...The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Introduction, Commentaries, and Translation What are the Yoga Sutras and who is Patanjali? Over fifty different English translations of the Yoga Sutras are extant, standing as a human testament to how Universal Truth is celebrated in terms of a rich diversity. Rather than the common and external type of knowledge (emanating from book knowledge), the following translation and commentary are a result of an intimate familiarity and direct experience both with an authentic yogic tradition and with western culture, psychology, and language that has been refined, tested in fire, and integrated for over thirty five years of intense practice (sadhana). This work is dedicated toward revealing the universal message of authentic yoga that the sage, Patanjali, first wrote down approximately 2000 years ago. Patanjali is not the inventor of yoga, but rather yoga's most popularly known scribe. What has become known simply as the "Yoga Sutras" (sutra means thread) or almost equally as common, as the "Yoga Darshana" (the vision of Yoga), is actually a compendium of an ancient pre-existing oral yoga tradition consisting of both practical advice and theoretical context. The most accepted format of the Yoga Sutras consists of four chapters (called padas) written in the Sanskrit language approximately 2000 years ago in Northern India while utilizing the terminology of the time, i.e., Samkhya philosophical trappings. The dates ascribed to the Yoga Sutras...
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...Jainism Mahavira- the 24th teacher and the last Tirthankara Tirthankara- a person who has concourd discipline, samsara, and helps provide a path for others Digambara- one of the two major schools in Jainism (for males) Svetambara- a member of the two principle sects of Jainism (for Females) Samsara- the cycle of death and rebirth Moksha- overcoming the cycle of death and rebirth (the ultimate goal) Nirvana- same as moksha Kalpas- book containing biography’s of the tirthankaras Jina- councord temptation and moral discipline Jiva- the spiritual part of something Ajiva- the physical part of something Ahimsa- symbol meaning do no harm Aparigraha- being non-greedy (it’s a virtue) Anekantwad- the idea of mutual respect between others Sallekhana- practice of facing death voluntarily Swastika symbol meaning peace Kevala- the supreme knowledge Questions: 1.What is the central concept in Jainism? 2.How is time understood in Jainism? Time is cyclical 3.What is the difference between Hindu and Jain views of karma? Jains can escape the cycle of karma where as hindus can not 4.What are the two monastic orders in Jainism? Name one difference between the two. There is the Svetambara and the digambara. The digambaba is for males and the svetambara is for females Sikhism: Adi Granth (Guru Granth Sahib): received authority from guru gobind singh when he died. Guro granth sahib means living guru. Adi granth= kritan raga. Also is a holy scripture. Amrit: Amrit...
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...What is Hinduism? It is the true culture of Indians in India. Many call it "A way of life." It is not an organized religion like Christianity or Islam. It has no founder. It has no Pope. It has no hierarchy. Just a lot of scriptures. In Hindu scriptures, you are actually studying about the history and culture of India, like in 66 books of the Holy Bible you are actually studying about the culture and history of the Jews. Hinduism and Judaism are mothers of all modern religions in the world. Buddhism, Sikhism and to some extent Jainism and Zoroastrianism came from Hinduism. Of course, Jainism existed during Rig Vedic Period. Statues of Rishabha, the first Thirthankara and founder of Jainism was found in the Mohenjadaro, Harappa excavations. Islam and Christianity came from Judaism. Judaism, Islam and Christianity have Abraham as the common father figure. All three have many common prophets. There is even mention about Jesus Christ many times in the Holy Koran. Coming back to Hinduism, C.S. Lewis, the great author and theologist wrote, finally it will come to two religions. Hinduism and Christianity. The first [Hinduism] will grow absorbing ideas and concepts from everywhere and later [Christianity] will keep away from everything that is foreign to it. What C.S. Lewis wrote is very true. Hinduism cannot be destroyed, even if we burn every Hindu scripture and kill every Hindu theologian on earth. Hinduism or Hindu Culture is a very dynamic living, breathing Reality. Strength of Hinduism...
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...REL2300 – WORLD RELIGIONS WINTER 2014 EXAM ONE STUDY GUIDE Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Literally, the word religion means a. meditate on. b. worship. c. connect again. d. rise above. 2. A common element often found in religions is a. respect for sculpture. b. feelings of wonder. c. rules governing meditation. d. the use of permanent places of worship 3. The early anthropologist who saw religion as rooted in a belief in spirits and the worship of them was a. E. B. Tylor. b. James Frazer. c. Sigmund Freud. d. Carl Jung. 4. Sigmund Freud, when analyzing the origin of religion, emphasized a. the human need for psychological security. b. the certainty of an afterlife. c. his belief that religions were essential to psychological health. d. the valuable role that religions play in helping people find meaning in their lives. 5. Belief in many gods is called a. polytheism. b. monotheism. c. agnosticism. d. atheism. 6. Belief in one God is called a. monotheism. b. polytheism. c. atheism. d. agnosticism. 7. A universal religious symbol that is circular, or that blends a circle and a square, is called a a. mandala. b. mudra. c. mantra. d. megalith 8. Pantheism is the belief a. that all reality is divine. b. in the ancient Greek religion that believed the god Pan was the source of cosmic order. c. in endless reincarnation. ...
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...expressions. There is no one way of being a Hindu but here is the basics of Hinduism as a whole. Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world and is referred to as Sanātana Dharma or “the eternal way.” It comes from the Persian word hindu, which means river, and it refers to the people of the Indus Valley. They have an oral text about which they were brought up from called the “Vedas” also called “eternal truth.” The Vedas consist of 4 collections of texts and the first one is called the Samhitas, which talks about the mantras (also known as hymns). The 2nd text is called Bramanas, which contains their proper performance ways of rituals. The 3rd is Upanishads and they contain the early central concepts. And the final text is called the Sutras which means “that which is heard.” They believe in a trinity of gods: Brahma, the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer. Hindus have 4 daily duties which are to revere the gods, respect ancestors, respect all beings, and honor all human kind. They have a few beliefs like karma which is the force that determines their quality of life, and dharma which is where you must find happiness in whatever life you may live. They also believe that it is not a sin to question the gods but rather a good thing. There are 4 goals that Hindus strive for and the first one is dharma (appropriate living), artha (pursuit of material gain by lawful means), kama (delight of the senses), and moksha (release from birth). Moksha is the ultimate...
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...University of Phoenix Material – EASTERN RELIGION ELEMENTS MATRIX | |HINDUISM |BUDDHISM |CONFUCIANISM |TAOISM |SHINTO | |HISTORICAL FIGURES and |ShanKara |Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)|Kung Chiu (Confucius) |Lao-Tzu |Amaterasu (Sun Goddess) | |EVENTS |Sri-Rmakrishna | |Mencius |Chuang-Tzu | | | |Mahtma Gandhi | |Hsun Tzu | | | | | | |Chu Hsi | | | |CENTRAL BELIEFS |Henotheistic – Recognize a |Four Noble Truths – (a) all|Jen – Humanity, |Tao – Way or path. |Kinship – Family is seen as| | |single deity and view other|life involves suffering, |benevolence. | |the main mechanism by which| | |Gods and Goddesses as |(b) suffering originates | |Yin and Yang - Chinese |traditions are preserved. | | |manifestations or aspects |from...
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...Chapter 3 Study Guide: Hinduism 1. What are the Vedas? a. Four collections of ancient prayers and rituals 2. When was the Vedic Period? a. 2000 to 500 B.C.E. 3. What language was used in this period? a. Sanskrit 4. Who are Aryans and what is the Aryan invasion theory? What evidence supports this theory? a. Single people b. Aryan invasion theory- the Vedas believed to be the religious writings of this invading people c. Entering new lands, these people were thought to have carried their language and religion with them. Scholars initially believed that in India the outsiders imposed their social order quickly and violently on the older culture. 5. What is the Aryan immigration theory? a. There were repeated waves of migrations into Pakistan and northern India and that from these contacts between foreign and indigenous cultures the religion of the Vedas emerged 6. What are the objections to both of these theories? a. Scholars view any theory that assumes influence from outside India to be a continued relic of Western cultural imperialism Archeological, linguistic, and genetic investigations continue to offer more clues, but their interpretation has not resolved the issue 7. What are the specific areas of interest or concern for the gods Indra, Agni, Ushas, Rudra, Varuna, Vishnu, Surya, Soma and Yama? a. Indra i. God of storm and war, received great attention because of the strength his worshipers hoped to receive from him b. Agni i. God of fire, carried sacrifices...
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...Mathematics - Course INDEX I. Why Vedic Mathematics? II. Vedic Mathematical Formulae Sutras 1. Ekadhikena Purvena 2. Nikhilam navatascaramam Dasatah 3. Urdhva - tiryagbhyam 4. Paravartya Yojayet 5. Sunyam Samya Samuccaye 6. Anurupye - Sunyamanyat 7. Sankalana - Vyavakalanabhyam 8. Puranapuranabhyam 9. Calana - Kalanabhyam 10. Ekanyunena Purvena Upa - Sutras 1. Anurupyena 2. Adyamadyenantya - mantyena 3. Yavadunam Tavadunikrtya Varganca Yojayet 4. Antyayor Dasakepi 5. Antyayoreva 6. Lopana Sthapanabhyam 7. Vilokanam 8. Gunita Samuccayah : Samuccaya Gunitah III Vedic Mathematics - A briefing 1. Terms and Operations 2. Addition and Subtraction 3. Multiplication 4. Division 5. Miscellaneous Items IV Conclusion file:///C|/My%20Web%20Sites/vedic%20maths/vedic%20maths/www.vedamu.org/Mathematics/course.html12/22/2005 8:49:34 AM Vedamu.org - Vedic Mathematics - Why Vedic Mathematics Vedic Mathematics | Sutras EKĀDHIKENA PŪRVE•A The Sutra (formula) Ekādhikena Pūrvena means: “By one more than the previous one”. i) Squares of numbers ending in 5 : Now we relate the sutra to the ‘squaring of numbers ending in 5’. Consider the example 252. Here the number is 25. We have to find out the square of the number. For the number 25, the last digit is 5 and the 'previous' digit is 2. Hence, 'one more than the previous one', that is, 2+1=3. The Sutra, in this context, gives the procedure 'to multiply the previous digit 2 by one more than itself, that is, by 3'. It becomes the L.H.S (left hand...
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...R AJA Y OGA rajyaeg S WAMI V IVEKANANDA CELEPHAÏS PRESS Issued by Celephaïs Press, somewhere beyond the Tanarian Hills (i.e. Leeds, England), August 2003 E.V. Revised and corrected, November 2003. This work is in the public domain. EACH SOUL IS POTENTIALLY DIVINE. THE GOAL IS TO MANIFEST THIS DIVINE WITHIN, BY CONTROLLING NATURE, EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL. DO THIS EITHER BY WORK, OR WORSHIP, OR PSYCHIC CONTROL, OR PHILOSOPHY, BY ONE, OR MORE, OR ALL OF THESE—AND BE FREE. IS THE WHOLE OF RELIGION. DOCTRINES, OR DOGMAS, OR RITUALS, OR BOOKS, OR TEMPLES, OR FORMS, ARE BUT SECONDARY DETAILS. THIS PREFACE SINCE the dawn of history, various extraordinary phenomena have been recorded as happening amongst human beings. Witnesses are not wanting in modern times to attest the fact of such events, even in societies living under the full blaze of modern science. The vast mass of such evidence is unreliable, as coming from ignorant, superstitious, or fraudulent persons. In many instances the so-called miracles are imitations. But what do they imitate? It is not the sign of a candid and scientific mind to throw overboard anything without proper investigation. Surface scientists, unable to explain the various extraordinary mental phenomena, strive to ignore their very existence. They are, therefore, more culpable than those who think that their prayers are answered by a being, or beings, above the clouds, or than those who believe that their petitions will make such beings...
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...MARMA SHASTRA AYURVEDA BIOENERGETICS MARMA SHASTRA Ayurveda Bio-Energetics Written and Compiled by Michael James Hamilton, LAC Copyright © 2007; Michael James Hamilton, LAC 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 All rights reserved. Reproduction of any kind without prior written permission of the compiler is prohibited. MARMASHASTRA ©2011 by Michael Hamilton, LAC. www.lotusspace.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I give gratitude to Dr. Suhas Kshirsagar and Dr. Thomas Yarema for their teachings; to my mother for her guidance; my readers for the hope to expand this knowledge; the ultimate reality for always being there even when I do not always realize it. dew rise clouds fall rain wash pain all MAHALO i MARMASHASTRA ©2011 by Michael Hamilton, LAC. www.lotusspace.com This work presents the human bio-energy model (anthropocosm: cosmic human being) as profoundly observed in Ayurvedic medicine. According to ancient Vedic texts (and later through Tantric and Taoist traditions), the energetic, or subtle, body is the foundation of the food, or coarse body, and the bridge between the physical and causal realms. Therefore, the structure of the subtle energetic body provides an intended means for human spiritual development, or evolution (which enables humanity to fulfill its purpose as a conduit between heaven and earth, hence transforming into an entity more subtle, and original). The text’s primary purpose is to present oriental bio-energetic theory, and second, to bridge...
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... 1. India India never invaded any country in her last 10,000 years of history. It is the only society in the world which has never known slavery. India was the richest country on Earth until the time of the British in the early 17th Century Robert Clive’s personal wealth amassed from the blunder of Bengal during 1750’s was estimated at around £401,102 It has been estimated that the total amount of treasure that the British looted from India had already reached £1,000,000,000 (£1Billion) by 1901. Taking into consideration interest rates and inflation this would be worth close to $1,000,000,000,000 ($1Trillion) in real-terms today. 2. Vedic Civilization Indus & Saraswati Civilizations Rise of Jainism and Buddhism Mauryan Period Golden Age of Indian Arts & Sciences Muslim Invasions The Mughal Empire Portuguese Invasion The British East-India Company The British Empire India's Freedom Struggle Independence Modern India 2020 Vision A Brief History of Time 3. India India invented the Number System. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta . The place value system, the decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC. Aryabhatta was the first to explain spherical shape, size ,diameter, rotation and correct speed of Earth in 499 AD. The World's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. Students from all over the World studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field...
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...respect of Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Constitution of India. The Fundamental Rights provide for freedom, equality, and abolition of Untouchability & remedies to ensure the enforcement of rights. The Directive Principles enshrine the broad guiding principles for securing fair distribution of wealth & better living conditions. On the 14th October, 1956, Babasaheb Ambedkar a scholar in Hinduism embraced Buddhism. He continued the crusade for social revolution until the end of his life on the 6th December 1956. He was honoured with the highest national honour, 'Bharat Ratna' in April 1990 . iii Contents PART I - RELIGIOUS Riddle No. 1 : The difficulty of knowing why one is a Hindu Riddle No. 2 : The Origin Of The Vedas—The Brahminic Explanation or An Exercise In The Art Of Circumlocution Riddle No. 3 : The Testimony Of Other...
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...Faculty of North South University, Dhaka. The textual and visual contents of the Design Dissertation are the intellectual output of the student mentioned below unless otherwise mentioned. Information given within this Design Dissertation is true to the best knowledge of the student mentioned below. All possible efforts have been made by the author to acknowledge the secondary sources information. Right to further modification and/or publication of this Design Dissertation in any form belongs to its author. Contents within this Design Dissertation can be reproduced with due acknowledgment for academic purposes only without written consent from the author. Tabassum Ahmed 083163010 Dept. of Architecture North South University Dhaka 2012 2 Dedication To the Buddhist community of Ramu 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am thankful to Allah for giving me patience and strength to cope with the everyday hurdles in this whole journey of architecture. My deepest gratitude extends to my faculty, Dr. Shayer Ghafur for his constant guidance and support throughout this dissertation. I am thankful to Professor Haroon Ur Rashid for helping me to understand this project and Architect Ismat Hossain for encouraging me about this project from the very first stage. I would like to thank the temple restoration committee, especially Shreemad Satyapriya Mohathero who has been kind enough to give me information about the Buddhist community and share their history, even in such a distressed time. In...
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...Srimad Bhagavad Gita: A simple rendering by Swami Samarpanananda Srimad Bhagavad Gita : A simple rendering -- Swami Samarpanananda This work is a brief rendering of each chapter of Gita, and is meant to serve as an introductory reading of Gita for interested readers who find it difficult to comprehend the work. Necessary comments and explanations have been added wherever necessary to make it more intelligible. Serious readers, however, are advised to go through the original text/translation, preferably with a commentary. This work takes its interpretation from Sri Shankaracharya's commentary. Introduction Srimad Bhagavad Gita, or more popularly, Gita is the spiritual and philosophical heartbeat of India. The best that India has to give to the world in the fields of wisdom, religion, philosophy and spirituality is Gita. Whatever India has achieved in these area is poetically preserved in Sanskrit in this short work of seven hundred verses in eighteen chapters. The poetic beauty and the philosophical clarity of the work is unparalleled in the history of the world literature. Every Hindu lives and dreams in Gita, and when he dies, he is given a farewell of chants from Gita. Every practising Hindu makes it a point to recite from it daily, every philosophical Hindu tries to study and understand the work, and every mystic Hindu strives to mould...
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...Indus Valley Civilization – The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BC; mature period 2600–1900 BC) extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. Along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia it was one of three early civilizations of the Old World, and of the three the most widespread. It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, one of the major rivers of Asia, and the Ghaggar-Hakra River, which once coursed through northwest India and eastern Pakistan. The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization, after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s, in what was then the Punjab province of British India, and is now in Pakistan. A uniform culture had developed at settlements spread across nearly 500,000 square miles, including parts of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Baluchistan, Sindh and the Makran coast. It was a highly developed civilization and derived its name from the main river of that region— Indus. |Year |Site |Discovered by | |1920 |Harappa |Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni | |1922 |Mohenjodaro |R. D. Banerjee | |1927 |Sutkagen dor |R. L. Staine ...
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