in some cases all three principles will not be fully executed simultaneously and if we can be satisfied if the research proposal...
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... 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 STUDY DESIGN: The research design of this study is an experimental design. 3.2 STUDY SETTING: Data will be collected for this study from outpatient department (OPD), Department of physiotherapy, Lovely Professional University campus. 3.3 POPULATION AND SAMPLING: The subjects will be taken as planter fasciitis patient, who will be reported in the outpatient department of physiotherapy of Lovely Professional University. SAMPLING METHOD: Convenient sampling. SAMPLE SIZE: The sample size is 60 3.4 SELECTION CRITERIA: 3.41 Inclusion criteria: • Females and Males • Age group between 25-50 years. • Clinically diagnosed plantar fasciitis 3.42 Exclusion criteria: • Subjects with clinical disorders such as Calcaneal Fracture, infective conditions of foot and Foot Tumour • History of systemic disease • Skin Disease • History of any major trauma or surgery in and around Ankle joint and Foot. • Subjects with impaired circulation to lower extremities. • Subjects with referred pain due to sciatica and other neurological disorders. • Foot deformities. • Arthritis. • Subjects using inappropriate footwear. 3.5 PARAMETERS: • PAIN • DISABILITY • ACTIVITY LIMITATION MOTION • RANGE OF MOTION 3.6 INSTRUMENTS AND TOOLS: • Numerical Pain Rating Scale chart • Foot function Index form • Treatment table and pillow • Calamine lotion • Goniometer • Surgical gloves • Polar Tool • Handlebar Tool 3.7 PROCEDURE: 60 patients with plantar fasciitis will participate...
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