Democritus first discovered atoms, he had questioned, “If you break a piece of matter in half, and then break it in half again, how many breaks will you have to make before you can break it no further?” All atoms compose elements in which have uses currently in our domain. These elements, have economical values, environmental influences, as well as generate a service within our society. Through the fragments of history we have learned the purposes and prominence of certain elements in our world. This following
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Structures, Biosynthesis and Biofunctions of Iron-sulfer proteins Yiming Chen, Brown University, May 11th, 2011 I. Introduction Iron-sulfur proteins are the proteins which contain iron-sulfur clusters, like sulfide-linked di-, tri-, and tetrairon centers with various oxidative states 1. An excess of 120 distinct types of enzymes and proteins are known to contain Fe-S clusters2. Iron-sulfur proteins are known for the role of the oxidation-reduction reactions of mitochondrial electron transportation
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1) Look up the chemical/health hazards for sulfur!. Main Routes of Exposure: Inhalation. • Inhalation: VERY TOXIC, can cause death. Can cause severe irritation of the nose and throat. At high concentrations: can cause life-threatening accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath, difficult breathing and tightness in the chest. A single exposure to a high concentration can cause a long-lasting condition like asthma. If this occurs, many
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natural substances. Chemistry explains how the properties and behavior of chemicals are composed of atoms and molecules. The agricultural industry uses this knowledge to determine weaknesses and strengths in the crops they grow to determine yields. For instance a farmer may be having a problem growing a certain crop due to a deficiency of a needed element. I work for a company that provides needed elements for this industry. Verdesian Life Sciences provides nutrient based products for farmers. Accuracy
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magnetic properties have a small effect on the light propagation. When an electromagnetic wave is incident on a medium, it electrically polarizes the molecules. This changes the value of which in its turn, determines the index of refraction. The process is wavelength dependent: different wavelengths will induce different polarizations of the molecules and, as a result, and will be different. So, the index of refraction changes with wavelength: The phenomenon described above is known as the
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Power: the rate of doing work. Units of power: watts and kilowatts. 7. Electromagnetic radiation: form of energy, travel as waves-radio waves, IR, visible light, UV, gamma rays 8. Ionizing radiation: has enough energy to knock electrons from atoms, forming ions and capable of doing damage to DNA. (Gamma rays, X-rays, UV) 9. Radioactive decay: unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha and beta particles. 10. Half-life: time it takes for ½ of the mass of a radioisotope to
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these are very tiny. This became popular in the 1980s by a man name K.Eric Drexler; that wanted to build machines from the nanometer. The Feynman theory was not to change the laws of physics but to enhance the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. Some new research in nanotechnology are developing nano-structures that will be able to tell the diseased cells from the healthy ones and then deliver the needed drugs directly to the cancerous tumors with no harm the healthy cells or to any other
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organic nitrogen containing base, and phosphodiester bonds. 5. Fructose and galactose all have the same six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms, just as glucose, but they are named differently because they are alternate forms of the monosaccharide, glucose . 6. Nucleic acids are created with phosphodiester bonds. 7. Nitrogen and carbon are common to all organic molecules. 8. Fuels such as gasoline are nonpolar and high in energy because they are largely composed of hydrocarbons.
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Allowance * permitted amount of something that is allowed, especially according to regulations. Average selected time * the arithmetical average of all actual times except the abnormal times taken by the workman to compute a task or an element of a task. Avoidable delay * any delay of operator for which he/she is responsible and over which he/she has control. * it refers to delay which the operator may avoid if desired. Condensation * The change of a gas or vapor to a liquid
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“Click chemistry” describes a way to generate products reliably and quickly by connecting small units together, which resembles the way nature create substances. The term was first introduced by K. B. Sharpless in 2001, and then fully described by Hartmuth Kolb, Sharpless, and M.G. Finn. A desirable click reaction should fulfill the criteria including modular, wide in scope, high chemical yields, stereospecific, simple to perform, simple reaction conditions, inoffensive byproducts, physiologically
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