...GCE History Coursework Resource Record Sheet Centre Number: 15125 Candidate Number: 8097 Candidate Name: Alex Goulding Coursework Programme Title: Assignment Title Part A: To what extent can the establishment of the PRC be seen as a turning point in the last 100 years of Chinese history? Issue | Sources | Comments | Teacher’s comments if appropriate | Teacher’s initials and date | | School Notes – Mr Olsen PowerPoint presentations and hand out sheets. | -Early Chinese History; Qing Dynasty-Mao Zedong’s reign (Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution etc..)-Deng Xiaoping reign (rebuilding China) | | | | Deng Xiaoping and the transformation of China – Ezra. F. Vogel (author) | -Deng Xiaoping reign (how it differed to Mao Zedong’s, economic zones, -Chinese socialism – against traditional Marxist beliefs. | | | | Access to History, The People’s Republic of China, 1949-1976 – Michael Lynch (author) | -Mao Zedong’s reign (Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution etc..)-Deng Xiaoping reign (rebuilding China) | | | | The Search for Modern China – Jonathan. D. Spence (author) | -Life in China before Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping-The Chinese Empire; Qing Dynasty | | | | A Bitter Revolution: China’s struggle with the modern world – Rana Mitter (author) | -China before the present day/before it became so powerful worldwide-Mao Zedong’s and Deng Xiaoping’s reignModern Day China | | | | China: From Empire to People’s Republic...
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...EGYPT * The Gift of Nile * Nile * world’s largest river; flows more than 4000 miles * Because the river flows from south to north, the Egyptians called the southern part of the country “Upper Egypt” and the northern part the “Lower Egypt” * Each year, the river will overflow, spreading water into the bordering basins and irrigation channels carried water farther out into the valley to increase the area suitable for planting – brought moisture to the dry land and left behind a layer of rich black soil that was excellent for crop. * Farmers planted their crops as soon as the floodwaters receded * 4000 B.C.E. * Egypt consisted of valley of farmers living along the Nile * 3300 B.C.E. * first walled towns were erected at Naqada and Hierakonpolis * 3100 B.C.E. * ruler of Upper Egypt unified the country * Menes, first ruler, conquered Lower Egypt and brought all of Egypt under his rule. He built the city of Memphis as his capital. * Kings of Egypt * “Ruler of the Two Lands” * wore two crowns – symbolizing the unification of the country * There were at least 30 dynasties in Egypt’s history * Scholars divided the early history of Egypt according to the three periods when strong dynasties united the country * Old Kingdom (2686 – 2150 B.C.E.) * Middle Kingdom (2040 – 1786 B.C.E.) * New Kingdom (1570 – 1090 B.C.E.) Old Kingdom * 2649 B.C.E. * Old...
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...Shortly after the end of the Second World War, at the conclusion of the 1940s, Mao Zedong became the chairman of Communist China. Being that it was, and still is, the most inhabited country in the world, China becoming a communist country affected millions of people almost instantly. Many of the traditional traditions and practices of the Chinese people were left behind as Mao’s “Cultural Revolution” was instituted across the country in 1966. During the Cultural Revolution of China, the country and its citizens experienced strict authority control with the military and the state functioning together to govern the people. The switch from traditional China to this Cultural Revolution was swift and hasty, causing much death and trouble for the Chinese people. Because of these facts, there are many people who judged the New China governed under the socialist ideas of Mao. One of these critics is the Chinese-American novelist, Ha Jin, who denounces the Cultural Revolution of China in his novel entitled Waiting. In his novel, Ha Jin addresses and brings to light the affects of Mao’s rule on the Chinese people and the country as a whole. The novel starts in 1966 and takes place during the Cultural Revolution. “Cultural conflict is the center of this novel, where two worlds collide in the story of a man seeking a divorce from his wife by an arranged marriage: the ancient feudal culture of China and the world of the Cultural Revolution led by Chairman Mao” (Moore, 124). Through the locations...
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...“Making” Capitalism Erin MacDonald CHN: 388W February 18th, 2014 About two pages into the section titled Smashing the Four Olds of Gao Yuan’s book Born Red, I came across two sentences that really caught my attention. This part of the section highlighted a conversation between a group of Red Guards who had gone into a small town and came across some peasants selling various home-grown vegetables out of wheelbarrows on the street. These Red Guards proceeded to ask each other “Aren’t they [the peasants] making capitalism?” (pg. 87) At first glance, I attributed the odd wording of the sentence to be an example of what I would call “Chinglish” which can be described as a poor translation from a Chinese word or phrase into English. However, as I read down the page a bit more, I came across another instance of this odd phrasing where the Red Guards referred to those peasants as “making” capitalism; they had approached a man selling eggplants from the man’s own garden and proceeded to ask him directly, “Who allowed you to make capitalism?” (pg. 87) I surmised at this point that Gao Yuan had not merely translated his choice of words poorly but had in fact used the phrasing “making capitalism” intentionally. Gao Yuan’s deliberate description of the peasants to be “making” capitalism made me question whether or not there was any significance behind his particular choice of words. What did the Red Guards mean by saying that those peasants were “making” capitalism? Can capitalism...
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...theory 1. Harmony of nature – yin and yang – balance 2. Seek Dao – the way a. Avoid excess b. Appreciate balance of opposites c. Humans part of world, not on outside – like Mediterranean Thesis: China emerged with an unusually well-integrated system in which government, philosophy, economic incentives, the family, and the individual were intended to blend into a harmonious whole. II. Patterns in Classical China A. Pattern of rule 1. Dynasty, family of kings – create strong politics, economy 2. Dynasty grew weak, taxes declined 3. Social divisions increased 4. Invasion or internal rebellion 5. Another dynasty emerged – general, invader, peasant rebel B. Zhou Dynasty – 1029-258 BCE 1. Started decline in 700 BCE 2. Ruled w/ local princes – alliance system a. Successful in agricultural communities – ie manor system Europe b. Princes received land for troops/tax 3. Eventually local leaders ignored central gov’t 4. Contributions a. Extended territory to “Middle Kingdom” – wheat north, rice south 1. Transportation/communication difficult – hard to govern b. Mandate of Heaven – Sons of Heaven – emperors live affluent life c. Greater cultural unity 1. Banned human sacrifice 2. Standardized language – Mandarin – most people speaking same d. Confucius – wrote on political ethics 5. 402-201 BCE Era of the Warring States C. Qin Dynasty – China’s namesake ...
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...|Accomplishments |Major Life Events |Family Life | |1. Mao Zedong was a great man in human history. He was Chinese |He was graduated in Hunan first normal School. He met with the President|Mao Zedong married with Luo Yixiu in 1907.Mao Zedong had four wives and | |revolutionist, strategist, theoretician, poet, communist, the people's |of United States Richard Nixon on February 21,1972. He attended The |five children. | |liberation army. And he was the main founder of the people's republic of|communist party of China the first national congress on July, 1921. | | |China. | | | | | | | |2. Deng Xiaoping was Marxist, Proletarian Revolutionist, politician, |He was graduated in Moscow eastern university. He put forward the |Deng Xiaoping had three wives...
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...revolution, warlordism and conflict with the Japanese. The war caused millions of casualties, triggered economic disintegration through hyperinflation and corruption, and displaced millions of refugees. The CCP may have secured victory in 1949 but like the republicans of 1912, they inherited an unstable, dysfunctional and economically depleted nation. With the Japanese surrender in August 1945, most observers believed the CCP and Guomindang would resume their struggle for control of China. In late 1945 there was a brief period where foreign intermediaries, particularly the Americans, tried to broker peace talks between the communists and Nationalists. In late August 1945 Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai attended peace talks with Jiang Jieshi and other Nationalist leaders in Chongqing. Mao and Zhou attended at the urging of the Soviet Union and were accompanied by US diplomat...
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...CCA Country Project China Power distance Value Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions within a country accept and expect that power is distributed unequally (Hofstede, 2005). In high power distance countries, there is a considerable dependence of subordinates on bosses while in low power distance countries there is limited dependence of subordinated on bosses. In China, there is a high power distance; there are few people in China who are very powerful, and they’re respected by everyone. The PD index of China is 80, and that is overlapping in real life, cause there is a big power distance in China. Rituals Mao Ze Dong said there could never be too many Chinese: human resources would be China's greatest defence in the widely predicted third world war. So the population of China rose from 540 million in 1950 to over 850 million by 1970 (fig 1). http://www.bmj.com/content/314/7095/1685.short This is high PD, because he decides what the whole country has to do, and he doesn’t care about what the other people want. Population projections worried Deng Xiao Ping, who was launching his economic reform programme. He regarded the curbing of population growth as essential for economic expansion and improved living standards, so the one child family policy was introduced in 1979 http://www.bmj.com/content/314/7095/1685.short This is high PD as well, because in this case Demg Xiao Ping decides for...
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...Genghis Khan, first known as Temujin, was the son of a leader of a Mongolian tribe. He was brought up in a time of warring tribes and factions. Genghis Khan was a fierce and brilliant military commander, who achieved unprecedented success in setting Ghengis Khanup an Empire which stretched across Europe and Asia. His Mongol armies left a trail of fear, death and destruction. But, he also created a vibrant empire with a common language, booming trade, tolerance of religion and some basic customs and laws( Pettinger., 2010). Arguably the most famous Asian of the last 2,000 years, Genghis Khan created an empire that was more than twice the size of any other conqueror's in history, and that endured for more than a century and a half after his death. Almost everything we know about him came from the descendants of people he conquered, and they have seen him as merely one of many bloodthirsty savages -- such as Attila the Hun and Tamerlane -- who periodically erupted from the steppes like some evil force of nature to ravage the superior civilizations around them(Weatherford, 2000). Although Genghis Khan was a great conqueror, he never stopped becoming open to new cultures and he was very open to learn from the technologies, practices and even religions of the different territories he conquered. A great leader never stops learning and it is the key to your success too. You must be humble enough to realize that you can learn from anyone, anywhere no matter how far you have come as...
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...Liu Shaoqi -Revolutionary, Communist, president of the PRC -1898-1969, died in prison. -The most famous victim of the Cultural Revolution, “the biggest unjust case of the CCP”, he was posthumously rehabilitated in 1980 and given a state funeral Zhou Enlai -A leader of the CCP, Revolutionary, diplomat -1898-1976 -The first Primer of the PRC, most important political partner of Mao, very positive appraise by the history and Chinese people. American Volunteer Group Lin Biao - a major Communist military leader -Leader of the army during the civil war, especially in Northeastern China. - Lin had chance to be the successor of Mao, but his relation with Mao became terrible later in the Cultural Revolution. Lin died in plane crush in Mongolia, and he is also blamed for the cultural revolution Jiang Qing -4th Wife of Mao -Became to be active in Chinese political life in 1960s Cultural revolution. -She is the leader of Gang of Four, also one of the main leaders during the CR. Joseph Stilwell -American General, -US government sent Stilwell to Chongqing in 1942 - The Chief of Staff in China Burma India Theater, left the position because of conflicts with Jiang; Red Guards -A special group of China during the CR. Most RG are students -During the CR -So called “solider of Chairman Mao”, regard the little red book as all the truth, easy to be egged and the main power of CR Hu Yaobang -The General Secretary of the CCP -Took the position during 1982-1987...
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...every day to completed the day's task and battered, perhaps every day to tomorrow's trip to prepare for, but we are happy. Is no longer a trend for the cloud, in the mountains in a body. Sun Zhongshan said, "the people are both doing their best, they are all for a Pepsi, Pepsi, then the problem is also rich and powerful." Everyone in for a period of two days of "re take the road of the Red Army, red Fujian" theme activities, their contribution, two days we in this team care for each other, truly solidarity, forge ahead. There is excitement, there is moved, there is a touch. This practice I relive the revolutionary struggle history, visited the site of a major Communist China, the site of the second congress, the former residence of Qiu Jin, Zhou Enlai Memorial Hall, the former residence of Lu Xun, South Lake revolution memorial hall, to pay tribute to the martyrs relics, relive the revolutionary struggle history, cherish the memory of revolutionary martyrs. Listen to the story of the struggle, the image of the hero of the revolution. Inspired me to love the party's enthusiasm, to further realize the deep connotation of the red spirit. Although time is short, but I learned something many profound experience to the strong team spirit, no longer difficult things rely on the collective strength can also simplify it. A team has a common goal, the individual interests are subordinate to the interests of the team, and ultimately benefit our team, so that we benefit from our personal interests...
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...Globalization Western Governors University Globalization refers to the development of an integrated world economy, exchange of cultural views, thoughts, and products (Wikipedia, 2013). Pologeorgis (2012) states that, essentially globalization began with the exploration and settlement of new lands. Communication and transportation advances have aided in this process. Two non-Western countries that have been impacted by globalization are India and China. India opened its doors to globalization during the nineteen nineties following an economic crisis in which the country almost defaulted on loans (Balakrishnan, n.d.). Before globalization India purposely isolated itself from world markets and was in a state of economic stagnation (Nayar, 2007). This stagnation left the country in profound poverty with no industrial growth. The people of India faced other challenges as well such as illiteracy, government corruption, and malnutrition (Wikipedia, 2013). In the years since globalization industrial growth has occurred at a rate of about 6.5 percent that has thwarted any reoccurrence of economic decline and a poverty rate at 26 percent that had previously been 55 percent (Nayar, 2007). China too, has benefited from globalization. In 1978, Deng Xiaoping established leadership of China. Unlike Mao Zedong, Xiaoping embraced globalization and demanded economic change that he believed would ensure the safety of communist rule (Yahuda, 2003). Like India...
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...Question: What Was the Cultural Revolution? Answer: Between 1966 and 1976, the young people of China rose up in an effort to purge the nation of the "Four Olds": old customs, old culture, old habits and old ideas. In August, 1966, Mao Zedong called for the start of a Cultural Revolution at the Plenum of the Communist Central Committee. He urged the creation of corps of "Red Guards" to punish party officials and any other persons who showed bourgeois tendencies. Mao likely was motivated to call for the so-called Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in order to rid the Chinese Communist Party of his opponents after the tragic failure of his Great Leap Forward policies. Mao knew that other party leaders were planning to marginalize him, so he appealed directly to his supporters among the people to join him in a Cultural Revolution. He also believed that communist revolution had to be a continuous process, in order to stave off capitalist-roader ideas. Mao's call was answered by the students, some as young as elementary school, who organized themselves into the first groups of Red Guards. They were joined later by workers and soldiers. The first targets of the Red Guards included Buddhist temples, churches and mosques, which were razed to the ground or converted to other uses. Sacred texts, as well as Confucian writings, were burned, along with religious statues and other artwork. Any object associated with China's pre-revolutionary past was liable to be destroyed. In their...
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...harp. Judging from the fact that Xiao Qiao and Zhou Yu were prominent names in Chinese history, I believe that they resided in the city of Ch’ang-an, the biggest city in China. The city was the busiest city in China at the time. And probably outside Xiao Qiao’s window are shops and streets filled with people especially the tea shop where people go to warm themselves during a cold winter day. 2. Zhou Yu was the general of Qu of the three kingdoms in Ancient China. He was handsome and intelligent. A brilliant military leader and strategist, Zhou Yu was among the most coveted men during his time. Aside from being a brilliant character in the field of battle, Zhou Yu also has great musical capabilities as it was said that he could tell if there were mistakes in music even when he was intoxicated. Zhou Yu fought alongside Sun Ce and won the foundation east of Yangtze River. Upon the death of Yangtze, Zhou Yu assisted Sun Quan with military and political affairs. He died at the age of 36. Although he died young, he was very accomplished because until his last second, he was still doing his job as a militarist. 3. Xiao Qiao literally means “the younger Qiao”. She is called so because she is the younger daughter of Xiao Quan, one of the most influential icons in their time. Her elder sister, Da Qiao, was married to Sun Ce, one of China’s best generals. Xiao Qiao was married to Zhou Yu. In the poem, Chou Yu also pertains to Zhou Yu, the handsome and intelligent militarist....
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...In the Baise prefecture of the Guangxi province in Southern China, there are two Zhuang minority song fairs separated by a distance of only 60 kilometers. Both are held at caves, both feature worship practices in reverence of Zhuang deities prominent to their area, and both use antiphonal, multipart singing. These two fairs at Guangyang Mountain and Ganzhuang Mountain were very similar to each other prior to the Cultural Revolution. However, the official promotion of Ganzhuang Mountain as the home of the first Zhuang ancestor, begun in 2003 and consummated in 2004, has created a dramatic disjunction between these two song fairs. The present differences between these two fairs permit an analysis of elements of change that have recently affected Zhuang music culture. While there are several aspects of these changes that could be examined, in this essay we limit the analysis to government-sponsored tourism. The comparison between the two song fairs is used in this case to provide the perspectives of full involvement in, and absence of, government-sponsored tourism to better understand positive and negative effects inside of a given cultural context. To address those positive and negative aspects, we re-posit the questions asked by Carol Rubenstein: “What genre of culture was being formed and shown, and to what end, and at whose expense, and for whose benefit and purposes?” (1992). Information for this paper is taken from experience and research conducted by Qin Jin Dun, a native...
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