CRISPR has seemingly endless application possibilities and can be used to make more than double‐strand breaks near a 5′‐NGG‐3′ PAM. Researchers have some reservations regarding the Cas9 enzyme for therapeutic usage because it cannot always make precise edits without making unintended and potential lethal cuts. In 2013 Cho worked to overcome this hurdle in human cells. The strategy Cho used to enhance Cas9 specificity was to use two different Cas9 enzymes that each cut a single stand of the DNA.
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mucoproteins that quickly forms within minutes of being detached from the tooth surface. The next step is biofilm maturation where the biofilm forms in layers. Microorganisms grow and colonize on the growing pellicle. There are many morphologic forms of bacteria in the biofilm, but in the first few days Gram-positive cocci and rods dominate. The length of time that the biofilm is composed primarily of cocci differs depending on if the patient is a slow biofilm former or a fast biofilm former. Slow biofilm
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Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis changes the cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva and the digestive secretions, resulting in thick and tenacious secretions. The thick secretions cause obstruction of airway, ducts and passageways. The mutation of Chromosome 7 and transmission that follows an autosomal recessive pattern has been isolated to the genetic defect that leads to cystic fibrosis (Story, L. (2018). Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder most commonly inherited disease in
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The objectives of the experiments performed in the past three weeks were to induce mutagenesis in the E.coli K-12 strain W3110 through short ultra violet light (UV). This particular strain of E.coli lacked photolyase (phr) and the uvr system, which are non-mutagenic repair mechanisms. A survival curve was constructed based off various irradiation times and number of viable cells obtained. Mutant strains were then isolated and purified on MacConkey (MAC) plates to rule out false positives. During
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Biochemical tests are often used to determine the identity of bacteria and differentiate between its species. There are numerous types of tests meant to detect key characteristics such as morphology, stain, motility, fermentation pathways used, oxygen requirements, enzymes present, and redox tests used. By conducting these tests with aseptic techniques, one can usually narrow down an unknown bacterium to its family; with the help of dichotomous keys and Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
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Microbe’s Effect on Humans Research at McMaster University has linked the bacteria found in a person’s gut to depression and anxiety (Gut). People that have irritable bowel syndrome or late onset autism had atypical gut bacteria. Stephen Collins, Associate Dean of Research and professor at Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, and Premysl Bercik, an assistant professor, conducted the research on healthy adult mice and mice that showed aggressive behavior at Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research
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A recent discovery offers hope for the treatment of drug -resistant strains of bacteria jeopardizing the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. The majestic Sweet Chestnut tree could be the key to halting a modern scourge. Drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA ) has vexed the medical community for decades. Among the medical hazards, the bacterium known as staph comprises the immune systems of hospital patients, thereby prolonging the healing process. Once contracted, the pathogen is
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Successful Policy Models to Replicate Antibiotic prescriptions must to be regulated and there is some evidence that exists showing that regulations would be successful. Around the 1990’s a hospital in Athens, Greece, the Laiko General Hospital, implemented a new policy for antibiotics (Nelson, n.d.). Some of the most popular antibiotics could be ordered only after a physician filled out an order form outlining the request (Nelson, n.d.). From there, the request was received and reviewed by infectious
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looking at lung tissues, he discovered that the staining method was adhering better to some bacteria than others. (Allen , Anderson , Nester , & Salm , 2016) This led to the discovery that two different types of bacteria were causing the pneumonia. By discovering that the staining method showed two different types of bacteria, the technique became the Gram Staining method. The technique allowed for the bacteria to either show results for gram positive or gram negative. To determine the different characteristics
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"Perhaps one of the most compelling facts about penicillin is that it went on to save hundreds of thousands of lives during World War II, and has continued to forestall infectious diseases ever since." (Source One, lines 35-38) The strongest drug a person could receive against infections is penicillin. People know what this drug is, but not how it was discovered, developed, and mass produced. Penicillin, one of the most spectacular advances in the medical universe, was discovered and developed by
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