...IntroductionMany times since his death in 1883, Karl Marx’s ideas have been dismissed as irrelevant. But, many times since, interest in his ideas has resurfaced as each new generation which challenges the unequal, unjust and exploitative nature of the capitalist system looks for ideas and a method to change the world we live in.Marx’s ideas – a body of work collectively described as Marxism – was added to by his closest collaborator Frederick Engels after Marx’s death and subsequently added to and enriched by the writings and living experience of Lenin and Trotsky who led the 1917 October Russian Revolution.For any person looking to change the world in a socialist direction the ideas of Marxism are a vital, even indispensable, tool and weapon to assist the working class in its struggle to change society.Most people who describe themselves as socialists will have at one stage or another looked at Marxist ideas and, unfortunately, some have chosen to ignore the rich experience and understanding that Marxist ideas add to an understanding of the capitalist world and how to change it.However, Marx’s ideas are once again becoming fashionable; even amongst people Marx would have regarded as his political opponents. Having been voted the thinker of the Millennium in a BBC poll in 2000, Marx has now been taken up by university professors and City analysts alike as offering one of the most modern ways to understand globalised capitalism.But, for socialists who wish to permanently remove...
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...Zadie Smith, the daughter of Harvey Smith and Yvonne Bailey, was born on October 25, 1975. She was born in North London; she is of English and Jamaican descent. At an early age, she began writing poems and stories. Smith changed her first name from Sadie to Zadie at the age of fourteen; she wanted to draw attention to her individuality. Smith attended the University of Cambridge, where she studied English Literature. While in college, she met a man, Nick Laird, whom she later married. Smith began writing her first novel White Teeth; at the age of 21 she submitted about eighty pages of content to an agent. A bidding war started and Hamish Hamilton was the highest bidder, several years later she completed the novel and published it in 2001....
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...I know Why the Caged Bird Sings is an autobiographical account of Maya Angelou that demonstrates how love for literature and having a strong character can play a significant role in overcoming racism and distress. In the course of the story, it is evident that Maya changes from being a casualty of racism to become a young woman with self-dignity and identity that helps her to overcome prejudice. The context of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings focuses on the problems associated with racism that was prevalent in the southern states. Racist oppression is a common theme in the book that is portrayed by all the major characters; in fact, all the other themes in the book are closely related to racism, identity and segregation. In addition, the style and genre, and the structure of this literary work make significant contributions towards its thematic development, which focus on resistance to racism, the significance of the family, self-identity and definition and independence. Walker (95) argues that I Know Why the Cage Bird Sings is characterized by thematic unity, which is achieved using the structure adopted in the text that takes more of a thematic form rather than a chronological form. In addition, Angelou managed to emphasize on the universal ideas in her literary work irrespective of its periodic quality. In I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou used the major characters of the book to facilitate its thematic development identity, racism and literacy throughout the text...
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...Introduction By general agreement and on the basis of first hand experience, the review of literature in most student research (and some professional academic research too) is clumsy, naive, turgid, confusing and often down right dull. But given the central importance the literature review holds in our academic writing tradition, and its pivotal role in the academic assessment of research why are we still executing them so badly? Specifically, why do students find them so difficult to write? And academics find them so disheartening to read? There is no shortage of guidance in how to undertake a literature review. Comprehensive guides to business research such as Gill and Johnson (1991) or Cooper (1989) contain some guidance. More comprehensive are the general thesis guides such as Dunleavy (2003), Teitelbaum (1998), Baker (2003), or Evans (1996). There are also many specific guides to undertaking a literature review such as Baker (2000), Rowley and Slack (2004) or Hart (1999). Indeed, any competent trawl of the internet will generate innumerable guides and resources from universities around the world. The issue it seems is not the lack of guidance, but how such guidance is translated into the finished product. As a consequence this article focuses upon how to write the literature review, some techniques that can be used to ^ Correspondence: Mark Gabbott, Department of Marketing, Monash University, P.O. Box 197, Caulfield East Melbourne, Vic 3145, Australia, Tel: 00 61 3 9903...
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...Beginning theory An introduction to literary and cultural theory Second edition Peter Barry © Peter Barry 1995, 2002 ISBN: 0719062683 Contents Acknowledgements - page x Preface to the second edition - xii Introduction - 1 About this book - 1 Approaching theory - 6 Slop and think: reviewing your study of literature to date - 8 My own 'stock-taking' - 9 1 Theory before 'theory' - liberal humanism - 11 The history of English studies - 11 Stop and think - 11 Ten tenets of liberal humanism - 16 Literary theorising from Aristotle to Leavis some key moments - 21 Liberal humanism in practice - 31 The transition to 'theory' - 32 Some recurrent ideas in critical theory - 34 Selected reading - 36 2 Structuralism - 39 Structuralist chickens and liberal humanist eggs Signs of the fathers - Saussure - 41 Stop and think - 45 The scope of structuralism - 46 What structuralist critics do - 49 Structuralist criticism: examples - 50 Stop and think - 53 Stop and think - 55 39 Stop and think - 57 Selected reading - 60 3 Post-structuralism and deconstruction - 61 Some theoretical differences between structuralism and post-structuralism - 61 Post-structuralism - life on a decentred planet - 65 Stop and think - 68 Structuralism and post-structuralism - some practical differences - 70 What post-structuralist critics do - 73 Deconstruction: an example - 73 Selected reading - 79 4 Postmodernism - 81 What is postmodernism? What was modernism? -...
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...Modern te ng Languages Literatures nE e siniEnglish ur e at l er g it En sin ur e at er it L Caribbean Examinations Council ® SYLLABUS SPECIMEN PAPER CSEC® SYLLABUS,MARK SCHEME SPECIMEN PAPER, MARK SCHEME SUBJECT REPORTS AND SUBJECT REPORTS Macmillan Education 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited Companies and representatives throughout the world www.macmillan-caribbean.com ISBN 978-0-230-48228-9 © Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC ®) 2015 www.cxc.org www.cxc-store.com The author has asserted their right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 This revised version published 2015 Permission to copy The material in this book is copyright. However, the publisher grants permission for copies to be made without fee. Individuals may make copies for their own use or for use by classes of which they are in charge; institutions may make copies for use within and by the staff and students of that institution. For copying in any other circumstances, prior permission in writing must be obtained from Macmillan Publishers Limited. Under no circumstances may the material in this book be used, in part or in its entirety, for commercial gain. It must not be sold in any format. Designed by Macmillan Publishers Limited Cover design by Macmillan Publishers Limited and Red Giraffe CAPE® Literatures in English Free Resources ...
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...critical theory today critical theory today A Us e r - F r i e n d l y G u i d e S E C O N D E D I T I O N L O I S T Y S O N New York London Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Routledge Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 Routledge Taylor & Francis Group 2 Park Square Milton Park, Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN © 2006 by Lois Tyson Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business Printed in the United States of America on acid‑free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number‑10: 0‑415‑97410‑0 (Softcover) 0‑415‑97409‑7 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number‑13: 978‑0‑415‑97410‑3 (Softcover) 978‑0‑415‑97409‑7 (Hardcover) No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Tyson, Lois, 1950‑ Critical theory today : a user‑friendly guide / Lois Tyson.‑‑ 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0‑415‑97409‑7 (hb) ‑‑ ISBN 0‑415‑97410‑0 (pb) 1. Criticism...
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...be applied to novels, poetry, essays, and various other forms of literature. There are numerous types of literary criticism including archetypal, Marxist, and readers-response. The theory of feminism criticism, another type of literary criticism, originated in France and the Netherlands and emphasizes on gender inequality and female's social roles. Feminism criticism can be seen as many forms of literary expressions such as poetry, essays, short stories, and novels. Feminism can also be examined through current events, fictional, and how those two are correlated. W.E.B. DuBois was an author who wrote the essay, "Double Consciousness." One can interpret feminism criticism from his text. "After the Egyptian an Indian, the Greek and Roman, the Teuton and Mongolian, the Negro is a sort of seventh-son..." This can be interpreted as females come after everybody else. In other words, society puts all others -- Caucasians, African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asians -- ahead of females. For example, as terrible as they were treated, African-Americans received the privilege to vote in 1868, fifty years previous to the women receiving similar rights. As seen above, feminism is not always directly displayed so one must interpret it from the text. "Karintha," written by Jean Toomer, is a fictional story about a young lady who was the object of desire to many of the gentlemen in the town. Fiction is another form of literature that one can interpret feminism criticism from. In the story, Karintha...
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...Online! online-school.classesandcareers.com Promote your website Reach more customers with AdWords Start advertising with Google today www.Google.com/AdWords let·ter (ltr) n. 1. a. A written symbol or character representing a speech sound and being a component of an alphabet.b. A written symbol or character used in the graphemic representation of a word, such as the h in Thames. See Note at Thames.2. A written or printed communication directed to a person or organization.3. A certified document granting rights to its bearer. Often used in the plural.4. Literal meaning: had to adhere to the letter of the law.5. letters (used with a sing. verb) a. Literary culture; belles-lettres.b. Learning or knowledge, especially of literature.c. Literature or writing as a profession.6. Printing a. A piece of type that prints a single character.b. A specific style of type.c. The characters in one style of type.7. An emblem in the shape of the initial of a school awarded for outstanding performance, especially in varsity athletics.v. let·tered, let·ter·ing, let·ters v.tr. 1. To write letters on.2. To write in letters.v.intr. 1. To write or form letters.2. To earn a school letter, as for outstanding athletic achievement: She...
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...What Did You Do With Your Idle Time Manuel Bendana ENG 125 Introduction to Literature Prof. Benjamin Mirov November 5, 2012 Billy Collin’s poem, “You, Reader,” is a humor-filled narrative that catches the reader’s attention and illustrates how two strangers are interlaced with one another all while showing how idle time can be used productively. While reading the poem, it can also be noted that time and what you choose to do with it is a constant theme. The persona in this poem, who happens to be the speaker, expresses how he is linked to the reader. The main link between the reader and the author is the poem itself in its literal sense. Grabbing the Reader’s Attention The poem begins with an attention-grabbing dramatic monologue; “I wonder how you are going to feel when you find out that I wrote this instead if you” (as cited in Clugston, 2010, section 12.1). This very first line comes off as arrogant and cocky, in result creating dramatic tension between the speaker and the reader. The persona grabs the reader’s attention by using detailed imagery about the particular day that he sat down to write the poem. The narrator paints a picture by describing the environment that he was in while writing the poem. He remembers to, “mention with a pen the rain soaked windows, the ivy-wallpaper” (as cited in Clugston, 2010, section 12.1). The scenery in this...
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...1. Definition 2.1. Copyright is a legally enforceable right to prevent others from doing certain acts (e.g: copying, performing, adapting, transmitting) in respect of certain types of material (e.g: books, films, music, TV and radio programs etc) 2. What material does copyright protect? 3.2. Original works: s32 3.3.1. Original Literary (includes drawings, plans, photos, works of artistic craftsmanship) 3.3.2. Original Artistic Works (includes drawings, plans, photos, works of artistic craftsmanship) 3.3. Other copyright material: s89 3.4.3. Sound recordings 3.4.4. Films 3.4.5. TV & Radio Broadcasts 3.4.6. Published editions of works 3.4. Therefore, Copyright may protect many things: 3.5.7. Products: Software, Publications, Recordings, Films 3.5.8. Packaging, Advertisements, Product Instructions 3. What rights does the copyright owner get? 4.5. Works s31 - Exclusive right to 4.6.9. reproduce in a material form 4.6.10. publish 4.6.11. perform in public 4.6.12. cause to be heard or seen in public (film, etc) 4.6.13. communicate to the public 4.6.14. adapt the copyright work 4.6. Part IV material – Exclusive right to 4.7.15. make a copy of 4.7.16. cause to be heard or seen in public 4.7.17. communicate to the public the copyright work 4. How long does...
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...Associate Program Material Appendix C Rhetorical Modes Matrix Rhetorical modes are methods for effectively communicating through language and writing. Complete the following chart to identify the purpose and structure of the various rhetorical modes used in academic writing. Provide at least 2 tips for writing each type of rhetorical device. |Rhetorical Mode |Purpose – Explain when or why |Structure --- Explain what organizational |Provide 2 tips for writing in | | |each rhetorical mode is used. |method that works best with each rhetorical |each rhetorical mode. | | | |mode | | |Narration |For the art of telling stories | |A plot summary can help you | | | |Usually in chronological order, which events |create a chronological | | | |are told in the order in which they ocurred |outline. Start with a strong | | | | |intro to hook your reader into| | | | |wanting to continue reading. | | |Clearly demonstrates and support|Order of importance...
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...Literary Criticism is, as Matthew Arnold (1822-1888), the Victorian poet and critic points out, a "disinterested endeavor to learn and propagate" the best that is known and thought in the world. And he strove hard to fulfill this aim in his critical writings. Attaching paramount importance to poetry in his essay "The Study of Poetry", he regards the poet as seer. Without poetry, science is incomplete, and much of religion and philosophy would in future be replaced by poetry. Such, in his estimate, are the high destinies of poetry. Arnold asserts that literature, and especially poetry, is "Criticism of Life". In poetry, this criticism of life must conform to the laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty. Truth and seriousness of matter, felicity and perfection of diction and manner, as are exhibited in the best poets, are what constitutes a criticism of life. Poetry, says Arnold, interprets life in two ways: "Poetry is interpretative by having natural magic in it, and moral profundity". And to achieve this the poet must aim at high and excellent seriousness in all that he writes.This demand has two essential qualities. The first is the choice of excellent actions. The poet must choose those which most powerfully appeal to the great primary human feelings which subsist permanently in the race. The second essential is what Arnold calls the Grand Style - the perfection of form, choice of words, drawing its force directly from the pregnancy of matter which it conveys. This, then...
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...Ishmael Benchmark Ishmael is an “outside-of-the-box” type of book which requires an “outside-of-the box” type of benchmark. For this reason you will be crafting your own projects and making sure that they satisfy the criteria. PROMPT: Create a project which allows you to show me what you have learned by reading this book and what learning targets you have mastered. Special attention should be paid to the final chapters of the book in order to understand the scope of the project. You will need a visual and a written component. 70% of your focus will go to one component and 30% to the other. Part 1: Read through the list of learning targets and identify all the learning targets you feel you have met throughout the course of this unit. Write a proposal in which you explain what you plan to do and how you will meet the learning targets you plan to focus on. Note: those of you who have kept up with the work will find you have met quite a few targets. Refer to rubric to see how many you should cover in your project. Part 2: Do project. Artists- the art will be the main focus of your project (70%) while the written portion is meant to elaborate on and support the art (30%). The art should be broad in scope (think murals) and the written piece could be an explanatory analysis or a proposal to get the work commissioned. In either you would need to explain the point of your art. Writers- the writing will be the main focus (70%) and could look like a research...
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...To All Who Have Ears, Look! To All Who Have Ears, Look! Many couples want to show their love to the other. By ways by which the other might not understand, love is shown. The challenge to having a successful relationship is being able to interpret one’s love and how they show it. In a short play called I’m Going! A Comedy in One Act Tristan Bernard enlightens the audience on the struggle between couples who have not yet mastered the art of communication. He sets the stage in a couple’s apartment where a discussion regarding going to the races ensues. Bernard masterfully pits the two against each other. Why do these two people who are in love with each other seem to be making the other miserable? This very argument has taken place in my home between my husband and me. The appeal was the familiarity of the situation. This literary work is a typical farce or “a short play, in which both subtle humor and hilarity are developed through improbable situations, exaggeration and (often) ridiculous antics” (Clugston, 2010). Bernard exaggerates the argument beyond what might be probable in reality. As Jeanne and Henri seem to argue in a circular way, coming back to the same argument after it seems they have moved on to a conclusion, the humor is evident. The tone is one of frustration as felt by the reader. Anyone who has ever been in a relationship understands how frustrating it is to try to get your partner to see your side of the argument. As any...
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