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The Effect of Employment on Student Outcomes in High School and Beyond

The Question

How does student employment affect students' personal, social, and academic outcomes?
The Context

Many American students consider employment an integral part of their high school experience. NCES (National Center for Education Statistics) data from 1992 show that more than two-thirds of high school students were employed during their senior year, with 22.7 percent of those students working more than 20 hours per week. Most students worked in nonacademic jobs, with almost 25 percent employed in the food service industry, 14.5 percent working as a grocery clerk or cashier, and 11.8 percent working in sales. The vast majority of students earned between $4.25 and $6 per hour.
Students in the United States work more than students in most other, postindustrial countries—more than triple the average amount of time their European and East Asian peers spend working, in fact. Researchers have taken many different approaches to examining the issue of employment and its effect on student outcomes and, as a result, have reached a wide range of conclusions. Some have concluded that increased time spent working results in decreased time spent on school activities and, thus, lower academic achievement, whereas others suggest that work experience builds character, strengthens organizational skills, and gives students a sense of responsibility that may actually increase achievement. Other researchers have proposed a “threshold” model, which posits that students will experience positive outcomes from work experience, as long as the time spent working does not exceed certain threshold values. The research highlighted in this issue of ResearchBrief examines the issues associated with student employment and the extent to which employment may, or may not, benefit students.
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